In: Binocular Vision |
ISBN: 978-1-60876-547-8 |
Editors: J. McCoun et al, pp. 247-248 |
© 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. |
Short Commentary
OCULAR DOMINANCE
Jonathan S. Pointer
Optometric Research
4A Market Square, Higham Ferrers,
Northamptonshire NN10 8BP, UK
The time has come to consider seriously what has hitherto possibly been regarded as a somewhat narrow proposition; namely, that ocular dominance is best understood by the behaviourally descriptive term ‘sighting preference’. By this is meant: The eye that is consciously or unconsciously selected for monocular tasks.
This definition aligns with the first description of the phenomenon recorded four hundred years ago. Sighting dominance can be regarded as the ocular laterality most analogous to decisions regarding limb choice, ie, under circumstances when only one of a pair can be selected for use (eg, writing hand, ball-kicking foot). An individual’s sighting choice appears to be substantially consistent within and between applicable tests, which latter are usually based on simple motor tasks such as pointing, aiming or alignment. Such techniques have proved to be reliable indicators of dominance across populations and within either gender; the ocular laterality thus identified is apparently stable with advancing chronological age, and appears not to show familial traits.
In contrast, indications of ocular dominance from sensory tests, including the binocular viewing of rivalrous stimuli or the recording of functional oculo-visual
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Jonathan S. Pointer |
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asymmetries (often of visual acuity), have a tendency to show intraand inter-test disagreement. Theories of ocular dominance have developed and evolved through the twentieth century to acknowledge and accommodate these discrepancies, and to account for the not infrequent disagreement found in the individual between the laterality result obtained using a sighting compared to a sensory test format. Many of these explanations have been at best parsimonious and sometimes in contradiction of the prevailing knowledge of binocular vision, including that of visual suppression.
Sighting dominance is not reliably associated with limb preference or, for reasons of ocular neuro-anatomy, predicted by cortical laterality: a generalised (uniform) laterality preference of sensory organs and motor limbs in the individual is unlikely.
Despite a burgeoning research output over recent decades, the identification of a functional basis for ocular dominance continues to prove elusive: the phenomenon remains a ‘demonstrable habit’, adopted when a single eye must be chosen for a particular viewing task.
INDEX
A
abnormalities, 147, 152 ACC, 190 accessibility, 129 accidents, 190, 207
accommodation, 143, 144, 152, 157, 158, 160 accuracy, viii, ix, 2, 4, 13, 22, 23, 31, 35, 37,
69, 81, 83, 99, 100, 103, 196, 203 ACM, 59
activation, 165, 168, 169, 172, 174, 176, 180, 182, 184, 185
acute, 66 adaptability, 74
adaptation, 74, 146, 147
adjustment, 2, 27, 58, 59, 88, 187, 215 adult, 67, 73, 112, 123, 156, 219, 240, 243 adulthood, xii, 209
adults, xi, 73, 76, 78, 155, 191, 216 Africa, 66
age, xi, xii, 66, 67, 72, 74, 79, 144, 147, 148, 151, 155, 157, 200, 209, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 247
aggregation, 130 aggressiveness, 170 aid, 64, 174 Aircraft, 134, 136 Airship, 132 albinism, 109
algorithm, xi, xii, 3, 4, 6, 16, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 61, 116, 122, 127, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206
alternative, 68, 71, 113, 148 alternatives, 64
alters, 168
ambiguity, 3, 31, 35, 183, 186 ambivalent, 166
amblyopia, vii, x, xi, 139, 140, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157
American Psychiatric Association, 175, 176 amplitude, ix, 76, 108, 110, 114, 119, 120 amygdala, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 176, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187 anger, 184
animal studies, 162, 164 animals, 72, 168 aniridia, 108
annealing, 104
anomalous, 111, 122, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152 antagonistic, 214
anterior cingulate cortex, 180 anxiety, 182, 186
application, 59, 112, 116, 126, 129, 130, 191, 192, 196, 213
argument, 17, 169 Aristotle, 66, 69, 79
arousal, 165, 171, 175, 181, 182, 183, 185 artificial intelligence, x, 125, 129, 137 aspect ratio, 191
assessment, vii, xi, 40, 79, 111, 149, 150, 155 astigmatism, 117
astronomy, 64 asymmetry, 242 atropine, 148, 152 attentional bias, 181 Australia, 66
automatic processes, 162, 180
250 |
Index |
availability, 2 avoidance, 127, 181
awareness, x, 79, 125, 130, 132, 166, 219
B
basic research, 243 battery, 68, 76 beating, 111, 119
behavior, ix, 81, 82, 96, 104, 162 benefits, x, 5, 125, 204
Bezier, ix, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 103, 104, 105
bias, viii, 2, 3, 4, 58, 76, 185 binomial distribution, 88 birds, 131
birth, ix, 107, 108, 109, 119, 147 blindness, 220
bonding, 48, 50 botulinum, 117
brain, 131, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 185, 209, 217, 221, 224, 240
brain functioning, 131 brain functions, 240 brain stem, 224 branching, 18 breathing, 210 buildings, 127 buttons, 176
C
calibration, 2, 95, 104, 109, 113 caloric nystagmus, 115 Canada, 113
candidates, 16, 74, 191, 192, 197, 198, 206 capacity, 131
case study, 119
cataract, 80, 108, 109, 148, 149 cataract surgery, 80
cataracts, 75, 109, 148, 150
cell, 168, 194, 195, 196, 202, 206, 245 cerebral hemisphere, 68
channels, 168, 169 chiasma, 71 childhood, 67
children, 67, 73, 77, 111, 112, 113, 122, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 191, 216, 222, 237, 239, 244
China, 123, 206 classical, 75, 143
classification, xi, 111, 129, 175, 189, 191, 192, 197
clay, 64
clinical approach, 74 clinical assessment, 245 clinical disorders, vii, xi, 140 clinical examination, 111 coding, 173, 175
cognitive, 225 cognitive process, 225 coil, 112, 113 communication, 58 community, 232 compensation, 212
competition, 167, 168, 169, 177, 182 compilation, 67
complexity, 30, 35, 173
components, 19, 103, 110, 119, 192, 223, 225, 243, 244
computation, 3, 4, 35, 190, 192, 224 computational performance, 99
computing, ix, 6, 31, 32, 37, 38, 62, 108, 133 conception, 109, 131
conditioning, 178, 179, 182, 184 confidence, 18, 102, 103, 130 configuration, 9, 10, 15, 22, 94 confusion, 146, 147
congenital cataract, 109 Congress, 133, 134, 136 conscious awareness, 166 conscious knowledge, 233
conscious perception, 166, 167, 169 consciousness, 166, 221 consensus, 207
constraints, viii, 2, 5, 6, 15, 63, 105 consumption, x, 125, 129, 130, 131 continuity, 5, 60, 105
contrast sensitivity, 110, 122
control, vii, x, xi, xii, 117, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 158, 161, 166, 169, 170, 174, 176, 177, 181, 186, 188, 190, 209, 210, 212, 214, 223, 225, 226, 227, 231, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245
Index |
251 |
convergence, 21, 24, 26, 110, 112, 143, 144, 149, 157, 160, 217, 223
convex, 35, 36, 37
coordination, vii, x, 77, 139, 149, 224 corneal opacities, 148
correlation, 5, 16, 17, 113, 119, 128, 203, 218, 222, 242
correlation coefficient, 119, 222, 242 correlation function, 16, 17 correlations, 69, 222, 223
cortex, 71, 140, 152, 153, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 176, 180, 182, 184, 185, 187, 224
cortical processing, 164 countermeasures, 132 covering, 67
CPU, 195, 196 CRC, 61
critical period, 147 crocodile, 131 cross-cultural, 182 cross-talk, 109 CRT, 228, 229 cruise missiles, 126 crystalline, 143
cues, xi, 6, 161, 162, 165, 176, 177, 191, 206 culture, 174, 191, 240
cumulative distribution function, 196 Cybernetics, 59, 61, 133
cycles, x, 108, 116, 117 cycling, 226
cycloplegic refraction, 147 Cyprus, 121
D
damping, 110 danger, 162, 165 data set, viii, 2 decisions, 247 decoupling, 3 defects, 117 deficiency, 6 deficit, 148, 150
definition, 149, 227, 228, 234, 247 deformation, 83
demand, 74, 75, 126, 210 density, 196, 199 dependent variable, 172 depressed, 170
depression, 159 deprivation, 147, 148
depth perception, xi, 72, 140, 141, 144, 149, 152
detection, ix, xi, 40, 81, 82, 85, 103, 104, 126, 127, 128, 140, 151, 180, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 196, 206, 207, 208
deviation, xi, 3, 103, 147, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 240
diodes, 104
diplopia, x, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147 discomfort, 74
discrimination, 150, 186 diseases, ix, 107 disorder, ix, 107, 108, 149
displacement, 2, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90, 94, 96, 99, 104
dissociation, xi, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160 distribution, 66, 85, 88, 196, 218, 221, 222,
224, 230, 232, 233, 240, 241, 242 division, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 164 doctors, 220
dominance, vii, viii, xi, xii, 22, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 161, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 217, 247, 248
DSM-IV, 176
duration, 111, 114, 117, 121, 148, 173, 174, 175, 177
E
Education, 206
EEG, 165, 179, 181, 182 elaboration, 73, 129 electrodes, 112, 113 electromagnetic, 113, 130 electromagnetic wave, 130 embryogenesis, 109 emission, 130
emitters, 113
emotion, 163, 172, 174, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185
emotional, xi, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187
emotional information, 163, 164 emotional reactions, 163, 174, 176, 178
252 |
Index |
emotional stimuli, xi, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 174, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186
emotional valence, 178 emotions, 171 encoding, 108
environment, x, 13, 40, 125, 127, 130, 132, 166
environmental conditions, 191 EOG, 112, 121
epipolar geometry, 3, 5, 6 epipolar line, 10, 15, 16, 17 esotropia, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152 estimating, 3, 4, 59
estimation process, 4, 40 estimator, 59, 117, 119 Euro, 62
Europe, 207
European Social Fund, 206 European Union, 190 evolution, 111, 126, 131, 133 examinations, 68
execution, 233, 245 exotropia, 148 experimental design, 175 explicit knowledge, 187
extraction, vii, 1, 29, 37, 38, 48, 50, 58, 131 eye movement, vii, ix, xii, 68, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123, 141, 143, 144, 145, 150, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 222, 223,
224, 225, 227, 228, 231, 232, 234, 244, 245 eyes, vii, viii, ix, x, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
139, 140, 141, 144, 148, 149, 156, 158, 166, 167, 168, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 229, 233, 236
F
facial expression, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 183, 185, 187
factor analysis, 68, 233 failure, 73
false negative, 191, 203, 206 false positive, 203
familial, 66, 109, 247 family, 3, 66, 79 fatigue, 218, 219
fear, 162, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 186 February, 65
feedback, 76, 143, 180 females, 67
filters, 69, 193
fixation, ix, xii, 65, 73, 107, 109, 110, 113, 120, 141, 143, 144, 148, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 245
flight, x, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 163
flow, 3, 60, 127, 130 fluid, 72, 75 Fourier, 114
fovea, ix, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 119, 123, 148, 209, 215, 229
Fox, 150, 179, 183 FPGA, 136
frog, 131
frontal lobe, 225, 226, 232
functional magnetic resonance imaging, 78, 79, 165, 185
fundus, 111
fusion, 64, 72, 141, 142, 143, 144, 150, 156, 217, 220
G
Gaussian, 85 gender, 67, 247
generation, 113, 191, 192, 204, 206, 214, 227, 230, 232, 234, 244
genetic factors, 66 Geneva, 207
Ger, 192, 206, 207, 208
Germany, 141, 161, 209 Gestalt, 171, 183 glasses, 148
goals, 245 government, 190 GPS, 129, 132 grades, 142 grass, 186 gratings, 178 grouping, 185
groups, 21, 129, 131, 177, 179, 222, 223, 224, 231
growth, 111
Index |
253 |
guidance, x, 125, 128
H
habituation, 172 handedness, 64, 76, 78, 79 harmonics, 114
Harvard, 184 heart, 164 heart rate, 164
height, 103, 194, 199, 202 hemisphere, 181 hemodynamic, 165 Hessian matrix, 20
high resolution, 129 high-frequency, 113 high-level, 168, 169 high-speed, 112 histogram, 199, 200 holistic, 170
Homeland Security, 136 horizon, 127
horse, 39 host, 190
hostile environment, x, 125, 130, 132 hot spots, 191
human, 61, 64, 66, 71, 72, 78, 108, 149, 150, 157, 169, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 199, 207, 213, 224, 244
human brain, 183 human development, 66 human subjects, 157 humans, 164, 244 hyperbolic, 199 hyperopia, 147 hypoplasia, 109
hypothesis, xi, 161, 171, 173, 175, 178, 195
I
identification, 73, 74, 111, 115, 116, 248 idiopathic, 108, 109, 123
Illinois, 76 illumination, 82, 191
illusion, 79, 104, 210, 212 illusions, 211, 244
image analysis, 207
images, vii, viii, ix, x, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 51, 58, 60, 61, 68, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 99, 104, 126, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 156, 191, 207, 209, 217, 221
imaging, ix, xi, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 96, 99, 103, 165, 168, 189
imitation, 126, 131
implementation, 40, 41, 131, 193, 203 inattention, 74, 110
incidence, 110 independence, 164, 222 Indiana, 155, 160 indication, 64, 69 indicators, 69, 111, 247 induction, 144 industrial, 103 industry, 129, 131
inertial navigation system, 127 infancy, 109, 111, 122
infants, 73, 111, 112, 113, 147, 149, 150 infinite, 141
information exchange, 132 infrared, 112, 113, 184, 191, 213 infrared light, 113, 213
infrared spectroscopy, 184 inheritance, 122, 123 inhibition, 231 inhibitory, 168, 231 injury, 75, 207 innervation, 79
INS, 109, 133 insight, 226 inspection, 103 instabilities, 113
instability, 3, 110, 112, 113, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 235, 236, 243
instruction, 185, 214, 226, 232 integration, x, 125, 127, 130, 131, 149 integrity, 104
intelligence, 131
intensity, viii, 2, 5, 84, 85, 99, 110, 111, 113, 165, 184
interaction, 79, 113, 130, 180 interactions, 151, 168 interdependence, 119 interference, 72 interpretation, 60, 143 interval, 85, 88, 111
254 |
Index |
intraocular, 148 |
limitation, 24 |
intraocular lens (IOL), 148 |
limitations, 120, 173, 174 |
intrinsic, 8 |
linear, x, 3, 22, 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 113, 119, |
intrusions, 112 |
125, 127, 143, 199 |
invasive, 112, 113 |
linear function, 94, 96, 199 |
inversions, 119 |
linear regression, 119 |
Investigations, 170 |
linguistic, 212 |
IOL, 148 |
localization, 79, 127, 206 |
Iran, 58 |
location, 76, 104, 232 |
Italy, 107, 207 |
London, 77, 78, 80, 122, 151, 187 |
ITC, 214 |
long period, 148, 218 |
iteration, 40 |
long-distance, 104 |
ITRC, 58 |
longevity, 71 |
ITT, 206 |
longitudinal study, 67, 80 |
|
low-level, 168 |
J
Japan, 66, 139
Japanese, 76, 79
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 136 judge, 233
Jung, 133 justification, 71
K
kinesthesis, 160 kinesthetic, 156
L
language, 240
laser, ix, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 94, 96, 99, 103, 104, 130
late-onset, 151
laterality, viii, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 79, 80, 247, 248
law, 79
lead, 112, 169 learning, 186
left hemisphere, 227
lens, 22, 74, 75, 77, 78, 84, 95, 113, 143, 148, 157
lenses, 69, 74 lesions, 245, 246
light emitting diode, 215 likelihood, 175
M
machines, 137, 191 magnetic, 165
magnetic resonance, 78, 165
magnetic resonance imaging, 78, 79, 165 males, 67
management, 78, 150 manipulation, 178 mapping, 5, 48, 127 Mars, 136
masking, 126
matrix, 4, 9, 13, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 89, 90 measurement, viii, ix, x, xi, 2, 3, 81, 104, 108,
125, 127, 147, 155, 156, 157, 160 measures, 6, 65, 66, 222, 234, 238, 242, 245 medicine, 150
Mediterranean, 121 memory, 83, 99, 171 mental disorder, 182 mental processes, 167 metabolic, 153 metric, 4, 156 Mexican, 170 Mexico, 81 microscopy, 64 middle-aged, 74
Ministry of Education, 206 miosis, 144
mirror, 166, 167, 172 missiles, 126
mobile robot, 126, 129 mobile robots, 129
Index |
255 |
mobility, 75 modalities, 79, 108 model fitting, 207 modeling, 3, 61
models, 29, 39, 40, 41, 245 modulation, 186
modules, 192 modus operandi, 74 MOG, 112
money, 131
monkeys, 76, 152, 153, 224 monocular clues, 143 Moscow, 125, 137
motion, vii, viii, x, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 108, 113, 117, 125, 127, 128, 131, 143, 152, 183, 186
motion control, 128 motivation, 204 motor control, 68, 79
motor system, 109, 112 motor task, 247
movement, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 94, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 224, 229, 234, 245
multidisciplinary, 152 muscle, 148
muscles, 213, 214, 224 myopia, 67, 80 myopic, 148
N
NASA, 135
National Academy of Sciences, 185, 187 natural, 72, 131, 225
navigation system, 127
near infrared spectroscopy, 184 neck, 41
negative valence, 171 neonatal, 109
nerve, 224
nervous system, 131
network, ix, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 103, 163, 244
neural network, ix, 81 neural networks, ix, 81 neuroanatomy, 71 neuronal circuits, 164, 180
neurons, 83, 88, 140 neuropsychology, 232 neuroscientists, 225
New York, 77, 122, 137, 152, 182, 185, 207 noise, viii, x, 2, 3, 16, 40, 51, 108, 113, 195,
196 non-human, 72
nonlinear, 3, 12, 22, 60 non-uniform, 199, 201, 204
normal, 7, 72, 77, 110, 122, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 166, 167, 183, 194, 241
North America, 67, 170, 207 nucleus, 164, 168, 184
nystagmus, vii, ix, x, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 212
O
observations, 225, 226, 234 obstruction, 148
occipital lobe, 165 occipital regions, 179 occluding, 104
occlusion, 13, 18, 22, 82, 83, 84, 91, 99, 100, 101, 104, 148, 197
occupational, 74, 123 oculomotor, 108, 217, 223, 232 offenders, 187
Oklahoma, 157 operations research, 105 operator, 132 ophthalmologists, 119 optic nerve, 71, 109
optical, ix, 3, 4, 23, 60, 64, 69, 81, 82, 93, 94, 97, 98, 103, 127, 147
optical systems, 82 optics, 184
optomotor system, 229 organ, 71
organism, 72 organization, 147, 182, 187
orientation, 2, 5, 7, 8, 84, 93, 94, 96, 127, 178, 184, 191, 192, 193
oscillation, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 122, 123 oscillations, ix, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 117,
118, 120
outliers, vii, viii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 16, 21, 196
256 |
Index |
P
paper, 135, 204 paradoxical, 72, 75 parameter, 21, 83, 119, 203 Parietal, 182, 214
Paris, 78
pathogenesis, ix, 107, 123 pathology, 75 pathophysiological, 109
pathophysiological mechanisms, 109 pathways, 162, 163, 186
patients, ix, 73, 75, 76, 80, 107, 110, 112, 113, 117, 119, 121, 123, 147, 148, 151, 164, 176, 177, 181, 226, 232
pattern recognition, 128
pedestrian, xi, 128, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207
pedestrians, xi, 189, 190, 191, 204, 206 pediatric, 122, 150
perception, vii, x, xi, 71, 72, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 152, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 218, 244
performance, viii, ix, x, 2, 31, 37, 41, 64, 74, 75, 81, 83, 84, 99, 113, 116, 125, 130, 152, 183, 192, 201, 206, 213, 228, 233, 234, 237, 238, 239
periodic, 21, 114, 116, 119, 121 permit, 131, 143
personal, 73, 170, 177 personal relevance, 170, 177 personality, 170, 185 personality traits, 170 perturbation, 4, 40 perturbations, 3, 41
PET, 165
PFC, 214 phobia, 176, 177 Phobos, 134 photocells, 215 photographs, 178
physical environment, 166 physical properties, 178 physicians, ix, 107, 111
physiological, 73, 74, 75, 109, 141, 164, 174, 184
picture processing, 183
pinhole, 84, 93, 97 pitch, 127, 194, 201, 207 planar, 202
planets, 128
planning, x, 108, 111, 130 plasticity, 187
play, 190, 212 pond, 90
poor, 58, 148, 151, 242 population, 67, 72, 122 posture, 110
power, x, 117, 125, 129, 130, 131 PPS, 206
praxis, 220 prediction, 141 predictors, ix, 108
preference, viii, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 148, 247, 248
prefrontal cortex, 188 preparedness, 186 preprocessing, 192 presbyopia, 74, 143, 144, 145 preschool, 72, 76, 149 preschool children, 76 prevention, 149, 207 preventive, 190
primary visual cortex, 149, 186 primate, 151, 182
primates, 72
prior knowledge, xi, 6, 189, 191 PRISM, 155
probability, 193, 196, 197 probability density function, 196, 197 probe, 179
production, 129, 238 prognosis, 123, 148 program, 149 projector, 83 promote, 171 propagation, 4
property, viii, 2, 16, 27, 58, 127 proposition, 247
protection, 190 protocols, 157 proximal, 144, 151 psychiatrists, 119 ptosis, 148
pupil, 113, 143, 144, 145, 152 pupils, 141
Index |
257 |
Q
quality of life, 75 quantization, viii, 2, 3 questioning, 69
R
radar, 130, 190 radio, 113
radius, 19, 20, 141 random, 32, 120, 197
range, viii, 2, 19, 68, 104, 108, 109, 113, 117, 132, 195, 198, 204, 208, 234, 240, 242
ras, 2
ratings, 171, 185
reaction time, xii, 179, 209, 214, 216, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244
reading, vii, xii, 158, 182, 209, 211, 212, 213, 229, 245
real time, 61, 130, 131 reality, 210 reasoning, 70
recognition, 104, 115, 126, 127, 128, 245 reconcile, 73
reconstruction, vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 5, 26, 29, 33, 39, 48, 51, 58, 61, 81, 93, 99, 126, 127, 128, 202, 204
recovery, 2, 3 redistribution, 202, 203
reduction, xii, 105, 148, 189, 195, 206, 231, 237, 238
reference frame, 71 reflection, 213
reflexes, 164, 225, 227, 229, 237 regression, 119
regression analysis, 119 regression line, 119 regular, 204, 230, 242
relationship, viii, 63, 70, 82, 87, 120, 141, 242 relationships, 143
relevance, 163, 169, 170, 177, 178 reliability, x, 116, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132,
219, 234, 245 renormalization, 60
repeatability, xi, 83, 103, 104, 111, 121, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160
research, 2, 58, 64, 66, 71, 76, 105, 113, 119, 143, 147, 149, 162, 166, 170, 172, 174, 180, 190, 191, 206, 214, 223, 231, 232, 243, 248
Research and Development, 136 researchers, 114, 191
residual error, 196, 197
resolution, 38, 82, 104, 113, 114, 129, 183, 187, 204
resources, 129, 131 respiration, 164
retina, ix, 107, 108, 110, 141, 163, 209, 213, 224
risk, 127, 147, 152 risk factors, 152
Robotics, 60, 133, 134, 135, 136 robustness, 16, 40
ROI, 202
Royal Society, 137
Russia, 125, 137 Russian, 125, 136, 137
Russian Academy of Sciences, 125
S
saccades, x, xii, 69, 108, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245
saccadic eye movement, 209, 210, 227, 244, 245
safety, 129, 190 sample, 167, 199, 207
sampling, 29, 150, 197, 198, 199, 204, 205 SAR, 135
scalar, 194 scaling, 195
scatter, 218, 219, 222, 224, 227, 228, 234, 237, 242
scatter plot, 218, 222 Schmid, 6, 61 school, 219 scientists, 162, 223 sclera, 113 scotoma, 148
search, xi, 3, 19, 20, 80, 112, 113, 123, 128, 131, 162, 174, 180, 189
searching, xi, xii, 189, 193
258 |
Index |
segmentation, 192, 204, 206 selectivity, 186
self-report, 76, 175, 178, 179 semantic, 171, 176
semantic content, 171 semicircular canals, 108
sensitivity, 3, 22, 25, 26, 104, 110, 122 sensors, 127, 130, 190
separation, 113, 115
series, 115, 121, 156, 179, 181
shape, viii, ix, 2, 3, 8, 13, 16, 18, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 60, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 119, 207
short period, ix, 107, 220 signals, 108, 114, 118, 179, 190 significance level, 222 similarity, 8, 9, 13, 16 simulation, 32, 37, 38
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, 127, 133
sine, 119 Singapore, 104 sites, 128 sleep, 110 smoothing, 40 snakes, 162
social anxiety, 185 social phobia, 183 software, 129, 204 solutions, 3 somatosensory, 182 sorting, 196 space-time, 2 Spain, 189
spatial, 66, 71, 74, 104, 143, 148, 166, 178, 186, 217
spatial frequency, 148 spatial information, 66 specialisation, 71, 240 species, 72, 75, 131 spectral analysis, 123 spectrum, 117, 224 speculation, 71
speed, 29, 31, 131, 192, 194, 195, 196 sports, 64
SRT, 228
stability, xii, 209, 211, 215, 217, 218, 219, 223, 242
stabilization, 21, 108, 110, 112, 127 stabilize, 109, 229
stages, x, xi, 125, 129, 161, 166, 167, 169, 180, 189, 192, 206
standard deviation, xi, 103, 117, 159, 196, 199, 240
standard error, 175, 177 statistical analysis, 213 statistics, xii, 88, 189, 190 steady state, 117
Stimuli, 162, 175, 178, 181
stimulus, 69, 117, 147, 148, 162, 165, 166, 168, 169, 179, 211, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 242
stimulus information, 168 stimulus pairs, 69 Stochastic, 132
strabismus, vii, x, xi, 110, 122, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 157
streams, 60
strength, 68, 170, 180, 216 STRUCTURE, 1 students, 157
subjective, 70, 159, 171 substrates, 180 suffering, 115
superiority, 40, 64, 68, 184
suppression, x, 72, 74, 139, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 167, 168, 170, 183, 186, 187, 234, 248
surgery, 74, 75, 77, 78, 110, 122, 123, 148, 149, 150, 157
surgical, 111, 148, 150, 152 surprise, 214, 227, 232 surveillance, 190, 191 survival, 131
switching, 75 Switzerland, 207 symmetry, 191 symptoms, 73 syndrome, 109, 120 syntactic, 115 synthesis, 59
systems, x, 108, 113, 117, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 190, 191, 192, 194, 207
T
targets, 117, 128, 148, 157, 192, 193 task performance, 234
taxonomy, 68
Index |
259 |
technology, 112 telencephalon, 164
temporal, 40, 112, 113, 141, 168, 169, 187, 230
test procedure, 29
test-retest reliability, 219, 245 thalamus, 163
theory, 67, 76, 80, 109, 111, 126, 149, 152, 167, 168, 169, 176, 182, 184, 211
therapy, x, 108, 111, 119, 148 thinking, 131
threat, 185, 186 threatening, 162
three-dimensional, viii, 2, 4, 11, 15, 143, 217, 218
three-dimensional model, viii three-dimensional reconstruction, 4 three-dimensional space, viii, 2, 15, 217 threshold, 114, 196
thresholds, 115, 140
time, viii, ix, x, 5, 16, 19, 27, 31, 32, 37, 38, 40, 58, 61, 64, 69, 82, 84, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132, 141, 148, 163, 166, 171, 172, 177, 178, 192, 195, 196, 209, 210, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 243, 247
time consuming, 132, 163 time frame, 217
time periods, 210, 225 time resolution, 113 time series, 115, 121 timing, 226
Timmer, 244 top-down, 165, 186 topographic, 82 topology, 6
toxin, 117
tracking, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 39, 40, 42, 57, 58, 113, 117, 123, 128, 192
traffic, 190, 207, 226 training, 75, 222 traits, 66, 247 trajectory, 117 trans, 27, 77 transfer, 66, 186 transformation, 77
translation, 3, 12, 19, 27, 28, 60 translational, 4, 60
transverse section, 83, 99 travel, 224
trend, 67, 77
trial, 152, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179, 213, 216, 217, 218, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230
triangulation, 9, 15 triggers, 230
two-dimensional, x, 139, 171
U
uncertainty, 22, 130, 202, 203 uniform, 111, 197, 201, 202, 248 United Nations, 207
United States, 141, 185, 187 universities, 190
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, x, 126, 132, 137
V
valence, 165, 171, 172, 178, 181 validation, 182
validity, 179
values, ix, 13, 17, 58, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, 103, 108, 158, 160, 196, 203, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 234, 239, 240, 242, 243
variability, ix, 108, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 191, 199
variable, 74, 110, 172, 218, 222, 229 variables, xii, 185, 209, 213, 218, 222, 223,
226, 227, 228, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241 variance, 70
variation, ix, 8, 22, 27, 40, 81, 82, 204 vector, 6, 7, 19, 20, 22, 83, 87, 191 vehicles, x, 125, 126, 132, 191, 197 velocity, ix, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113,
114, 115, 116, 217, 218, 219 vertebrates, 108
vestibular system, 108, 112 violence, 187
violent, 170
visible, xi, 5, 48, 147, 161, 216, 226, 227, 230 vision, vii, viii, ix, x, xi, 2, 3, 4, 5, 59, 63, 64, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111, 122, 125, 126, 131,
132, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, 156, 187, 188, 190,
260 |
Index |
208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225, 248
visual acuity, ix, x, 65, 68, 69, 71, 75, 77, 78, 79, 108, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 119, 140, 149, 150, 157, 211, 248
visual area, 149, 164, 165, 168 visual attention, 185, 232, 244, 245
visual field, 72, 140, 148, 151, 167, 211 visual perception, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169,
173, 181, 244
visual processing, xi, 149, 161, 167, 168, 169, 172, 182
visual stimuli, 162, 179, 182, 213 visual stimulus, 147, 148, 230, 232
visual system, xi, 75, 77, 111, 141, 147, 151, 161, 181, 210, 211, 220, 221
visualization, 61, 200, 205 vocational, 74 vulnerability, 132
W
Warsaw, 121
wavelet, 114, 115 wavelet analysis, 114, 115
weakness, 68, 216, 235, 237 wealth, 74
weapons, 128
windows, xi, xii, 114, 116, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205
World Health Organization, 190 writing, 69, 70, 78, 240, 247
X
X-linked, 109
Y
Y-axis, 195 yield, 160
young adults, xi, 155