09523367%2E2011%2E592757

1666

E. Combeau-Mari

27.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘Vitality of Associations and the Expansion of Sport’.

28.

On the departure of Governor-General Augagneur, succeeded by Governor-General

Albert Picquie´who stayed on until 1914.

29.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘The Protestant Mission and Youth Movements’.

30.

Ralaimihoatra, Histoire de Madagascar, 250.

31.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘The Protestant Mission and Youth Movements’. Reverend

Ravelojaona was considered the spiritual father of the movement, with his charisma

and influence over the young.

32.

The son of Ignace Manifatra, grandson of King Linta and nephew of Father Basilide

Rahidy, he studied at the apostolic school of Bordeaux after a stay in Reunion Island. It

is worth noting that the mission’s superiors (Europeans) appointed the young Malagasy

scholastic to Ambohipo on his return from Europe, thus showing the importance they

attached to the orientation of training and teaching at the new College. In 1893, Father

Ve´nance, now a priest, returned to the College to teach the 1st class and Latin. De

Torquat, Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo 1888–1988, 5.

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33.

The Apostolic Vicar of Madagascar at that time.

34.

A French protectorate from 1841.

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35.

On 16 February, the court handed down 8 sentences of hard labour for life, 26 of 15 to

20 years and 7 acquittals. Among the sentenced featured Robin and Ravoahangy, the

future standard-bearers of Malagasy nationalism. Reverend Ravelojaona also received

02

a life sentence, but was acquitted in May 1916 after retractions by Robin. He exiled

himself to France and joined the French army. In 1921, a general amnesty gradually saw

03:01

the prisoners released. They made up the most active core of Malagasy nationalism

until 1947. Koerner, Madagascar: colonisation franc¸ aise et nationalisme malgache au

at

XXe`me sie`cle, 171.

University]

36.

Rajaonah, ‘Les e´lites malgaches d’Antananarivo et l’e´mergence d’un nationalisme

moderne: l’organisation secre`te Vy, Vato, Sakelika’, 319–46. See also Randria-

mandimby-Ravoahangy-Andrianavolona, ‘La VVS, Vy, Vato, Sakelika, contribu-

tion a` l’e´tude sur le nationalisme malgache’, and the Master’s Dissertation by

State

Ele´onore Randrianatsimbazafy, ‘La VVS dans le pays Betsileo’, U. of Aix en

Provence.

37.

The Administration specified that they had to be civil servants.

[Yaroslavl

38.

Letter dated September 1921, from Director of Native A airs Berthier to the Head of

the College. Bulletin de l’ASM, 1, 1922, St Michel College Archives at St Paul

Theological College, Antananarivo.

39.

Extract from the speech made by Joseph Rajoelina, President of the St Michel

by

Association, on 26 December 1921. Bulletin de l’ASM, 1.

40.

Gergaud, ‘La formation d’une e´lite malgache au colle`ge Saint Michel de 1888 a`nos

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jours’, 103.

41.

The students of the medical school were the precursors of the nationalist movement and

were remarkable for their participation in VVS. Rajaonah, ‘Les e´lites malgaches

d’Antananarivo et l’e´mergence d’un nationalisme moderne: l’organisation secre`te Vy,

Vato, Sakelika’, 319–46.

42.

Extracts from the speech made by Father Delom on 16 October 1921. Bulletin de

l’ASM, 1.

43.

Membership reached 489 in 1925.

44.

Bulletin de l’ASM, 3, 1924.

45.

Bulletin de l’ASM, 2, 1923.

46.

Published in the O cial Gazette of 9 June 1923. See the newspaper Afon Dasy, feu de

camp, 1954, CAOM, POM 957/B. The first administrative board was made up as

follows: President: Mr Trouve, sub-agent for the Compagnie Lyonnaise de Madagascar,

The International Journal of the History of Sport

1667

E. Cardinal Dubois, Archbishop of Paris. See the newspaper Afon Dasy, feu de camp,

1954.

47.

See Delval, ‘Les de´buts du mouvement Scout et notamment du guidisme a`

Madagascar’, 289.

48.

Founder of the Scouts of France movement in 1920. See Laneyrie, ‘Les Scouts de

France entre les deux guerres. Ide´ologie, prescriptions et pratiques pe´dagogiques’, 175–

84.

49.

There were 16 of them initially. Andre´and Louis Pre´vost, Guy and Roger Nialeau,

Rene´Motais de Narbonne, Rene´Luchuce`ne, Charles and Noe¨l The´bault, Raymond

and Charles Vergoz, Raymond Pichon de Bury, Raymond Lacouture, Charles and

Maurice Be´nard, Jean and Maurice Monclar, Guy Boyer. Afon Dasy, feu de camp, 1954.

50.

Ibid.

51.

Association report, meeting of 23 September 1923. Bulletin de l’ASM, 3, 1924.

52.

Created by Victor Augagneur in 1908, the state school was named ‘Lyce´e Condorcet’ in

1918 and ‘Lyce´e Gallieni’ in 1924. It is now known as Lyce´e Andohalo.

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53.

A man of experience, Le´on Cayla took up his post as Governor-General on 2 May

1930. On arrival he expressed his point of view in no uncertain terms in a speech

March

delivered at the residence: ‘I give to those who seek to compromise them [our a ection

and concern] this first and final warning. I would like to be able to leave the matter

there, but I am ready to act as quickly and vigorously as necessary, in the knowledge

02

that such is my duty, and that to do so is to act in the higher interests of our country.’

Cayla immediately confined Ravoahangy and Ralaimango to residence at Maintirano

03:01

and Port Berge´. He began his governorship by voting for the decree on violation of

press laws. Ralaimihoatra, Histoire de Madagascar, 262.

at

54.

Lhande, Notre e´pope´e missionnaire, Madagascar 1832–1932,18.

University]

55.

Patriotic commitment characterised the personality of Bernard de Gevigney. Father

Tiersonnier rediscovered it in 1944 on the field of battle. After leaving the island in 1943,

he served as chaplain to France’s second Armoured Division which had just cleared the

approaches to Strasbourg. On recovering from a recent shrapnel wound to the face he

State

prepared for the attack on Berchtesgaden, ‘Hitler’s eagle’s nest’. Tiersonnier,

Madagascar, les missionnaires acteurs du de´veloppement, 37.

56.

Father de Gevigney displayed noteworthy animosity towards the Freemasons and an

[Yaroslavl

aversion for Communism, which was becoming widespread among

Malagasy

intellectuals in the late 1930s. The Communist Party of the Region of Madagascar

(PCRM) was constituted in August 1936. Randrianja, Le Parti communiste de la re´gion

de Madagascar 1930–1939.

by

57.

De Torquat, Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo 1888–1988, 86.

58.

Letter from Governor-General Cayla to the Father-Rector dated 4 September 1934.

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St Michel College Archives at St Paul Theological College, Antananarivo. The

schools policy of Le´on Cayla, which was based chiefly on the dominant role of the

French language in learning, broke with the strictly secular mark left by his

predecessors.

59.

The European pupils did not have the same school calendar as the Malagasy pupils. The

former began their school year in October, the latter in January. The school holidays

were di erent.

60.

The nationalist opposition, which grew stronger in the 1930s, enjoyed the support of the

left wing parties of mainland France, particularly the Communist Party.

61.

Quoted by De Torquat, Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo 1888–1988, 92.

62.

A project which came to nothing in the face of their reluctance.

63.

O cial diary of Father-Rector Gevigney for 23 April 1934. St Michel College Archives

at St Paul Theological College, Antananarivo.

64.

De Torquat, Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo 1888–1988, 223.

65.

In 1941 the diocese included around 20 churches, over 170 chapels and 37,000 faithful.

66.

Le Messager du cœur de Je´sus, July 1939.

67.

De Torquat, P.F. Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo, 1888–1988, 105.

68.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘The Cult of Mare´chal Pe´tain and the Enrolment of Youth under

Governor Annet (1941–1942)’.

69.

De Torquat, P.F. Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo, 1888–1988, 111–12.

1668

E. Combeau-Mari

70.

On Scouting in Madagascar, see Delval, ‘Les de´buts du mouvement Scout et

notamment du guidisme a`Madagascar’, 290.

71.

Posted to Tamatave in 1929, Father du Mas de Peysac initiated the creation of an

essentially creole Scout troop. Afon Dasy, feu de camp, 1954.

72.

In 1936 Father Derville created a wholly Malagasy troop which acquired a reputation

for the quality of its Scouting. Afon Dasy, feu de camp, 1954.

73.

O cial Gazette.

74.

See on these matters Ramanantsoa Ramarcel, B. ‘Les socie´te´s secre`tes nationalistes a`

Madagascar dans la premie`re moitie´du XXe`me sie`cle, Vy, Vato, Sakelika (1913–1915),

PANAMA (Parti National Socialiste Malgache 1941–1947), JINY (Jeunesse nationa-

liste 1943–1945)’. Doctoral Thesis, U. of Paris VII, 1985–1986.

75.

Near Antananarivo, a training school for Jesuit seminarists.

76.

Also elected a de´pute´ [MP], Jacques Rabemananjara conducted a very violent electoral

campaign in his constituency. Jacques Tiersonnier witnessed this propaganda in

November 1946:‘Although he had spent the whole period of the occupation in France,

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marrying a Frenchwoman and pursuing successful studies and a career . . . he dared to

say during his electoral tours in late 1946-early 1947: Have you the souls of slaves? Why

March

do you respect the French? I saw them during the war, they ate swedes and bran, like

pigs. Do you respect pigs?’ And another time: ‘Kill the French, cut them up and throw

the pieces in the river.’ Quoted by Tiersonnier, J. S.J. Madagascar, les missionnaires

02

acteurs du de´veloppement, 41.

77.

Ravoahangy and Raseta, Protestant former members of the VVS, were elected MPs and

03:01

78.

The statutes of the MDRM, a Christian party dominated by the people of the High

sat in the French National Assembly.

at

Plateaus, were drawn up in Paris by Jacques Rabemananjara with the help of the Jesuit

University]

Reverend Father Dunan, head of the information section of the Madagascar mission.

Spacensky, A. Madagascar, cinquante ans de vie politique, de Ralaimongo a` Tsiranana.

Paris: Nouvelles e´ditions latines, 1970: 47. In reaction, the statutes of the PADESM

(Party of the Disinherited of Madagascar) were registered in June 1946 by personalities

State

from the coastal region, including Philibert Tsiranana, and with the support of the

colonial administration which sought a return to the ‘old policy of races’ advocated by

Gallieni at the beginning of his governorship in order to destroy Merina hegemony.

[Yaroslavl

79.

The Madagascar uprising of 1947 gave violent expression to post-war armed nationalist

demands. It was harshly put down by the colonial administration, with over 10,000

dead. The main nationalist leaders were imprisoned. La ligue de de´fense des inte´reˆts

franco-malgaches and Tana-journal, La lumie`re sur les e´ve´nements de Madagascar,

by

Tananarive, 1947; Tronchon, L’insurrection malgache de 1947.

80.

Among them Re´gis Rajemisa-Raolison. He was managing director of the Tanoran’i

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Madagasikara, the newspaper of the Catholic Sports Federation, which appeared for

the first time in February 1953, succeeding Jeunes de Madagascar, bulletin de liaison de

l’UGSM. See Rajaoson, L’enseignement supe´rieur et le devenir de la socie´te´ malgache,

1985.

81.

The bishops of Madagascar called on Jean de Puybaudet, still a trainee curate at Isotry,

to draw up the ‘famous paragraph’. He was approached by Father Rahajarizafy. With

his left-wing leanings and inexhaustible patience, the Father pursued his action ‘among

the common people to help them become aware of the fears and complexes they must

cast o ’. His commitment and positions destabilized part of his hierarchy as well as the

colonial administration. In December 1961, he was placed under an ‘expulsion order’

issued by the administration of the First Republic. He pursued his ministry in Reunion

Island. Tiersonnier, J.S.J. Au cœur de l’ıˆle rouge, 50 ans de vie a` Madagascar, 94.

82.

Letter from the bishops of Madagascar to their flock, dated 26 November 1953, quoted

by Lupo, P. Eglise et de´colonisation a` Madagascar. Fianarantsoa: Editions Ambo-

zontany, 1973: 66.

83.

Speech made on 22 June 1947 by Father J.B. Janssens, Superior General of the Society

of Jesus, during a visit to Madagascar. Bulletin du colle`ge St Michel, 5, June 1948. St

Michel College Archives at St Paul Theological College, Antananarivo.

84.

Aged 34, Father Tiersonnier had just completed his training as a Jesuit. Deeply marked

by his time in the army, first as a mounted artilleryman, then as chaplain to a fighting

The International Journal of the History of Sport

1669

unit at the end of the war, he had fighting spirit and a sense of initiative. He remained at

the head of the establishment from 1948 to 1955. He supported the Malagasy

nationalist movement. Tiersonnier, J. S.J. Au cœur de l’ıˆle rouge, 50 ans de vie a`

Madagascar: 20.

85.

Letter dated 26 July 1955 from a pupil of the Malagasy division to the Father-Rector.

In De Torquat, Le colle`ge St Michel, Antananarivo 1888–1988, 134.

86.

The birth of a new association on 9 August 1945, under a di erent appellation, Les

Amis du colle`ge St Michel [Friends of St Michel College], should be understood as a

parenthesis in the associative history of the establishment. It was spurred by Adolphe de

Guiran, a former pupil from the years 1902–1906. The inaugural text of the association,

drawn up by Adolphe de Guiran, testifies to the nostalgia and resentment felt by

European alumni: ‘The association of the Friends of St Michel College is now at last

constituted. It will bring together all those who attended this dear school, who roamed

through its arches, stairways and corridors, who studied . . . prayed in its chapel, played

so often in its yard, that little yard opposite the Ramahatra palace. How sad we were in

2015

1906 when it was judged necessary to close the ‘‘vazahas [Europeans] division.’’ How

our hearts ached at the thought that we should no longer return to our teachers and

March

supervisors the following term, that we should have to abandon our studies, all because

when the vazahas division was closed, nobody thought to create an o cial organization

to replace it, so cutting, if I may say so, the ground beneath the feet of those who

02

attended the College.’ Bulletin du colle`ge St Michel, 1, 1945.

87.

The Board consisted of: President: Raymond Hoareau; Vice-president: Claude Rollo;

03:01

1945.

Treasurer: Marc Lagane; Secretary: Roger Grosset. Bulletin du colle`ge St Michel 2,

at

88.

The SMA defeated the Police Sports Union 4-1 and Le-Myre-de-Vilers 6-1. Bulletin du

University]

colle`ge St Michel, 2, 1945.

89.

See Wahl, A. Les archives du football, sport et socie´te´ en France (1880–1980), 51.

90.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘Rugby on the High Plateaus: A Physical Culture of Combat and

Emancipation’.

State

91.

Catholic Federation founded by Dr Michaux in 1898.

92.

Until then, football had spread more widely in the coastal regions. Tamatave was

considered a football stronghold.

[Yaroslavl

93.

The first swimming pool had been built in the late 1930s. It was renovated in 1946.

94.

Most of these personalities were Malagasy: Rev. Father Armand Razafindratandra,

Paul Gaston Raboanaly, Rev. Father Michel Lagrange, Edouard Rakotomanga,

Severin Raneboson. Andriamiharinosy, Livre d’or, cinquante ans d’association sportive

by

St Michel Football 1948–1998.

95.

The club was first a liated to the UGSM, then in 1950 joined the Madagascar football

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league, attached to the French Football Federation.

96.

This club became the ASSM: Association Sportive St Michel Football, one of the most

popular clubs in Antananarivo.

97.

He was president until 1960.

98.

The most active seems to have been Antanimena, under Father Rayet, parish priest and

St Michel alumnus.

99.

Conversation with Father Givran, quoted in the Bulletin St Michel, 12, Christmas 1962.

St Michel College Archives at St Paul Theological College, Antananarivo.

100.

Bulletin St Michel, 1, 1958–1959.

101.

The epitome of the European team.

102.

Short passing and swirling play.

103.

The Antananarivo public was rugby-mad, and so di cult to mobilise for football.

104.

A regional tournament opposing Reunion, Mauritius and Madagascar, and won

regularly by the Mauritians. See Combeau-Mari, E. ed. 100 ans de football a` La

Re´union.

105.

See Combeau-Mari, ‘Sport and Decolonisation: The Community Games, April 1960’.

106.

Note that out of prudence rugby was not included as an event in the Community

Games.

107.

Born in the district of Mandritsara, at Ambarikorana, in 1912, this farmer’s son was a

pure product of French secular schooling. Aged 20 he obtained his primary teaching

1670

E. Combeau-Mari

diploma in Antananarivo. After 12 years of teaching, he passed the examination to

become an assistant secondary school teacher and left for France in 1945 to complete

his studies. Many Malagasy of his generation went to France to finish their studies.

108.

The heir of the PADESM.

109.

Four personalities who had been to St Michel College were included in the Philibert

Tsiranana government: Jean-Jacques Nataı¨, Minister of Agriculture, Henri Beranto,

principal private secretary to the President, Jacques Rabemananjara, Foreign Minister

and above all General Gabriel Ramanantsoa, head of the Armed Forces.

110.

In reality the diversity of these personalities brought together by their duty to God

made them a relative disparate band, unlike the image attached to the legend of

sixteenth-century-style scheming monks. The older ones resisted and had di culty

understanding the inversion of roles entailed by the rise of the native clergy. A few

young priests, including Reverend Fathers Boue´, de Puybaudet, Puls, Guervain,

Tabaille advocated ‘constructive progressivism’ and considered that their mission was

not incompatible with political militancy. Spacensky, A. Madagascar, cinquante ans de

2015

vie politique, de Ralaimongo a` Tsiranana, 206. The Reverend Father Jacques

Tiersonnier, Rector of the College, supported the movement.

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111.

Spacensky, A. Madagascar, cinquante ans de vie politique, de Ralaimongo a` Tsiranana,

127.

112.

The men of the church wielded extraordinary influence over the population. Religion

02

served as an educational, social and political basis. In the 1950s the College educated a

certain number of Malagasy priests who reached the top of the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

03:01

Edouard Ranaivo, Franc¸ois Xavier Rajaonarivo and Armand Toasy were among them.

113.

See the table listing the foundation of Catholic secondary schools (1950–1970) in

at

Galibert, D. ‘Les gens du pouvoir a` Madagascar: Etat post-colonial, le´gitimite´s et

University]

territoire (1956–2002)’. Doctoral thesis in anthropology (2 volumes), under the

supervision of Pr Bernard Champion, U. of Reunion Island, October 2006: 35.

114.

In 1954, the Scout movement included four packs of 25 wolfcubs and a Malagasy pack

being formed in Antananarivo. The Scout branch included seven units in Antananarivo,

State

a troop at Antsirabe, a troop at Ambatolampy, a troop at Arivonimamo and a patrol at

Malagasy, one vazaha, one military. Afon dasy, feu de camp 1954.

Ankazobe. At La Route [The Road], four solid clans were being got ready: two were

[Yaroslavl

115.

Cholvy, G. ‘L’e´glise de France et les Œuvres de jeunesse’ in Cholvy, G. and Tranvouez,

Y. Sport, culture et religion, les patronages catholiques (1898–1998). Brest: Centre de

recherche bretonne et celtique, 1999.

116.

Only two Catholic associations were recorded in the capital until 1955: Association St

by

Michel and Jeunesse catholique sportive [Catholic Sporting Youth] (1942).

117.

Rajaonarison, A. ‘Les associations autorise´es sous la colonisation a`Madagascar (1896–

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1960). Leur roˆle dans la construction de la conscience ethnique et nationale’. Doctoral

thesis in contemporary history, under the direction of Franc¸oise Raison-Jourde, U. of

Paris VII, 2003: 104–5.

118.

Tanoran’i madagasikara, 35, February 1955, CAOM. POM/B/519.

119.

‘Consignes du chef’ [Chief’s Instructions], Tanoran’i madagasikara 32, October 1954.

120.

Afon Dasy, feu de camp, 1953 was a new paper intended to cover the development of

Catholic Scouting in Madagascar. It emphasised the bonds that Scouting aimed to

create between communities torn apart by the colonial system.

121.

A aires politiques 2412–4. ‘Groupements et associations sportives indige`nes (1943–

1944)’ [Indigenous groups and sporting associations], CAOM. Quoted by Rajaonar-

ison, A. ‘Les associations autorise´es sous la colonisation a`Madagascar (1896–1960)’,

116.

122.

Delval, R. ‘Les de´buts du mouvement Scout et notamment du guidisme a`Madagascar’,

291.

123.

Michel Randria, a College alumnus, elected mayor of Fianarantsoa, was leader of

L’Union Nationale Chre´tienne [National Christian Union], the most important

grouping in terms of numbers and political influence.

124.

Since 1945 the Lyce´e Gallieni had taken in steadily increasing numbers of Malagasy

pupils.

125.

Conversation with Brother Romain at Sacre´Cœur College, Toliara, on 8 June 2000.