Indefinite Pronouns

-some&any

Are used both with countable and uncountable nouns “indefinite number, amount or quality”- несколько

Some is used mainly in + sentences. It’s used in ? sent. With polite offers or suggestions( Would you like some tea?)

It’s used in “–“ “sentences when the negation doesn’t involve the noun with some (some of your answer are correct, but some aren’t)

Any is used mainly in “?” and “-“ sent. In the meaning of любой, всякий (Any day is fine for me. Any child knows it)

-One

1. Stands for people when we talk in general( One should always listen to the teacher)

2. Vague time ( one day= однажды)

3. To avoid repetition ( My house is the first one on the left)

4. “only”, “single”( He’s the one man to help me)

-Much, many ,a lot of

Much with uncountable

Many with countable

A lot of with both

-A few/a little (несколько, немного)

Few-fewer-fewest

Little-less-least

-Each/Every + sing count nouns

Every child got a present. Each got what he had wanted .

Every- for the individual as a member of some groups

Each- the separate individual

-Either/Neither

Alternative between 2 thigs or person

It’s either you or me. Neither you her me is interested

-All/both/half/(a/the) whole

All of you are my students-все

Both of us are interested in this matter- Оба

Half the cake is already eaten -Половина

I read the whole book in one evening -Весь, целый

The whole is more emphatic than all.

Other-the other

We’ve got other plans for the weekend (in general)- другой

She’s got strange eyes: one is blue, the other is green – другой ( but out of two)

Others-the Others

Some people like cats, others prefer dogs –другие (in general)

Only 6 students are present today. Where are the others? - Остальные, другие

Self-Pronouns (Reflexives)

Personal – I, you we, they, he, she, it

Self-pronouns-myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself

1. A reflexive pronoun can be used in the sentence as an object, attribute, predicative, an adverbial modifier

2. The Russian reflexive meaning (ся) can be expressed in English by:

1. the construction “verb + oneself”. The audience laughed itself stupid

2. the verb in the active voice. They met, but soon parted

3. the verb in the passive voice. The house is being built in the country.

4. phrasal verbs and phraseological units like: to ask for something, to take the trouble of doing something, to back down, to be back, can’t help doing, it goes without saying, etc. You are asking for trouble, my boy

3. An emphatic self-pronoun should be placed after the word it emphasizes or at the end of the sentence. He himself told me about it.

Interrogative (Question) Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns who? what? which? whose? are used, unsurprisingly, to ask questions.

The pronoun who can be subject or object: Who teaches you? Who does she teach?

The objective form of the interrogative pronoun whom? is now rarely used except in formal style, especially in the pattern preposition + whom. Compare: To whom should I apply? Who should I apply to?

Although the interrogative who is much more common than the objective form whom, still whom should be used in the cases like: There was a man whom nobody knew.

Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns

Pronouns who(m), which, whose, that are used to join ideas, usually on the following pattern:

NOUN + INFORMATION ABOUT THE NOUN

When the pronoun is the object of the verb, as in the last sentence, the pronoun is usually omitted. : Physics is a subject I find difficult

That or who are used for people; that or which for things; whose for both things and people.

Reciprocal Pronouns

Each other and one another express a mutual relation ship between the entities.

Each other is used for 2 people

One another is used for more than 2 people

Билет 13. The Numeral and its classification. The peculiar use of the Numeral. Reading the numerals: fractions and decimal numbers. 

Numeral

The numeral is a part of speech denoting number or order.