The clinical findings seem consistent, future studies namely genetic studies in familial cases or on candidate genes will help to test this model.

Summary for the Clinician

■Congenital Brown syndrome, congenital monocular elevation deficiency and vertical retraction syndrome as nonprogressive forms of strabismus with fibrotic changes share features with CCDDs and are found to be accompanied intraindividually or familial by other CCDDs.

■Electromyographic, neuroradiologic and surgical findings support the hypothesis that Brown syndrome represents a CCDD.

■Genetic linkage analysis or examination of candidate genes might prove or disprove a model that hypothesizes a continuous spectrum of congenital neurodevelopmental elevation disorders.

Acknowledgment The data of our own Brown syndrome [103] series and the literature on this topic as discussed in chapter 7.2.1.1 were evaluated in cooperation with Gregor Schaaf.

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