English for electrical engineers. Учебное пособие на английском языке для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов по направлению 13.03.02 – элек

Министерство сельского хозяйства РФ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

«Брянский государственный аграрный университет»

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

С.Н. ПОЦЕПАЙ, Т.И. ВАСЬКИНА

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

Учебное пособие на английском языке для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов

по направлению 13.03.02 – электроэнергетика и электротехника

БРЯНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ

2024

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УДК 811.111 (076)

ББК 81.2Анг П 64

Поцепай, С. Н. English for electrical engineers: учебное пособие на английском языке для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов по направлению 13.03.02 – электроэнергетика и электротехника / С. Н. Поцепай, Т. И. Васькина. - Брянск: Изд-во Брянский ГАУ, 2024. - 43 с.

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов Института энергетики и природопользования по направлению 13.03.02 – электроэнергетика и электротехника (уровень бакалавриата), и направлено на развитие УК-4 - способен осуществлять деловую коммуникацию в устной и письменной формах на государственном языке Российской Федерации и иностранном(ых) языке (ах).

Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования (ФГОС ВО) по направлению 13.03.02 – электроэнергетика и электротехника, утвержденный приказом Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации от 28.02.2018 г., № 144.

Рецензенты:

зав. кафедрой социально-гуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин, к.ф.н., доцент ФГБОУ ВО «Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ» М.В. Резунова

доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Брянский ГАУ», к.п.н., доцент Л.Н. Голуб

Рекомендовано учебно-методической комиссией института экономики и агробизнеса Брянского ГАУ протокол № 6 от 18 июня 2024 г.

© Брянский ГАУ, 2024 © Поцепай С. Н., 2024 © Васькина Т. И., 2024

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Введение

Методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса Института энергетики и природопользования по направлению 13.03.02 – электроэнергетика и электротехника: профиль – электрооборудование и электрохозяйство предприятий, организаций и учреждений. Цель настоящего пособия – формирование навыков работы с иноязычными текстами, навыков перевода,

извлечения информации и её переработки на основе различных видов чтения,

расширение активного и пассивного словарного запаса в профессиональной области. Учебное пособие позволяет решать следующие задачи на уроке иностранного языка (английского):

-совершенствование процесса качественного произношения слов;

-введение и закрепление лексики;

-работа над грамматикой;

-совершенствование навыков устной речи.

Специальная лексика вводится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных

упражнениях. Разделы включают в себя следующие задания:

-прочитать и перевести текст;

-дать ответы на вопросы к тексту;

-заполнить пропуски подходящей по смыслу лексикой;

-составить монологические и диалогические высказывания по предлагаемым для обсуждения темам с обязательным использованием лексики урока.

Разработанные упражнения предназначены для организации адекватного понимания содержания текстов.

Материалы, представленные в пособии, могут использоваться как в ходе самостоятельной работы студентов над иностранным языком, так и на практических занятиях под руководством преподавателя.

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Unit 1 Electricity

Text 1

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations electric charge – электрический заряд;

sphere – шар;

crank – заводной рычаг;

to be induced – быть индуцированным; positive charge – положительный заряд; negative charge – отрицательный заряд; kite experiment – змейковый эксперимент;

atmospheric electricity – атмосферное электричество; lightning – молния;

thunder – гром;

electrostatic charge – электростатический заряд; Leyden jar – лейденская банка;

square of the distance – квадрат расстояния; to distribute – распределять;

electrical current – электрический ток; magnetic field – магнитное поле;

to induce – индуцировать;

electromagnetic waves – электромагнитные волны; electron theory – теория электронов;

widespread use – широкое использование; source of power – источник энергии;

to vary inversely – изменяяться обратно/пропорционально

2.Read and translate the text:

HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

The first machine for producing an electric charge was described in 1672 by the German physicist Otto von Guericke. It consisted of a sulfur sphere turned by a crank on which a charge was induced when the hand was held against it.

The French scientist Charles Fransois de Cisternay Du Fay was the first to make clear the two different types of electric charge: positive and negative.

Benjamin Franklin spent much time in electrical research. His famous kite experiment proved that the atmospheric electricity that causes the phenomena of lightning and thunder is identical with the electrostatic charge on a Leyden jar. Franklin developed a theory that electricity is a single “fluid” existing in all matter, and that its effects can be explained by excesses and shortages of this fluid.

The British chemist Joseph Priestley proved the law that the force between electric charges varies inversely with the square of the distance between the charges experimentally in 1766. Priestley also demonstrated that an electric charge distributes itself uniformly over the surface of a hollow metal sphere, and that no charge and no electric field of force exists within such a sphere.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb invented a torsion balance to measure accurately the force exerted by electrical charges. With this apparatus he confirmed Priestley's observations and showed that the force between two charges is also proportional to the product of the individual charges. Faraday, who made many contributions to the study of electricity in the early 19th century, was also responsible for the theory of electric lines of force.

The Italian physicists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta conducted the first important experiments in electrical currents. Galvani produced muscle contraction in the legs of frogs by

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applying an electric current to them. Volta in 1800 announced the first artificial electrochemical source of potential difference, a form of electric battery.

The Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted demonstrated the fact that a magnetic field exists around an electric current flow in 1819. In 1831 Faraday proved that a current flowing in a coil of wire could induce electromagnetically a current in a nearby coil. About 1840 James Prescott Joule and the German scientist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz demonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy.

An important contribution to the study of electricity in the 19th century was the work of the British mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who investigated the properties of electromagnetic waves and light and developed the theory that the two are identical. His work paved the way for the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who produced and detected electric waves in the atmosphere in 1886.

The Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz first advanced the electron theory, which is the basis of modern electrical theory in 1892. The widespread use of electricity as a source of power is largely due to the work of such pioneering American engineers and inventors as Thomas Alva Edison, Nikola Tesla, and Charles Proteus Steinmetz.

3. Answer the questions:

1.Who was the first physicist to describe the first machine for producing an electric charge?

2.What was the name of the first scientist who made clear the two different types of electric charge?

3.What is the British chemist Joseph Priesley is famous for?

4.What kids of an experiment related to electric current did Italian physicists Luigi Galvani and Allesandro Volta conduct?

5.Does the magnetic field exist around the electric current?

6.Who proved the fact of the magnetic field’s existence around the current?

7.Do electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy?

8.Who proved that the electricity is a form of energy?

4.Find English equivalents in the text:

электрический заряд; два различных типа;

положительный; отрицательный; атмосферное электричество; молния; электростатический заряд; распределять; измерять; наблюдения;

теория электрических линий; искусственный; электрохимический источник; электрические волны;

основа современной электрической теории.

5.Match the following terms to appropriate definitions: electricity

electric current electric charge magnetic field electron electromagnetic wave

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energy electric circuit coil

electric battery

a form of energy that can be produced in several ways and that provides power to devices; a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow;

an amount of electricity that is held in or carried by something;

a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells; a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions;

a wave of energy propagated in an electromagnetic field;

an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge; a series of connected spirals;

a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges;

6. Get ready to retell the text

Text 2

1. Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations insulator – изолятор;

substance – вещество, материя; friction – трение, сцепление; nucleus – ядро, ячейка;

amount – сумма, количество; charge – заряд, загрузка;

rest – покой, отдых; motion – движение; flow – поток, течение;

circuit – цепь, кругооборот; current – течение, ток;

path – путь, дорожка, линия;

break – прорыв, интервал, перелом; to discover – открывать;

to make – делать;

to explain – объяснять; to consist – состоять из; to revolve – вращаться;

to produce – производить; to transmit – передавать; to include – включать;

to exist – существовать; to use – использовать;

tiny – маленький, крошечный; light – легкий, светлый;

equal – равный;

poor – бедный, слабый;

continuous – непрерывный, постоянный; wide – широкий;

alternating – переменный.

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2. Read and translate the text:

THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOW

In the beginning of the 17th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect «electric» after the world «electron» - the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena.

At present the nature of electrification is explanted by the electron theory. According to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles. There are many kinds of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positively charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e. produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.

When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of as static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.

Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or nonconductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors. An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is DC An alternating current (AC) flows first in one direction and then in the other.

An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producting current flow. Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.

The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists-when switches are closed and all connections are properly made.

Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a wide range of special symbols which are used when we draw circuits.

3.Find these phrases in the text and translate them: static electricity;

electric current; direct current; alternating current; electric circuit;

an open circuit; a closed circuit;

an electrical phenomenon; an electron theory; positive charges;

negative charges; conductors of electricity; special symbols.

4.Translate the following phrases into Russian:

The capacity to absorb heat varies between substances.

Each object in nature has a particular temperature which can be compared with the temperature of other objects.

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To make this comparison accurate thermometer is used. Each atom is known to have a name and symbol.

To know the melting point of the metal in use is necessary.

I consider him to be the best qualified person in the laboratory.

Whenever the speed or velocity of a body changes, the body is said to have acceleration.

Laws and theories are formulated from the results of the experiments and then used to predict the results of new experiments

5.Answer the following questions:

1.Who discovered that many substances can be electrified by friction?

2.What does electron theory explain?

3.What does each atom consist of?

4.How can electric current be described?

5.Which substances are good conductors and which are poor?

6.How are the poorest conductors called?

7.What do DC and AC mean?

8.What is an electric circuit?

9.What are special symbols used for?

6.Get ready to retell the text

Text 3

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations constitution - состав

to compose - составлять to revolve - вращаться

tremendous - огромный, громадный hydrogen - водород

conductor - проводник

potential - потенциал, напряжение terminal - зажим, ввод, вывод battery - аккумулятор, батарея

to overlap to some extent - они взаимно проникают в какой-то мере outer - наружный, внешний

to apply - применять, обращаться, относиться to cause - причинять, вызывать; причина, дело wire - проволока

to provide - обеспечивать ease - легкость

magnitude - величина, размер

2.Read and translate the text:

NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

In the modern conception of the constitution of matter it is composed of atoms. The atom is made up of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative charges of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the nucleus at tremendous speeds. The nucleus consists of a number of protons, each with a single positive charge, and, except for hydrogen, one or more neutrons, which have no charge.

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The atom is neutral when it contains equal numbers of electrons and protons. A negatively charged body contains more electrons than protons. A positively charged body is one, which contains fewer electrons than its normal number.

When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potentials, such as the terminals of a battery, we say that there is an electric current in the conductor. What actually happens?

The conductor has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its atoms, and we want to know how the charges can be made to produce a current. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that they overlap to some extent, so that it is comparatively easy for the outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. The battery causes a potential difference between the ends of the wire, and thus provides forces that make the negative electrons in the wire move toward the point of higher potential. This electron flow toward the positive electrode is the electric current. Naturally materials differ considerably in the ease with which electrons can be made to migrate from atom to atom.

The current will not flow unless there is an electric circuit. The magnitude of the current depends simply on the rate of flow of electrons along the conductor.

3.Give the Russian for

1.to be composed of atoms

2.negative charges

3.tremendous speed

4.a number of protons

5.positive charge

6.terminal of a battery

7.outer electrons

8.electron flow

9.to produce a current

10.the nucleus consists of protons

4.Give the English for

1.состав вещества

2.состоять из положительного ядра

3.отрицательные заряды электричества

4.состоять из протонов

5.один или более нейтронов

6.проводник

7.положительные и отрицательные заряды

8.сравнительно ослаблено

9.природные материалы

10.величина тока

5.Read the text again and put in the missing words

l. The atom is _____ up of a positive nucleus surrounded by ____ charges of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the ____ at tremendous speeds. 2. The atom is neutral when it ____

equal numbers of _____ and protons. 3. A positively charged _____ is one which contains fewer

_____ than its normal number. 4. The _____ has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its. 5. This electron flow the positive electrode is the current.

6. Make up sentences

1. neutrons, the, consists, charge, a number, of, except, charge, nucleus, one, of, protons, which, single, or, more, each, and, with, have, for, no, hydrogen.

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2. difference, potential, battery, provides, negative, more, forces, the, a potential, make, electrons, in, causes, and, of, higher, between, the, wire, of, the, thus, the, ends, toward, that, the, point. 3

.there, flow, the, circuit, current, an, will, electric, not, unless.

7.Get ready to answer the following questions

1.What is an atom?

2.When is atom neutral?

3.What is a negatively charged body?

4.What is a positively charged body?

5.What is an electric current?

6.What does the magnitude of the current depend on?

8.Get ready to retell the text

Text 4

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations unit – единица, агрегат, узел, установка

pressure – давление; напряжение voltage – вольтаж, напряжение resistance – сопротивление

to generate – порождать, производить cell – элемент

generator – генератор substance – вещество, материя

to offer – предлагать, оказывать liquid – жидкость

succession – последовательность

series – серия, последовательное соединение steady – неуклонный, постоянный

direct current – постоянный ток equation – уравнение

product – произведение

to transform – превращать, преобразовывать value – величина, ценность

2.Read and translate the text:

PRACTICAL UNITS

The main units in electrical engineering are those relating to current, pressure or voltage, resistance, power and energy.

Current is that which flows along the conductors forming the electric circuit. It is measured in amperes. Pressure, potential, voltage, or electromotive force is that which causes a current to flow between two points when they are joined by a conductor. The unit is the volt.

The total pressure generated by a cell or generator is called its electromotive force (e.m.f). The difference in pressure between any two points in a circuit is simply known as the potential difference, voltage, or pressure of the circuit. The opposition which a substance offers to the flow of current through it is called its resistance. Substances having a small resistance, such as metals and most liquids, are called conductors, those offering a high resistance are called insulators. The unit of resistance is the ohm, represented by the Greek letter Ω (R). A mega ohm equals one million ohms.

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