Вопрос 9. The Adjective. Its general characteristics, the word order and the Degrees of Comparison. Substantivized Adjectives.

Adjective -is a notional part of speech which modifies the noun.

Can express:

1)qualities(large, modern, quite);

2)physical and emotional states(cold, busy, friendly, happy);

3)origin(Asian, Russian);

4)opinions(excellent, fantastic, cool);

5)frequency(weekly, daily, regular)

Morphological Classification :

1)Simple(young ,new, fresh);

2) Derived(careful, woody, rainy);

3)Compound(well-known, much-praised, man-made)

Adg. fall into 2 groups:

1)Qualitative-denote properties of a substance directly(great, calm, gold, beautiful);

2)relative-describe properties of a substance through relation to some material (woolen, wooden, golden, cotton, glass, plastic, metal) ;To place(Italian, European); To time (ancient, contemporary)

The usual word order is: Demonstrative (that, this, a/an)-Opinion (pretty, ugly)-Value (expensive, good)-Size-Age-Shape-Colour-Origin(British)-Material(wooden, plastic)-Temperature( cold, hold)-Purpose( washing machine) – Noun

Degrees of Comparison:

1)the Positive DoC ( good, bad;

2)the Comparative DoC (better, worse, smaller, more beautiful);

3)the Superlative DoC (the best, the worst)

The comparative and superlative DoC are formed in the :

1) Synthetic (суф-кс - er, -est Example: fine-finer-finest);

2) Analytic (more, the most Example: difficult- more difficult- the most difficult);

3) Suppletive (good-better-the best; little-less-the lest)

Искл (можно и 2 и 3): angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gently, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple.

Substantivized Adj:

1. Wholly adj. (acquire all the features of nouns ( number , case, articles) They denote:

1) Class nouns: a relative, a native, a savage, a criminal, a white, a black, a romantic, a cynic, a daily…)

2) Names of some nationalities: a Russian, an American

3) Names of colours

2. Partially Sub. Adj. take the definite article

1) All the persons possessing some common quality or feature as a group (the old, the young)

2) Names of nations ending in –sh, -ch, -ss

3) Abstract notions: the beautiful, the unbelievable...)

4) Adj. in the following prepositional set-phrases (in the negative, to the quick)

Вопрос 10. The Adverb. Its general characteristics, place in the sentence and the Degrees of Comparison. Adverbs having two forms different in meaning.

Adverb is the part of speech which determines the character of the action.

Semantic groups:

1) place (here, there, away, far);

2) time and frequency (now, then, again, always, still, today, once, twice, never, ago, ever, just, yesterday, already, sometimes, yet, later, often, usually);

2) Manner (together, well, fast, hard, quietly);

3) Degree (very, really, too, exactly, right, pretty, more, relatively, slightly, almost, thoroughly, completely, basically);

4) Stance (your attitude towards what is said): ( absolutely, of course, probably, really, actually, mainly, (un)fortunately, curiously, frankly, honestly, seriously, personally, surely, worryingly, interestingly)

Morphological Classification:

1) Simple adverb-are single words that aren’t formed from compounds (fast, very, quite, well, yet);

2) Compound-consist of 2 or more elements (sometimes, nowhere, anyway, whenever);

3) Derived by suffixation are formed by ending Adj.-ly (beauty-beautifully); Noun –wise (clock-clockwise); Preposition-wards (towards);

4) Fixed phrases-consist of 2 separate parts such as of course, kind of, at last. Adverbs has the same form as Adj (early, late, high, past, far, little, much, near, straight, wrong)

Degrees of Comparison:

1) Synthetic DoC (fast-faster-the fastest);

2) Analytical DoC (beautifully- more beautifully- th’e most beautifully);

3) Suppletive (well, badly, much, little, far)