English for electrical engineers. Учебное пособие на английском языке для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов по направлению 13.03.02 – элек

7.Ask questions on the text and answer them

8.Get ready to retell the text

Text 4

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations device - прибор

reverse - обратный, перевернутый enormous - громадный, огромный

revolutionize - производить коренную ломку permanent - постоянный, неизменный moving coil - движущаяся катушка electrolytic - электролитический

welding - сварка

2.Read and translate the text:

ELECTRIC GENERATORS AND MOTORS (I)

A device for converting mechanical energy into electric energy is called a generator. The function of a motor is just the reverse, that is, it transforms electric energy into mechanical energy. The enormous energy of steam engines, gas engines, and water turbines can now be transformed into electricity and transmitted many miles.

The generator has revolutionized modern industry by furnishing cheap electricity.

The essential parts of a generator are: a) the magnetic field, which is produced by permanent magnets or electromagnets; and b) a moving coil of copper wire, called the armature, wound on a drum.

D. с generators are used for electrolytic processes. Large d. с generators are used in certain manufacturing processes such as steel making. Generators of small capacities are used for various special purposes, such as welding, automobile generators, train lighting, communication systems, etc.

3.Give the Russian for

1.to convert mechanical energy into electric energy

2.a generator

3.to be the reverse

4.a device for...

5.to furnish cheap electricity

6.magnetic field

7.a moving coil of copper wire

8.an armature wound on a drum

9.electrolytic process

10.generators of small capacities

4.Give the English for

1.генератор превращает механическую энергию в электрическую

2.огромная энергия паровых двигателей

3.производить революцию в современной промышленности

4.вырабатывать дешевую энергию

5.основные части генератора

6.магнитное поле, создаваемое электромагнитами

7.движущаяся катушка медной проволоки

8.якорь

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9.электролитные процессы

10.производство стали

5.Read the text again and put in the missing -words

1.The ________ of steam engines, gas engines, and water turbines can now be transformed into electricity. 2. A device for ______ mechanical energy into electric energy is called ______. 3. The generator has revolutionized modern industry by furnishing _____. 5. A generator consists of a) the _______ and b) a moving _____ of copper wire called the _____. 6. ______ are used for electrolytic processes.

6.Make up sentences

1.D. c. generator, used, for, large, are, in, manufacturing, processes, as, making, such, steel.

2.Of, small, generators, for, capacities, used, various, are, purposes, as, special, welding, such, automobile, generators, train lighting, so on, and.

3.A, coil, moving, is, of, called, copper wire, the armature.

4.The, field, produced, magnetic, by, permanent, is, magnets, or, electromagnets.

5.Device, converting, a, mechanical energy, for, into, is, electric energy, a, called, generator.

7.Ask questions on the text and answer them

8.Get ready to retell the text

Text 5

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations armature - арматура; якорь; броня кабеля; обкладка конденсатора alternator - генератор переменного тока, синхронныйгенератор dynamo - генератор постоянного тока

conducting loop - проводниковый контур

converse - противоположенное или обратное значение

2.Read and translate the text:

ELECTRIC MOTORS AND GENERATORS (II)

Electric Motors and generators are a group of devices used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or electrical energy into mechanical energy, by electromagnetic means. A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a generator, alternator, or dynamo, and a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called a motor.

Two related physical principles underlie the operation of generators and motors. The first is the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1831. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or if the strength of a stationary conducting loop is made to vary, a current is set up or induced in the conductor. The converse of this principle is that of electromagnetic reaction, first observed by the French physicist Andre Marie Ampeare in 1820. If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a mechanical force on it.

The simplest of all dynamoelectric machines is the disk dynamo developed by Faraday. It consists of a copper disk mounted so that part of the disk, from the center to the edge, is between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. When the disk is rotated, a current is induced between the center of the disk and its edge by the action of the field of the magnet. The disk can be made to operate as a motor by applying a voltage between the edge of the disk and its center, causing the disk to rotate because of the force produced by magnetic reaction.

The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is strong enough to operate only a small practical dynamo or motor. As a result, for large machines, electromagnets are employed. Both motors and

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generators consist of two basic units, the field, which is the electromagnet with its coils, and the armature, the structure that supports the conductors which cut the magnetic field and carry the induced current in a generator or the exciting current in a motor. The armature is usually a laminated soft-iron core around which conducting wires are wound in coils.

3.Get ready to answer the following questions

1.Are electric generators used to convert or electrical energy into mechanical energy?

2.How machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called?

3.How a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called?

4.What are two related physical principles which underlie the operation of generators and motors?

5.Who was the first to discover the principle of electromagnetic induction?

6.Who was the first to observe the principle of electromagnetic reaction?

7.What happens if a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field?

8.In what condition the field exerts a mechanical force on a conductor?

9.What is the simplest of all dynamoelectric machines?

10.What does the disc dynamo developed by Faraday consist of?

11.Is the magnetic field of a permanent magnet strong enough to operate large machines?

12.What types of magnets are used to operate large machines?

4.Read the text and put in the missing words

1.Electric Motors are used to convert … energy into … energy.

2.The principle of … induction was first discovered by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1831.

3.The converse of … is that of electromagnetic reaction.

4.The simplest of all … machines is the disk dynamo developed by Faraday.

5.The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is strong enough to operate only a … dynamo or motor.

6.In large machines … are employed.

7.Both … and … consist of two basic units.

5.Define whether the sentences are true or false.

1.Electric generators are used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2.Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy, by electric motors.

3.One important mathematical equation underlie the operation of generators and motors?

4.The principle of electromagnetic induction was discovered by the Russian scientist Mendeleev in 1831.

5.The principle of electromagnetic reaction was first observed by Faraday in 1820.

6.If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a mechanical force on it.

7.The more complicated of all dynamoelectric machines is the disk dynamo developed by Faraday.

8.The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is strong enough to operate practically all dynamo machines or motors.

9.In large machines, permanent magnets are employed.

10.Both motors and generators consist of seven basic units.

11.The armature is usually a laminated pig iron rod around which conducting wires are wound in coils.

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6.Translate into Russian

1.During the early 1830s the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday discovered a means by which mechanical energy is converted into an electrical energy on a large scale.

2.Michael Faraday was engaged in experimental work on magnetism.

3.Direct energy-conversion devices have received much attention because of the necessity to develop more efficient ways of transforming available forms of primary energy into electric power.

4.Thermoelectric generators are devices that convert heat directly into electricity.

5.A basic theory of thermoelectricity was finally formulated during the early 1900s.

6.In a solar cell, radiant energy drives electrons across a potential difference at a semiconductor junction.

7.Thie process, called electromagnetic induction, provides the working principle for electric generators.

8.Electric motors, which convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, run virtually every kind of machine that uses electricity.

9.The battery, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta about 1800, changes chemical energy directly into an electric current.

7.Translate into English.

1.Электрические двигатели используются для преобразования электрической энергии в механическую энергию.

2.Электрические генераторы используются для преобразования механической энергии в электрическую энергию.

3.Принцип электромагнитной индукции, открытый британским ученым Майклом Фарадеем, лежит в основе работы генераторов и двигателей.

4.Принцип электромагнитной реакции был открыт французским ученым Ампером в

1820 году.

5.При прохождении электрического тока через проводник, расположенный в магнитном поле, поле оказывает механическую силу на проводник.

6.Электродвигатель, установленный на этом станке, изготовлен на заводе «Электросила» в 1960 году.

7.Магнитное поле постоянного магнита недостаточно для использования в мощных двигателях.

8.Для мощных двигателей и машин используются электромагниты.

9.Двигатели и генераторы состоят из двух основных элементов: электромагнита и якоря

8.Get ready to retell the text

Text 6

1. Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations

Unit единица - измерения

measuring device - измерительный прибор strength, intensity - сила, напряжённость ammeter - амперметр

electrolytic solution - электролит carbon - угольный электрод addition - прибавление

potential - эл. потенциал, напряжение

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insulation resistance - сопротивление изоляции megohmmeter - мегомметр

continuity - непрерывность ground - заземление

short circuit - короткое замыкание external force - внешняя сила

overcome opposition - преодолеть сопротивление electric pressure - электрическое напряжение cause a current to flow - заставлять ток течь power - мощность, энергия

delivery - подача, снабжение wattmeter - ваттметр watthourmeter - электросчётчик

2. Read and translate the text:

DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES

D.C. machines converting mechanical energy into electrical one are referred to as d.c. generators. Those, on the other hand, which convert electrical energy into mechanical one, are spoken of as d.c. motors. D.c. machines are reversible and, therefore, identical in construction. They are composed of two main parts – the stationary part which is called the frame provided with the main poles and the commutating poles, and the rotating part which is said to be the armature, its windings and commutator being positioned on it.

The frame is made of steel in the form of a closed magnetic conductor. The main polesfor the purposes of decreasing the losses are assembled of sheet steel laminations. Mounted on them, the field windings are built of copper isolated conductors. The main poles are intended to produce the main magnetic flux.

The commutating polesare also made of steel and arranged midway between the main poles. Their windings as well as those of the main poles are built of copper conductors. The commutating poles with the windings are designed to ensure non-sparking operation of an electric machine.

The armature makes up a cylindrical core made of sheet steel laminations, a two-layer winding being fixed in their slots. The former is built of sections made of isolated copper conductors.

The commutatoris constructed of separate copper bars isolated from each other and from the frame. The section leads of the armature winding are connected to the bars. The commutator is designed for the conversion of an alternating e.m.f. induced in the armature winding into a direct one.

The brush gearis an element designed for collecting the current from the armature winding and leading it to the latter. It is composed of brushes, brush-holders, brush-studs, brush-rockers and current collecting bars.

The commutator and the brush gear are the most essential parts of a d.c. machine, its reliable operation being dependent on their condition.

The operative principleof a d.c. machine is built upon the laws of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic force. As the armature is rotated in the magnetic flux of the main poles by a drive motor, the e.m.f. is induced in the armature winding. In the loaded machine, the e.m.f. brings into existence the current with which it coincides in direction. This current interacting with the magnetic flux produces the electromagnetic torque directed in opposition to that produced by a prime mover. As this takes place, the machine operates as a generator. The mechanical power consumed from the drive motor is converted into the electrical one and is given up to the mains.

When a d.c. machine is connected to the electrical source of supply, the current is generated in the armature winding. Interacting with the magnetic flux of the poles, it produces the electromagnetic torque which brings into rotation the armature. The e.m.f. directed in opposition to the current direction is induced in the armature winding. In this case the machine works as a motor. The electrical power consumed from the mains is converted into the mechanical one.

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3 Find the Russian equivalents of the following English word combinations:

1. stationary part; 2. field winding; 3. to ensure non-sparking operation; 4. made of sheet steel laminations; 5. induced in the armature winding; 6. current-collecting bar; 7. coincide in direction; 8. interacting with the magnetic flux; 9. bring into rotation; 10. consumed from the mains;

1. обеспечивать безыскровую работу; 2. совпадать по направлению; 3. сделанный из листов электротехнической стали; 4. обмотка возбуждения; 5. индуктируемая в якорной обмотке; 6. неподвижная часть; 7. потребляемый от сети; 8. взаимодействуя с магнитным потоком; 9. токособирающая шина; 10. приводить к вращению.

4. Translate these Russian words and phrases from the text into English:

одинаковый, вращающийся, станина, якорь, обмотка возбуждения, добавочные полюса, устанавливать, сердечник, щёточный аппарат, приводной двигатель, совпадать, электромагнитный момент, сеть, обеспечивать.

5.Make sentences out of two given parts:

1.D.c. generators… 2. The is a stationary part of d.c. machines provided with the main poles

6. Answer the questions according to the text context:

What type of a d.c. machine is referred to as a d.c. motor? What are the two main parts of a d.c. machine?

What is the frame composed of?

Is the construction of the commutating poles identical to the one of the main poles? What does the armature make up?

What is the commutator designed for?

What are the most essentials parts of a d.c. machine? What elements is the brush gear constructed of?

What laws is the operative principle of a d.c. machine based upon? In what case does a d.c. machine operate as a d.c. generator? Under what condition does a d.c. machine work as a d.c. motor?

7. Get ready to retell the text

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Unit 3 Electronics

Text 1

1.Read, write down and learn the words and word combinations to deal with - иметь дело с

vacuum - вакуум, пустота semiconductor - полупроводник to process - обрабатывать gaseous - газообразный

tube - труба, трубка

rectifier - ректификатор; выпрямитель тока transistor - транзистор

hole - отверстие, шпур hydrolysis - гидролиз wireless - беспроволочный

gauge - мера, измерительный прибор to count - считать, вести учет keynote - основа

to come into one's own - занимать подобающее место

2.Read and translate the text:

HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is the science dealing with devices operated by control of the movement of electric charges in a vacuum, in gases, or semiconductors; or with the processing of information or the control of energy by such devices. This definition covers the whole complex family of vacuum and gaseous electron tubes and their applications. It also includes metallic contact or semiconductor rectifiers and the transistors, which utilize the control of electrons or positive charges (holes) to process information or to convert energy.

Electronics was born in the 19th century. Like hydrolysis or chemistry it has come into its own only recently. Electronics first established itself, however, in wireless telegraphy. Industrial applications of electronics include control gauging, counting, heating, speed regulation, etc. But in a larger field electronics leads to automatic control of large-scale industrial operations.

Today, electronics has started a new era. Electronic devices are doing simple, but human-like thinking. Some industries are controlled by electronic robots. Automation is the industrial keynote of the day. Planes and rockets are electronically controlled. Some radio-telescopes work like radar to receive radio waves from outer space. Shortly speaking, electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity.

3.Give the Russian for

1.electric charges

2.to deal with devices

3.in a vacuum

4.a semiconductor

5.processing of information

6.a rectifier

7.wireless telegraphy

8.large-scale industrial operations

9.to be electronically controlled

10.a keynote of the day

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4.Give the English for

1.электроника имеет дело с приборами, управляемыми движением электрических зарядов в вакууме, в газах или в полупроводниках или обработке информации

2.вакуумные и газообразные электронные трубки

3.полупроводниковый ректификатор

4.использовать

5.гидролиз

6.промышленное применение электроники

7.автоматический контроль промышленных процессов

8.занимать подобающее место

9.основа

10.электронно-управляемые самолеты и ракеты

5.Read the text and put in the missing words

1.The definition covers the whole complex family of _____ and _____ electron tubes and their applications. 2. _____ was born in the19th century. 3. Electronics first established itself in

_________. 4. Industrial applications of electronics include control gauging, _____, heating, etc. 5. Electronics devices are doing simple, but ______. 6. Radio-telescopes work like radar _______ radio waves from outer _______.

6.Translate into Russian paying attention to the word "as"

1.Electron tube is used as a sensitive detector. 2. In many cases the electronic circuit performs the same functions as some mechanical or other type of devices. 3. As a result electronic devices are very versatile. 4. Computers are classified as to the functions they can perform. 5. As the fragments fly apart, they collide with nearby atoms causing them to move more rapidly. 6. Special-purpose computers are widely used as well.

7.Get ready to answer the following questions

1.What is electronics?

2.When was electronics born?

3.Where did electronics first establish itself?

4.What does electronics lead to in a larger field?

5.What branches of science and technology is electronics used in?

8.Get ready to retell the text

Text 2

1. Read, write down, translate and learn the words and word combinations. processing,

to convey, device,

to manipulate, to reduce,

to amplify, to vary,

to be subjected, intermediate, lattice,

to free, boron, excess, junction

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2. Read and translate the text:

ELECTRONICS

Electronics is a general term for the production and processing of electric signals (consisting of moving electrons, hence the name electronics) that convey information – for example, the sound reproduction by a radio or record player and the data output of a computer. Electronics also includes the production and processing of beams of electrons, used in such devices as cathode-ray oscilloscopes, television sets, and electron microscopes.

Electric signals. Electric signals are produced by devices that convert the primary information source (which is in the form of another type of energy – sound or light, for instance) into small electric currents. For example, a microphone converts sound into an electric current, and in input unit of a computer converts data. These currents, which constitute a signal, are then transmitted along wires or, after conversion to radio waves, via radio links. On reaching a suitable receiver, they may be electronically manipulated – to reduce distortion in the signal, for instance – and are than amplified so that they can drive an output device, such as a loudspeaker, television set, or computer printer.

There are two types of electric signal: analog and digital. Analog signals vary continuously in voltage or current, corresponding to variations in the primary information source; thus the electric signals produced by a microphone are electrical “copies” of the original sound waves. Digital signals are not continuous but consist of numerous bursts of electric current between two voltage levels (one of which may be zero).

A computer uses digital signals. They consist of binary codes that represent the numbers, letters, and symbols in the input data and in the various program instructions. In the computer’s central processor, the data codes are subjected to processes of binary arithmetic or are compared with each other to obtain the results required by the program.

In modern electronics, electric signals may be processed in two main ways – by passing them trough semiconductor devices (such as transistors) or by converting them into a beam of electrons, as in the formation of a picture by a television set (which also uses semiconductors).

Semiconductors. Semiconductors are substances (such as silicon and germanium) whose electrical resistance lies between that of conductors and insulators. They have this intermediate resistance because they have a few free electrons that can drift from atom to atom – unlike conductors, which have many free electrons, and unlike insulators, which have none.

The semiconductors used in electronic devices are “doped” to change their electrical properties. Doping involves introducing minute traces of other elements into the semiconductor’s crystal lattice. Silicon and germanium each have four outer electrons per atom; doping them with an element with five outer electrons, such as phosphorus, frees the fifth electron so that the semiconductor has an electron excess. It is then known as an n-type (negative-type), because electrons have a negative charge.

Doping with an element that has only three outer electrons, such as boron, produces a crystal lattice with spaces, known as holes, which free electrons readily fill. This type of semiconductor has a lack of free electrons, which is equivalent to an excess of positive charges, and it is therefore known as p-type.

If a piece of n-type semiconductor is joined to a piece of p-type, the resulting device is called a p/n junction diode. If the diode is then connected to a battery so that the negative terminal is joined to the n-type semiconductor and the positive terminal to the p-type, current flows through the junction.

Transistors. Transistors are arrangements of semiconductor diodes that act as amplifiers. There are two main types: junction and field-effect transistors.

3.Find English equivalents in the text.

1.движущиеся электроны

2.электронный (катодный) осциллограф

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3.например

4.уменьшать искажение

5.цифровой

6.требуемые результаты

7.двумя основными способами

8.полупроводниковые приборы

9.промежуточное сопротивление

10.кристаллическая решетка

11.внешний электрон

12.избыток электронов

13.недостаток свободных электронов

14.соединение

15.усилитель

4.Find Russian equivalents to the following expression in the text.

1.the production and processing of electric signals

2.convey information

3.beams of electrons

4.the primary information source

5.small electric currents

6.are transmitted along wires

7.via radio links

8.a suitable receiver

9.may be electronically manipulated

10.numerous bursts of electric current

11.binary codes

12.minute traces

13.act as amplifiers

5.Fill in the missing words.

1.Electronics is a general term for the _____ and _____ of electric signals that convey information.

2.Electric signals are produced by devices that the primary information _____ into small electric

_____.

3.Digital signals consist of _____ codes that represent the numbers, letters, and symbols in the input data and in the various program instructions.

4.In modern electronics, electric signals may be processed in two main ways: by passing them through _____ _____ or by converting them into a _____ of _____.

5.Semiconductors are substances whose electrical resistance lies between that of _____ and

_____.

6.Doping involves introducing minute traces of other elements into the semiconductor’s _____

_____.

7.Transistors are arrangements of semiconductor diodes that act as _____.

6.Define whether the sentences are true or false.

1.Electric signals are produced by devices that convert the primary information source into small electric currents.

2.Digital signals vary continuously in voltage or currant, corresponding to variations in the primary information source.

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