- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
A short history of the origins and development of English.
The history of the English language is complex and spans over a millennium. It has evolved through various stages, absorbing influences from different languages and undergoing significant changes in structure and vocabulary.
1. **Old English (450-1150 AD):**
- The earliest form of the English language is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. It developed from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes that migrated to England during the early medieval period.
- Key influences came from Old Norse due to Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries.
2. **Middle English (1150-1500 AD):**
- The Norman Conquest of 1066 had a profound impact, introducing French influences into English. The ruling class spoke French, while the common people spoke English. This led to a merging of the two languages, resulting in Middle English.
- Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" is a notable work from this period, showcasing the evolving language.
3. **Early Modern English (1500-1700 AD):**
- The printing press, introduced by William Caxton in 1476, played a crucial role in standardizing English and making it more accessible.
- The Renaissance brought about a revival of classical learning, influencing vocabulary and literary styles.
- The Great Vowel Shift (1400-1600) marked a significant change in the pronunciation of vowels.
4. **Late Modern English (1700-Present):**
- The 18th century saw the rise of prescriptive grammar and dictionaries, such as Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language."
- The British Empire spread English across the globe, leading to regional variations and the development of new dialects.
- The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements in the 19th and 20th centuries introduced new words and expressions.
5. **Contemporary English:**
- English has become a global lingua franca, spoken by millions of people worldwide.
- The rise of the internet and globalization has accelerated the pace of language change, with new words and expressions constantly emerging.
- English continues to evolve, adapting to the needs of its speakers and incorporating influences from various cultures.
Throughout its history, English has demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and absorb linguistic influences, making it a dynamic and diverse language with a rich cultural and linguistic heritage.
Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
Word composition involves combining two or more words to create a new word, known as a compound word. Compound words are an essential aspect of language, providing a means to express complex concepts and ideas. There are various types of compound words, and they can be classified based on their structure and the relationship between the constituent words.
1. **Closed or Solid Compounds:**
- In closed compounds, the constituent words are written together as a single word without spaces. For example: "notebook," "sunset," "baseball."
2. **Open Compounds:**
- Open compounds consist of two separate words. There is a space between the words, and they are not joined. For example: "ice cream," "post office," "science fiction."
3. **Hyphenated Compounds:**
- Hyphenated compounds include a hyphen between the constituent words. This is common when the combination of words might be confusing or when a specific meaning is intended. Examples include "mother-in-law," "well-being," "high-tech."
4. **Endocentric Compounds:**
- In endocentric compounds, one of the constituent elements functions as the head or core, and the compound has a meaning related to that head. For example, "blackboard" has the head "board," and the compound refers to a type of board.
5. **Exocentric Compounds:**
- Exocentric compounds do not have a head that determines the meaning of the compound. Instead, the meaning is inferred from the relationship between the words. An example is "pickpocket," where the compound doesn't explicitly have a head but refers to a type of thief.
6. **Copulative or Appositional Compounds:**
- In copulative compounds, the two words are connected by a conjunction, often "and." For example, "knife and fork," "salt and pepper." In appositional compounds, the words are placed side by side without a conjunction, like "ladies' man."
7. **Determinative or Attributive Compounds:**
- In determinative compounds, one word modifies the other to specify or limit its meaning. For example, "raincoat" specifies the type of coat. Attributive compounds, on the other hand, have a more equal relationship between the words, like "sunflower."
Understanding the classification of compound words helps in analyzing their structure and meaning, contributing to a deeper understanding of language and its nuances.