Glossariy

Atamanıń inglis tilindegi atı

Atamanıń mánisi

Atamanıń Qaraqalpaq tilindegi atı

Atamanıń mánisi

Articulate

pronounce, say, speak clearly and distinctly

Artikulyaciya

(latınsha «artikulare»-bólek-bólek aytıw) degen sózden jasalǵan.

A functional style of language

it is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication

Ádebiy til

belgili bir normalarǵa salınıp, sistemalasqan ulıwma xalıqlıq tildiń eń joqarǵı forması

A literary norm

it is a invariant of the phonemic , morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language in action at the given period of time

Ádebiy norma

tildiń leksikalıq, morfologiyalıq, sintaksislik elementleriniń ishinen jámiyetke xızmet etiw ushın eń qolaylı hám durıs dep tańlap alınǵan til qurallarınıń jıynaǵı

Adjective

A word that modifies a noun or pronoun, specifying such

things as what kind, how many, and which one.

For a small crime, he spent years in a tiny cell of the old prison.

She is intelligent.

Kelbetlik

termini latınsha (nomen) adjestivum – qosaman, tutastıraman degen atama menen sáykes keledi

Adjective phrase

A phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun.

A long, thin scar was visible on his back.

On the table was a vase with red roses.

It was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity

Kelbetlik feyiller

feyil hám kelbetliktiń mánisin biriktiriwshi feyildiń betlik emes forması: baratuǵın, kelgen

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a

clause. It tells such things as how, when, where, why, and for what purpose.

It often ends in -ly.

He seldom spoke.

The road was extremely bumpy

Ráwish

latınsha advervium – «feyilge qatnaslı» degen mánisti bildiredi

Auxiliary (helping verb)

A verb used with a base verb to make a verb

phrase.

I have seen the Kennedy Library

Kómekshi sózler

óz aldına turıp gáp aǵzası bola almaytuǵın hám tolıq mánili sózler arasındaǵı hár qıylı semantikalıq-sintaksislik qatnaslardı bildiriw ushın xızmet etetuǵın sózler: tirkewish, dánker, janapay

Active parts of speech

language, lip, throat

Aktiv sóylew aǵzaları

til, erin, kishkene til, dawıs shımıldıǵı, tamaq

Affix

it is a morpheme which changed the means of words

Affiks

sóz quramında bólinetuǵın hám sózdiń qalǵan bóleklerine mánilik ózgeris kirgizetuǵın morfema: balıq-shı

Academically grammar

it is a grammar which confirmed by scientific organization

Akademiyalıq grammatika

eldiń tiykarǵı ilimiy shólkemleri tárepinen dúzilgen yamasa maqullanǵan grammatika. Mısalı: Házirgi qaraqalpaq ádebiy tiliniń grammatikası. Nókis, 1992, 1994

Alphabet

it is a combination of letters

Álipbe

(alfavit) háriplerdiń belgili bir izbe - iz tártipte jaylastırılǵan jıynaǵı

Acoustics

it is Greek word which it meant “Hearing”

Akustika

(grektiń akustikos – esitiliw) degen sózinen alınǵan

Back vowel

a vowel which is pronounced with the back part of the tongue higher than the rest of the tongue

Qospa gápler

eki yamasa bir neshe jay gáplerdiń máni hám intonaciyalıq birliginen dúzilgen gápler: dizbekli qospa gáp, baǵınıńqılı qospa gáp

Complex sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and

at least one subordinate clause. The independent clause in a complex

sentence is usually called the main clause.

Although Frank pleaded with Ida [subordinate clause], she would not give

him any money [main clause]

Baǵınıńqı baylanıs

sóz dizbegindegi hám gáptegi sintaksislik jaqtan óz ara teń bolmaǵan eki sózdiń biri-birine baǵınıp baylanısıwı

Compound-complex sentence

A sentence consisting of two or more independent

clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

When I moved to Chicago [subordinate clause], I first applied for a job

[main clause], and then I looked for an apartment [main clause]

Qospa sózler

eki hám onnan da artıq sózlerdiń qosılıwınan dúzilip, komponentleriniń jeke mánilerinen biraz ózgeshe mánige iye bolǵan hám sóylewde bir pát penen aytılıp hám gápte bir aǵzanıń xızmetin atqaratuǵın sózler: aqsaqal, soqır ishek

Compound phrase

Words or phrases joined by a conjunction, a comma,

or both.

The plan was simple but shrewd.

We saw an enormous, old, rough-skinned elephant

Baǵınıńqılı qospa gápler

quramındaǵı jay gáplerdiń biri ekinshisin mánilik jaqtan túsindirip, baǵına baylanısatuǵın qospa gáptiń túri: Báhár kelip, terekler bórte basladı

Conjunction (coordinating conjunction)

A word used to show a relation

between words, phrases, or clauses. The conjunctions are and, yet, or, but,

nor, and—for joining clauses only—for and so.

The tablecloth was red, white, and blue.

Small but sturdy, the cabin had withstood many winters.

Al and Joan walked to the meeting, for they liked exercise

Dánekerler

sóz benen sózdiń, sóz toparlarınıń, gáptiń birgelkili aǵzaları mnen qospa gáptiń quramındaǵı jay gáplerdiń araların baylanıstırıw ushın qollanılatuǵın kómekshi sóz

Dialect words

it is non-literary words which are connected with a certain area of region. They are not property of the language

Dialekt

1. Territoriyalıq hám sociallıq tıǵız baylanıstıń nátiyjesinde qáliplesken, grammatikalıq qurılısında, sózlik quramında óz ózgesheliklerine iye bolǵan tildiń jergilikli variantı. 2. Óz ara jaqın bir neshe govorlardıń qosındısı

Direct report

A reproduces within quotation

marks the words someone spoke or wrote.

“He that cannot obey, cannot command,” writes Benjamin Franklin

Avtor gápi

ádebiy shıǵarmalardaǵı avtordıń óz atınan aytılǵan gápi. Mısalı: Umıtpań! – dep ejelep jalınıp atır, jalınıp atır (G.Esemuratova).

Elision

when a phoneme is dropped in certain words in rapid colloquial speech

Eliziya

(latınsha elisio - túsip qalıw) degen máni bildiredi.

Euphemisms

it is a periphrasis which is used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a more acceptable one.

Evfemizm

turpayı sózlerdiń ornına sıpay sózlerdiń qollanılıwı.

Grammar

it is a unique combination of language units which mainly refers word building and sentences

Grammatika

til biliminiń sóz ózgeriw formaların, sóz dizbegi túrlerin hám gáp tiplerin izertleytugın bólimi.

Glossary

a list of words which used rarely

Glossariy

az qollanılatuǵın sózlerdiń túsindirme sózligi.

Graphic

it is derived from Greek word which meant writing +

Grafika

grekshe jazıw degen mánini bildiredi. Hár qanday tildegi seslerdi ańlatıwshı tańbalardıń jıynaǵı: arab grafikası, latın grafikası.

Headword (H)

A word or phrase modified (M) by another word, phrase,

or clause.

Bas gáp

qospa sintaksislik pútinniń (qospa gáptiń) basqa bóleklerine salıstırǵanda bir qansha ǵárezsiz bolıp, basqaların sintaksislik jaqtan baǵındıratuǵın gáp: Men kelemen degenshe, ol ketip qalıptı.

Homophone

it is written differently but pronounced similarly

Omofonlar

jazılıwı hár qıylı, biraq sóylewde birdey bolıp aytılatuǵın sózler.

Homograph

it is written similarly but pronounced differently

Omograf

birdey bolıp jazılıp, biraq sóylewde hár qıylı aytılatuǵın sózler.

Ideography

it is Greek word “idea” meaning “grapho” writing

Ideografiya

(grekshe idea - túsinik, grapho – jazıw) sózlerinen qáliplesken.

Jargonisms

it is a words belonging to the non-literary vocabulary. Jargon is defined as the language difficult to understand, because it has a bad form and spoken badly. The vocabulary of jargon are the words existing in the language but having new meanings.

Jargonlar

belgili bir sociallıq toparlardaǵı adamlar arasında ǵana qollanılatuǵın, tek solarǵa ǵana túsinikli shártli sózler hám sóz dizbekleri: otırıp keliw – qamalıw.

Interjection

it is a word we use when we express our feelings stringly, which exist in the language as symbols of human emotion.

Dánekerler

sóz benen sózdiń, sóz toparlarınıń, gáptiń birgelkili aǵzaları mnen qospa gáptiń quramındaǵı jay gáplerdiń araların baylanıstırıw ushın qollanılatuǵın kómekshi sóz

Linking verb

A verb followed by a word or word group that identifies or

describes the subject.

This machine is a drill press.

I feel good today.

That perfume smells sweet.

Kómekshi sózler

óz aldına turıp gáp aǵzası bola almaytuǵın hám tolıq mánili sózler arasındaǵı hár qıylı semantikalıq-sintaksislik qatnaslardı bildiriw ushın xızmet etetuǵın sózler: tirkewish, dánker, janapay.

Labio-dental

consonants pronounced with lower lip linked with the upper teeth

Erinlik-tislik sesler

astıńǵı erin menen ústińgi tislerdiń jaqınlasıwınan jasalatuǵın sesler: v, f.

Metaphor

it is a interaction between the logical and the contextual meanings of a word which is based on a likeness between objects

Metafora

grekshe «awısıw» degen sózden payda bolǵan atama.

Metathesis

it is Greek word which meant replace

Metateza

(grekshe metathesis - orın almastırıw) degendi ańlatadı.

Morpheme

it is single unit which is not divided

Morfema

sózdiń qurılısında bunnan bılay bólinbeytuǵın eń kishi mánilik birlik.

Main clause

The independent clause in a complex sentence.

Since the refrigerator was empty, we went to a restaurant.

Baǵınıńqılı qospa gápler

quramındaǵı jay gáplerdiń biri ekinshisin mánilik jaqtan túsindirip, baǵına baylanısatuǵın qospa gáptiń túri: Báhár kelip, terekler bórte basladı

Main verb

The verb of the independent clause in a complex sentence.

I cut the grass before the storm came.

Since the store was closed, we drove away.

Bas aǵzalar

Eki sostavlı gáptiń tiykarın dúzip óz ara predikativlik qatnasta baylanısqan gáp aǵzaları: baslawısh hám bayanlawısh.

Modifier

A word or word group that describes, limits, or qualifies another

word or word group in a sentence.

Pat smiled winningly.

I rarely travel anymore.

The big gray cat seized the little mouse as it ran up the stairs.

Polished to a high gloss, the mahogany table immediately drew our attention.

Anıqlawısh

Gáptiń bas aǵzası menen birge kelip, onıń sın-sıpatın kórsetetuǵın ekinshi dárejeli aǵza: Bul jaqsı istiń baslaması edi.

Mood

The form of a verb that indicates the writer’s attitude toward a

particular statement as it is made. The indicative is the mood used in

statements of actuality or strong probability.

He always lingers over his second cup of coffee.

We will sleep well tonight.

Meyil kategoriyası

is-hárekettiń haqıyqatlıqqa qatnasın ańlatatuǵın feyildiń grammatikalıq kategoriyası.

The imperative

is the mood of commands and requests made directly.

Be quiet!

Please go away.

Buyrıq gáp

sóylewshiniń buyrıǵın, tilegin, ótinishin, mirátin, usınısın, shaqırıǵın bildiretuǵın gáp.

Neologism

it is a word expressing new idea and notion.

Neologizmler

jańadan payda bolǵan predmetti yamasa túsinikti bildiretuǵın jańa sózler.

Noun

A word that names a person, creature, place, thing, activity, condition,

or idea.

Atlıq

latınsha suvstantivum (suvsto – jasayman, substaniamaniz ) termini menen sáykes keledi.

Number

The form of a word as determined by the number of persons or

things it refers to. Most nouns and many pronouns may be singular or

plural.

A carpenter [singular] works hard.

Carpenters [plural] work hard.

Jeff said that he [singular] would give the party.

All his [singular] friends said that they [plural] would come.

Sanlıq

belgili bir muǵdardı yamasa predmettiń, qubılıstıń sanın, shamasın, qatarlıq tártibin bildiriwshi sóz shaqabı.

Person

In English grammar the term person designates the following

system of classification.

Bet

is-hárekettiń hám onıń subektiniń adamǵa qatnasın bildiretuǵın feyildiń grammatikalıq kategoriyası: I bet. II bet. III bet.

Punctuation

it is a way of using punctuation

Punktuaciya

irkilis belgilieriniń qollanılıw qaǵıydalarınıń jıyıntıǵı.

Predicate

A word or word group that normally follows the subject of a

sentence and tells what it does, has, or is, or what is done to it.

The pastry chef makes doughnuts, napoleons, and éclairs.

Venice is a golden city interlaced with canals.

Bayanlawısh

grammatikalıq jaqtan baslawıshqa gárezli bolıp, onıń qanday da bir belgisin bildirip, predikativlik xızmet atqaratuǵın gáp aǵzası: Ol ajamdı jatırqamaydı.

Pronoun

A word that commonly takes the place of a noun or noun

phrase. Pronouns may be definite or indefinite.

Almasıq

termini latınsha pronomen sózine sáykes keledi; pro-«ornima» nomen – «at» «ataw».

Phoneme

it is a single significantly distinctive speech –sound

Fonema

hár qıylı sozler hám morfemalardıń seslik táreplerin ajıratılıw uqıplıǵına iye bolǵan eń kishkene ses birligi.

Semantic

concerned with the meaning of words.

Semantika

sózdiń yamasa grammatikalıq formanıń mánisi.

Syllable

speech sound or group of sounds containing one vowel pronounced as a unit and forming a

word or part of a word.

Buwın

sózdiń bólinip - bólinip aytılatuǵın bólekshesi.

Scientific prose

it is a language of scientific works

Ilimiy stil

arnawlı terminologiya hám abstrakt leksikanı qollanıp, ádebiy til normalarına sáykes til qurallarınan paydalanatuǵın hám logikalıq jaqtan dálilli oylanıp dúzilgen gáplerden quralǵan hám ilimiy ádebiyatlar ushın tán bolǵan funkcional stildiń túri.

Sentence

A word group consisting of at least one independent clause. A

sentence begins with a capital letter and closes with a period, a question

mark, or an exclamation point.

The telephone was ringing.

By the time I got out of the shower, the caller had hung up.

I was furious!

Was the call important?

Gáp

grammatikalıq hám intonaciyalıq jaqtan belgili bir tildiń nızamları boyınsha qáliplesken haqıyqatlıq tuwralı sóylewshiniń pikirin bildiretuǵın bir tutas til birligi.

Simple sentence

A sentence consisting of just one independent clause.

The problem was complex.

It challenged the skill of experts.

For months there was no solution.

Then a solution was found by two veterans in the decoding department.

Jay gáp

tıyanaqlı bir oydı bildirip, bir predikativlik birlikke iye gáp: Chay ishildi.

Subject

A word or word group that tells who or what performs or

undergoes the action named by a verb, or that is described or identified in

a linking verb construction.

Gossip fascinates me.

Morgan hit one of Johnsońs best pitches.

Piccadilly Circus is the Times Square of London.

Does your allergy cause a rash?

Jan and I were pelted by the rain.

There was a snake under the chair.

Baslawısh

gáptiń basqa aǵzalarınan grammatikalıq jaqtan ǵárezsiz turıp, gáptiń kim ya ne haqqında ekenligin bildiretuǵın eki sostavlı gáptiń bas aǵzası: Gózzal oǵada sezgir.

Synonym

It is Greek word which meant name an object

Sinonim

grek tilinen alınǵan «qatar ataw» degen mánini beredi. Túbirleri hár qıylı, biraq ańlatatuǵın mánileri bir-birine jaqın hám bir sóz shaqabına jatatuǵın sózler.

Text

it is a type of written sentences.

Tekst

qaǵaz júzine túsirilgen sóylewdiń túri.

Theme

it is a type of giving new information

Tema

sóylewdiń aktual bóliniwinde belgili nárseni bildirip, ol haqqında jańa informaciyanı talap etetuǵın bólegi.

Verb

A word or phrase naming an action done by or to a subject, a state

of being experienced by a subject, or an occurrence.

My uncle was asleep when the hurricane destroyed his house.

Bayanlawısh

grammatikalıq jaqtan baslawıshqa gárezli bolıp, onıń qanday da bir belgisin bildirip, predikativlik xızmet atqaratuǵın gáp aǵzası: Ol adamdı jatırqamaydı.

Word stress

is a greater prominence of one or more syllables within a word.

Intonaciya

gáptegi bir buwinniń basqalarǵa qaraǵanda kóterińki aytiliwi