1. Classification of sentences.

1) A declarative sentence or declaration (Повестовательное), the most common type, commonly makes a statement

I have to go to work

Порядок слов Подл+сказуемое+доп+обстоятельство

2) An imperative sentence or command (Повелительные) tells someone to do something (and if done strongly may be considered both imperative and exclamatory)-commands, requests

Go to work! Do it!

3) An exclamatory sentence (Восклицательные) or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing emotion

I’m so glad to see you!

4) An interrogative sentence (Вопросительные) or question is commonly used to request information

Do I have to go to work?

But sometimes not, so this is a rhetorical question (To be or not to be?)

1. General question (общий вопрос)

общий вопрос используется в ситуациях, когда необходимо получить основную, общую информацию.

Do you like movies? — Тебе нравятся фильмы?

Ответить на General можно только yes or no.

2. Special question

Специальные вопросы в английском языке задаются для получения дополнительной информации. На первом месте всегда стоит специальное вопросительное слово: 

what? — что? какой?

why? — почему?

where? — где? куда?

how? — как?

how long? — как долго?

which? — который?

who? — кто?

when? — когда?

Where do you have vaca­tion every summer?- I have vaca­tion in London.

3. Alternative questions. It means choice.

Do you learn Eng or German?

4. Special question to the subject

Вопросы к подлежащему или к его определению всегда начинаются с вопросительных местоимений:

Who — кто

What — что

Which — который

Whose – чей

Who knows the answer?

5. A tag questions (Разделительный вопрос)

You are happy, aren’t you?

2. Types of sentences by structure

According to their structure sentences may be divided into Simple, Compound, Complex.

1. Простые предложения. (Simple)

Ex: Life is wonderful. Time is short

Simple consists from unextended (нераспространенные) and extended (распространенные)

1. Unextended- a sentence which consists only of a subject and a predicate

The girl writes. Девушка пишет. (простое предложение считается нераспространенным)

2. Extended-had some secondary parts (может быть 2 гл.чл.пред-я)

The attractive girl writes a text-message. Привлекательная девушка пишет смс-сообщение. (распространенное предложение)v

2. Compound sentences – сложносочиненные предложения. Consists of 2 or more coordinated simple sentences

Ex: The night was warm, and we walked to the sea.

3. Complex sentence – сложноподчиненные предложения. Consists of a principal (independent) clause and of one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses

Ex: Nobody knows when she’ll come back

The composite Sentence

A composite sentence consists of two or more sentences (clauses) joined together. The relationship between the clauses may have the character of coordination or of subordination (Взаимосвязь между пунктами может носить характер координации или подчинения). Accordingly, there are compound and complex sentences. (Соответственно есть Сложносочиненные и сложноподчиненные предложения)

The Compound Sentence (Сложносочиненное)

The Compound sent. Consists of 2 or more clauses which are synthetically independent of each other as they are equal in rank. (Сложносочиненные предложения состоят из 2 или более предложений, которые синтетически независимы друг от друга, поскольку они равны по рангу.) They’re usually joined either asyndetically (without a connective conjunction) or syntactically (with a conjunction)

Ex: It was a dark night, the stars were bright in the sky (Asyndetically)

Ex: It was a dark night and the stars were bright in the sky (Syntactically)

Which Conjunctions are used in the compound sentence?

1. Coordinating (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet, still, otherwise, therefore)

Ex: Max hated his job, but he couldn’t offord to quite

2. Correlative (both-and; either-or; neither-nor; not only-but also)

Ex: Wanda wanted not only fame and riches, but she also dreamt of love

The complex sentence (Сложноподчиненное)

Is a composition of 2 (or more clauses), one of which is the main (principal-главным) clauses and the other is the subordinate clauses (придаточным)

Subordinate clauses are joined to the main clauses ones by means of conjunctions, conjunctive words, asyndetically and by means of the sequence of tenses. (Придаточные предложения соединяются с главными предложениями с помощью союзов, соединительных слов, асиндетически и с помощью последовательности времен.)

A conjunction or a conjunctive word?

Conjunctions differ from conjunctive words in the following: they’re not members of the sentence while the conjunctive words play some function in the subordinate clause. (Союзы отличаются от соединительных слов следующим: они не являются членами предложения, в то время как соединительные слова выполняют определенную функцию в придаточном предложении.)

Ex: He said (that) he had seen the show (conjunction)

Ex: He said that was a mistake (conjunctive word)

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence can have more than one main clause and more than one subordinate clause. (Предложение может содержать более одного главного предложения и более одного придаточного предложения.)

Compound-complex sentences help us express longer more complicated thoughts, with more parts than other sentences. (Сложносочиненные предложения помогают нам выражать более длинные и сложные мысли с большим количеством частей, чем в других предложениях.)

Ex: I feel tired if I stay up, but I can’t fall sleep, if I go to bed.

Билет 15. The Word Order in the English sentence. The Inversion.

Word Order in English Declarative Sentences

Subject+ predicate+ object+ An Adverbal modifier

Grammatical inversion is obligatory in interrogative sentences, in which the auxiliary or the modal verb should be placed before the subject.

Ex: Is that all right? Will that do? Do you like it?

Has he phoned? Can you help us? Must we do it?

Emphatic inversion helps to make our speech more expressive. It is possible:

1. if the sentence opens with some emotional adverbial modifier, placed at the head of the sentence like: not for the world, not for love or money, not for the life of me, not for anything, in vain, so, vainly, little, never (again), at no time, on no account, under no circumstances, not until, in no way, (how) little, nowhere. Such words and phrases have either negative or restrictive meaning and the inversion is partial.

But: if the predicate is a simple verbal one, the auxiliary “do” in the required form should be used.

2. if there are constructions like: hardly … when, scarcely... when, no sooner… than, in the principal clause of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of time. The inversion is partial.

3. if a long adverbial phrase is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

4. if the adverbs here and there, now and then, such are at the beginning of the sentence and are followed by a noun (full inversion).

But: if the subject is a pronoun, the inversion is partial.

5. if such adverbs of place as away, up, down, in, out, off… are stressed.

6. if an auxiliary or a modal verb is repeated to apply the preceding statement to a new subject.

But: there is no inversion if the statement refers to the same subject.

7. Inversion is regular in subordinate clauses of condition, the conjunction “if” is omitted, and the chance to fulfil the action is very small (problematic) or is entirely lost.

8. Cleft Sentences. Расщепленные

-it-clefts and -wh-clefts

Both types of clefts are used to bring particular elements into focus.