- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
In the study of language and literature, lexical expressive means and stylistic devices are important tools that writers use to convey meaning, create specific effects, and add aesthetic value to their expressions.
### Lexical Expressive Means:
Lexical expressive means involve the use of words with specific lexical characteristics to achieve expressive and emotional effects. Here are some common types:
1. **Emotive Words:**
- Words chosen to evoke emotions or feelings in the reader or listener.
- Example: "heartbreaking," "joyful," "terrifying."
2. **Figurative Language:**
- The use of figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes, and personification, to create vivid and imaginative expressions.
- Example: "The world is a stage" (metaphor), "as brave as a lion" (simile).
3. **Intensifiers:**
- Words or phrases that intensify the meaning of other words, emphasizing certain qualities.
- Example: "absolutely," "utterly," "completely."
4. **Repetition:**
- The deliberate use of a word or phrase for emphasis or to create a rhythmic effect.
- Example: "Never, never, never give up" (Winston Churchill).
### Stylistic Devices:
Stylistic devices encompass a broader range of linguistic tools used to create specific stylistic effects. They go beyond individual words and involve larger structural or compositional elements:
1. **Alliteration:**
- The repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.
- Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
2. **Anaphora:**
- The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.
- Example: "I have a dream... I have a dream... I have a dream."
3. **Antithesis:**
- The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or words within the same sentence or paragraph.
- Example: "To err is human; to forgive divine" (Alexander Pope).
4. **Parallelism:**
- The use of similar structures or grammatical constructions in phrases, clauses, or sentences.
- Example: "Like father, like son."
5. **Chiasmus:**
- A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases.
- Example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (John F. Kennedy).
6. **Oxymoron:**
- The juxtaposition of contradictory terms within the same phrase.
- Example: "bitter-sweet," "deafening silence."
7. **Hyperbole:**
- Exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
- Example: "I've told you a million times."
8. **Irony:**
- A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is opposite to the literal meaning.
- Example: "The irony of the situation was that I had to write a note to express my inability to speak."
Both lexical expressive means and stylistic devices contribute to the richness and artistry of language, helping writers convey their ideas in unique and impactful ways. Writers often choose specific expressive means and stylistic devices based on their intended effect, tone, and the overall style of their writing.