- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
The verbal categories of voice and mood.
In linguistics, voice and mood are two verbal categories that describe different aspects of a verb's form and function in a sentence.
1. **Voice:**
- **Active Voice:** In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action denoted by the verb. For example, in the sentence "The cat chased the mouse," the subject "cat" is performing the action of chasing.
- **Passive Voice:** In passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Using the same example, a passive construction would be "The mouse was chased by the cat."
2. **Mood:**
- **Indicative Mood:** This is the most common mood and is used to make factual statements or ask questions. For example, "She is reading a book" or "Are you coming to the party?"
- **Imperative Mood:** This mood is used for commands or requests. For example, "Close the door" or "Please pass me the salt."
- **Subjunctive Mood:** This mood is used to express doubt, hypothetical situations, wishes, or recommendations. It often involves a hypothetical or unreal condition. For instance, "If I were you, I would go" or "I suggest that he be present at the meeting."
These categories help convey different nuances and meanings in language. The choice of voice and mood can affect how information is presented and perceived in a sentence.
The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
The morphological structure of a word refers to its internal structure and the way it can be broken down into smaller units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
1. **Free Morphemes:**
- These are morphemes that can stand alone as a complete word and carry meaning by themselves.
- Examples include words like "book," "run," "happy," and "dog."
2. **Bound Morphemes:**
- These are morphemes that cannot stand alone but must be attached to a free morpheme to convey meaning.
- There are two types of bound morphemes: prefixes and suffixes.
- **Prefixes:** These are morphemes added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example, in "unhappy," "un-" is a prefix.
- **Suffixes:** These are morphemes added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. In "happiness," "-ness" is a suffix.
**Examples of words broken down into morphemes:**
- **Unhappiness:**
- "Un-" (prefix) + "happy" (root or free morpheme) + "-ness" (suffix)
- **Rerun:**
- "Re-" (prefix) + "run" (free morpheme)
**Additional concepts related to morphological structure:**
- **Root:** The core morpheme to which prefixes and suffixes can be added. In the word "happi-ness," "happi-" is the root.
- **Stem:** Similar to the root, it is a form to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added. In the word "runn-ing," "runn-" is the stem.
- **Inflectional Morphemes:** These are bound morphemes that indicate grammatical information such as tense, number, or case. For example, the "-s" in "dogs" indicates plural.
Understanding the morphological structure of words helps linguists analyze language patterns and derive meanings from individual units.