942

Appendix 9

Letters Used as Symbols for Quantities

Letter

Quality

A

area, mass number

a

acceleration

B

magnetic flux density

b

breadth

C

capacitance, heat capacity

c

specific heat capacity, velocity of e.m. waves in vacuum, critical angle

d

relative density, thickness, distance apart

E

energy, electric field strength, electromotive force. Ek kinetic energy,

Ep potential energy, E0 peak e.m.f.

e

charge on electron (or proton), an electron

F

Faraday constant, force

f

frequency, focal length

G

free energy conductance

g

acceleration due to gravity

H

magnetic field strength, magnetizing force, heat of reaction

h

height

I

intensity of radiation, electric current

I0

peak current

i

angle of incidence

k

a constant

L

self-inductance, latent

heat, Avogadro constant

Lm

molar latent heat

l

length, specific latent heat

M

mutual inductance, molar

solution

m

mass, electromagnetic

moment, magnification

N

number of molecules,

neutron number

Na

Avogadro constant

N

a number, refractive index,

number of moles, a neutron

P

power

p

pressure, order of a spectrum, a proton

Q

electric charge

q

quantity of heat

R

resistance

Ra

anode slope resistance,

molar gas constant

r

angle of refraction, gas

constant (nR), radius

s

distance along a path, slitseparation

T

period, thermodynamic

(absolute) temperature,

torque, tension, turns ratio

t

time

ts

half-life

u

initial velocity, velocity of molecules, object distance

V

volume, electrical potential, potential difference

Vm

molar volume

V

velocity, image distance,

velocity of sound

W

weight

w

work

X

reactance

Z

atomic number

z

charge on ion, electrochemical equivalent

a

an angle

an increment (finite)

ε

permittivity

η

efficiency

θ

temperature (Celsius), temperature difference, an angle, Bragg angle

λ

wavelength, decay constant

Capital, small

English equivalent

Russian equivalent

Αα

alpha

a

Альфа

Ββ

beta

b

Бета

Γγ

gamma

g

Гамма

Δδ

delta

d

Дельта

Εε

epsilon

e(short)

Эпсилон

Ζζ

(d)zeta

z

Дзета

Ηη

eta

e(long)

Эта

Θθ

theta

th

Тета

Ιι

iota

i

Йота

Κκ

kappa

k

Каппа

Λλ

lambda

l

Лямбда

Μμ

mu

m

Мю

Νν

nu

n

Ню

Ξξ

xi

x

Кси

Οο

omicron

o(short)

Омикрон

Ππ

pi

p

Пи

Ρρ

rho

r

Ро

Σσ

sigma

s

Сигма

Ττ

tau

t

Тау

Υυ

upsilon

u

Ипсилон

Φφ

phi

ph

Фи

Χχ

chi

ch

Хи

Ψψ

psi

ps

Пси

Ωω

omega

o(long)

Омега

Ac

actinium

актиний

Ag

argentum= silver

серебро

Al

aluminium (US = um)

алюминий

Am

americium

америций

At

argon

аргон

As

arsenic

мышьяк

At

astatine

астат

Au

aurum = gold

золото

В

boron

бор

Ba

barium

барий

Be

beryllium

бериллий

Bi

bismuth

висмут

Bk

berkelium

беркелий

Br

bromine

бром

С

carbon

углерод

Ca

calcium

кальций

Cd

cadmium

кадмий

Ce

cerium

церий

Cf

californium

калифорний

Cl

chlorine

хлор

Cm

curium

кюрий

Co

cobalt

кобальт

Cr

chromium

хром

Cs

caesium

цезий

Cu

copper

медь

Py

dysprosium

диспрозий

Er

erbium

эрбий

Es

einsteinium

эйнштейний

Eu

europium

европий

F

fluorine

фтор

Ее

ferrum=iron

железо

Em

fermium

(рермий

Er

francium

франций

Ga

gallium

галлий

Gd

gadolinium

гадолиний

Ge

germanium

германий

H

hydrogen

водород

He

helium

гелий

Hf

hafnium

гафний

Hg

hydrargyrum = mercury

ртуть

Ho

holmium

гольмий

I

iodine

йод

In

indium

индий

Ir

iridium

иридий

К

kalium=potassium

калий

Kr

krypton

криптон

Ku

kurchatovium

курчатовий

La

lanthanum

лантан

Li

lithium

литий

Lr

lawrencium

лоуренсий

Lu

lutetium

лютеций

Md

mendelevium

менделевий

Mg

magnesium

магний

Mn

manganese

марганец

Mo

molybdenum

молибден

N

nitrogen

азот

Na

natrium = sodium

натрий

Nb

niobium = columbium

ниобий

Nd

neodymium

неодим

Ne

neon

неон

Ni

nickel

никель

No

nobelium

нобелий

Np

neptunium

нептуний

Ns

nilsborium

нильсборий

О

oxygen

кислород

Os

osmium

осмий

P

phosphorus

фосфор

Pa

protactinium

протактиний

Pb

plumbum=lead

свинец

Pd

palladium

палладий

Pm

promethium

прометий

Po

polonium

полоний

Pr

praseodymium

празеодим

Pt

platinum

платина

Pu

plutonium

плутоний

Ra

radium

радий

Rb

rubidium

рубидий

Re

rhenium

рений

Rh

rhodium

родий

Rn

radon

радон

Ru

ruthenium

рутений

S

sulpher/sulfur (US)

сера

Sb

antimony = stibium

сурьма

Sc

scandium

скандий

Se

selenium

селен

Si

silicon

кремний

Sm

samarium

самарий

Sn

stannum = tin

олово

Sr

strontium

стронций

Та

tantalum

тантал

Tb

terbium

тербий

Tc

technetium

технеций

Те

tellurium

теллур

Th

thorium

торий

Ti

titanium

титан

Tl

thallium

таллий

Tm

thulium

туллий

U

uranium

уран

V

vanadium

ванадий

w

wolfram = tungsten

вольфрам

Xe

xenon

ксенон

Y

yttrium

иттрий

Yb

ytterbium

иттербий

Zn

zinc

цинк

Zr

zirconium

цирконий

Appendix 13

Thermal Expansion, Temperature

Temperature (n)

A property of an object that indicates in which direction heat energy

will flow if the object is placed in thermal contact with another

object. Heat energy flows from places of higher temperature to

places of lower temperature.

Zeroth

law

of

If two bodies Xand Fare each separately in thermal equilibrium

thermodynarnics

with another body Z, then they are in thermal equilibrium with one

another. In the most common case the body Zis a thermometer.

Temperature scale

A sequence of values which represent temperature. Such a sequence

is usually obtained by choosing two fixed points (identified by

specified properties of stated substances) between which there are

subdivisions made on a chosen basis. The Celsius scale has 99

divisions between the melting point of pure water and the boiling

point of pure water.

Celsius scale

A temperature scale for which the ice point is at 0° and the steam

point is at 100°. One Celsius degree is denned as 1/100 of the

temperature interval between the ice point and the steam point.

Centigrade scale

The name formerly used for the Celsius scale. The name is not now

used in International System of Units (SI) but is often used by

meteorologists.

Fahrenheit scale

A temperature scale for which the ice point is at 32° F and the

steam point at 212° F. Originally the zero was obtained in a

freezing mixture and another point was fixed at 96° for blood

temperature.

Reaumur scale

A temperature scale in which the ice point is at 0° and the steam

point at 80°.

ideal gas scale

A scale in which changes of temperature are measured either by

changes of pressure, or changes of volume, for gases operating at

pressure low enough for the gases to behave as ideal gases. The

Celsius temperature в is defined on the scale by:

θ = (PV)0 - (PV)0 /(PV)100 - (PV)0 100

Thermodynamic

A temperature scale which does not depend upon the working

scale

properties of any substance. The ideal gas scale is identical with this

scale.

Absolute scale

A thermodynamic temperature scale in which the lower fixed point

is absolute zero of temperature and the interval is identic with that

on the Celsius scale. The temperature on the absolute scale is

obtained by adding to u, the Celsius temperature, // a where a is the

coefficient of expansion of a gas at constant pressure. This gives a

scale on which the ice point is 273.15°; i.e. °A = °C + 273.15. The

absolute scale was often called the Kelvin scale and temperatures

measured in °A or °K. In SI units temperature is measured in

kelvins (K) by defining the triple point of water as 273.16 K. The

ice point is then 273.15 K. The kelvin has the same size as the

degree absolute.

Fixed points

Those points on a temperature scale which are fixed and which can

be referred to a given property of a substance. The two main fixed

points are the ice point and the steam point.

Ice point

That fixed point on a temperature scale at which pure solid water

(ice) and pure liquid water are in equilibrium at 101 325 N m2 (760

mm Hg). It maybe more simply described as the melting point of

pure ice at standardpressure (101 325 N nr2 or 760 mm Hg).

Steam point

That fixed point on a temperature scale at which pure water boils at

standard pressure (101 325 N nr2; 760 mm Hg). This is 100° on the

Celsius scale.

Zinc point

A fixed point on an international temperature scale, fixed at the

temperature at which zinc changes from liquid to solid (the freezing

point of zinc) at standard pressure (101 325 N nr2). This

corresponds to 419.58 °C.

International

A practical scale which is as near as possible to the thermodynamic

temperature scale

scale but easily referable to a series of fixed points.

Triple point of hydrogen

-259.34 °C

Boiling point of neon

-246.048 °C

Triple point of oxygen

-218.789 °C

Boiling point of oxygen

-182.962 °C

Triple point of water

0.0 ГС

Boiling point of water

100.0 °C

Freezing point of zinc oil

419.58 °C

Freezing point of silver

961.93 °C

Freezing point of gold

1064.43 °C

Below 630°C platinum resistance thermometer; up to 1064°C a

thermocouple or special platinum resistance thermometer; above

1064 °C a radiation pyrometer.

abberation

azimuth

centrifugal

abiotic

bacterium

chemical

abscissa

barrier

chemist

abstract

biatomic

chicory

accelerate

bifurcation

chlorophyll

accumulate

binary

chromosome

acetate

binominal

chord

acre

biochemistry

chrome

acyclic

biogenetic

circulation

adequate

bio mass

coagulation

aeration

biophysics

coefficient

aerobe

biosphere

collapse

agglomerate

bomb

colloid

aggregate

boolean

compact

allomorph

briquette

component

amalgam

buffer

compost

ammonia

bushel

concentric

amorphism

calcic

conglomeration

amphibian

calculate

conjunction

anabolism

caliber

coordinate

anaerobe

calibrate

copernican

androgenesis

calorie

corpuscle

anode

camphor

corrode

anomalous

canal

cosecant

antioxidant

capillary

cosine

apical

capsule

cotangent

apparatus

carat

covalence

Archimedus

carbide

crater

Aristotel

carbon

criterion

artesian

carburettor

crystallize

asphalt

carotene

cube

associate

catalysis

cultivate

atmosphere

category

cybernetics

attribute

cathode

cyclic

autoclave

cellulose

cyclone

automorphous

cement

cylinder

autotrophic

centigrade

cytology

axiom

ceramic

date