Вопрос 11. The Verb. Its general characteristics and categories.

The verb

Is notional PoS which identifies actions

Forms of verb : Finite and non-finite forms

1. Finite forms (categories)-конечная форма

1. Person-лицо

2. Number-количество

3. Tense-время

4. Aspect-аспекты

5. Voice-залог

6. Mood-наклонение

Finite forms have synthetic functions of verbs. It can be predicates

Non-finite form –не конечная форма

1. The Infinitive (to be)

2. The Gerund (swimming)

3. Participle 1 (swimming)- причастие наст.вр

4. Participle 2 (worked,brought,seen)-причастие прош.вр

2. Synthetic and analytical forms

• Synthetic form: are built by the help of additional word. ( swim-swam, sing-song, read-reading)

• Analytical form: are built with the help of additional word. They usually have 2 or more compounds. (I will be doing; I am speaking)

Classification of verbs:

1. Regular and irregular verbs

2. Based on the lexical meaning and functions in the sentence of verb

• Notional verbs

• All have lexical meaning

• They can have an independent functions in the sentence ( to do, to have, to play)

• Structural verb- they can’t have an independent functions

1. Modal-Модальные

2. Link ( she seemed tired)

3. Auxiliary( have you…I don’t have )-Вспомогательные

Grammatical categories :

1. Tense – indicate the time of the actions

Past Simple (?) Did+V1 (+) V(ed)/V2 (-) Didn’t+V1 --	Present Simple (?) Do/Does + V1 (+) V1/ V(s) (-) Don’t/Doesn’t + V1	Future Simple (?) will+V1 (+) will+V1 (-) noun+won’t+V1
Past Continuous (?) was/were +noun+ V(ing) (+) was/were+ V(ing) (-) wasn’t/weren’t+V(ing)	Present Continuous (?) to be+noun+V(ing) (+) be+ V(ing) (-) be+not+V(ing)	Future Continuous (?) will+noun+be+V(ing) (+)will be+V(ing) (-)won’t be+V(ing)
Past Perfect (?) had+noun+V3 (+) had+V3/V(ed) (-) hadn’t+V3	Present Perfect (?) have/has+noun+V3 (+)have/has+V3 (-) noun+haven’t/hasn’t+V3	Future Perfect (?) will+noun+have+V3 (+) will have+V3 (-)will haven’t+V3
Past Perfect Continuous (?) had+noun+been+V(ing) (+) had been+V(ing) (-) hadn’t been+V(ing)	Present Perfect Continuous (?) have/has+noun+been+V(ing) (+) have/has+been+V(ing) (-) haven’t/hasn’t+been+V(ing)	Future Perfect Continuous (?) will+noun+have been+V(ing) (+) will have been+V(ing) (-) won’t have been+V(ing)

2. The cat. Of person in The Present Tense “To be”

1. It’s expressed in «to be» in Present Simple tenses + present cont. ( only in sing.form)

2. V(s) in Present Tense- marker of 3-rd person

3. The cat. Of Aspect

• This the form of the verb, which express the manner and which the action

1. The Continuous 2. Common

She seems to be reading now She seems read a lot of book

4. The Cat. Of Number

1. Expressed in all Present tenses

2. It’s expr. In Past Cont

5. The Cat. Of mood

It’s the form of the verb which shows in what relation to reality is the action expr. By the speaker

There are 2 sub.cat: Mood

1.direct moods 2.Indirect moods

They denote real facts They denote problematic or absolutely

unreal actions.