942

Appendix 3

Mathematical Symbols

+

plus

1)плюс

2)знак плюс

3)положительная величина

добавочный, дополнительный

-

minus

1)минус, без

2)знак минус

3)отрицательная величина

отрицательный

±

plus or minus

плюс-минус

Х или 

multiplication sign

знак умножения

.

point

точка (в десятичных дробях)

/ (или:,

division sign

знак деления

или - )

:

1) ratio sign

знак отношения

2) is to

относится к

::

1) sign of proportion

знак пропорции

2) equals, as

равняется, равно

÷

(is) divided by

поделенное на

=

1) sign of equality

знак равенства

2) equals, (is) equal to

равняется, равно

≠

(is) not equal to

не равно

≈

approximately equal

приблизительно равно

≡

is equivalent to/ is identical

тождественно-равный

with

>

greater than

больше (чем)

<

less than

меньше (чем)

≥

equal or greater than

больше (чем) или равно

≤

equal or less than

меньше (чем) или равно

∞

1) infinity

бесконечность, бесконечно удаленная

точка

2) infinite

бесконечный

varies as/is proportional tо

пропорционально чему-либо

3:9::4:12

three is to nine as four is to

3 к 9 относится, как 4 к 12

twelve

ε

is an element of (a set)

эпсилон;

является

элементом

множества

is not an element of (a set)

не является элементом множества

ø or {}

is an empty set

пустое множество

∩

intersection

знак пересечения (множества)

U

union

знак объединения (множества)

X4

[eks] to the power four/to

х в 4-й степени

the fourth power

π

Pi

пи (число gu)

r

[a: (r)] = radius of circle

р (радиус)

πr2

pi r squared

пи р квадрат

(formula for area of circle

n!

n factorial

н факториал

a*

a star

а со звездочкой

a’

a prime

а штрих

a’’

a second prime или

а два штриха

a double prime

a’’’

a third prime или

а три штриха

a triple prime

b1

b sub one или b first

б один (б с индексом один)

b2

b sub two или b second

б два (б с индексом два)

cm

с sub fn или с m-th

см (с с индексом м)

a’1

a first prime

а один штрих

a’’2

a second, second prime

a два штрих

am

a sub от или a, m-th

а эмтое

b’c

b prime, sub с или

б цетое штрих

b sub c, prime

log

logarithm

логарифм

sin

sine

синус

cos

cosine

косинус

tan,tg

tangent

тангенс

ctn,cot

cotangent

котангенс

sec

secant

секанс

csc

cosecant

косеканс

Σ

summation

знак суммирования

dx

differential of x

дифференциал х

dy/dx

derivative of у with

произюдная у по х

respect to x

d2y/dx2

second derivative of у

вторая производная у no х

with respect to x

dnn/dxn

n-th derivative of у with

п-я произюдная у по х

respect to x

∫

integral of

интеграл от

∫ f(x) dx

integral of a function

интеграл от функции f(x) по dx

of x over dx

m∫n

integral between limits

интеграл в пределах от n до m

я and m

| x |

absolute value of x

абсолютное значение х

%

per cent

процент

√

square root (out) of

квадратный корень из

3√

cube root (out) of

кубический корень из

n√

n-th root (out) of

корень n-й степени из

[]

brackets pl

квадратные скобки

square brackets pl.

()

parentheses pl,

круглые скобки

round brackets pl

{}

braces pl

фигурные скобки

||

parallel to

параллельно

°

degree

градус

’

1) minute

минута

2) foot, feet

фут, футы

’’

1) second

секунда

2) inch

дюйм

n

angle

угол

n

right angle

прямой угол

perpendicular

перпендикуляр, перпендикулярный

US

GB and other European countries

1 000 000 000

= 109 ______________________________________________

a/one billion

a/one thousand million(s)

1 000 000 000

000 =1012__________________________________________

a/one trillion

a/one billion

a/one quadrillion a/one trillion

VULGAR FRACTIONS

DECIMAL FRACTIONS

1/8 an/one eighth

0,125 (nought) point one two five

1/4 an/one quarter

0,25 (nought) point two five

1/3 an/one third

0,33 (nought) point three three

1/2 an/one half

0,5 (nought) point five

3/4 three quarters

0,75 (nought) point seven five

Appendix 5

Reading Mathematical Symbols

1/2

a (one) half

1/6

a (one) sixth

¾

three fourths

0

nought = zero

0.5

(nought) point five

0.004

(nought) point two naughts four = two oes four=point

zero zero four

0.28

nought point twenty eight

2.50

two point five (nought)

53.46

fifty-three point four six = five three point four six

10,000

ten thousand

a0

a to the power of zero

a2

a squared

a3

a cubed

10-5

the minus fifth power of ten = ten to the minus fifth

power

102

ten to the second (power) = ten squared

10-1

ten to the minus first (power)

103

ten to the third (power) = ten cubed

a=b

a equals b = a is equal to b

a#b

a is not equal to b

a>b

a is greater than b

a<b

a is less than b

a>>b

a is much greater than b

a<<b

a is much less than b

a ≈ b

a is approximately equal to b

a b

a

sub b — a

subscript b

a + b

a plus b

a – b

a minus b

a x b

a

times b =

a

multiplied by b

a b

a

divided by b

a / b

a

over b

a b / c d

a

times b over с

times d

[ a ]

a

in brackets

( a )

a

in parentheses

( )

round brackets

[ ]

square brackets

%

per cent

5 2 %

fifty-two per cent

d x

differential of x

∫

the integral of

∫∫

double integral

(x2/y3)m

x squared divided by у cubed in parentheses to the

m-th (power)

а

square root of a

3 а

third (cube) root of a

ln x

natural logarithm of x

Log x

common) logarithm of

Log102 = 0.30103

logarithm of two to the base ten is naught point three

naught one naught three

Measurements (Inantimate)

cu in

cubic inch (es)

in

inch (es)

sq

inch (es)

ft

foot/feet

sq ft

square foot/feet

cu ft

cubic foot/feet

yd

yard/ (s)

sq yd

square yard/ (s)

cu yd

cubic yard/ (s)

-

mile (s)

-

square mile (s)

-

cubic mile (s)

mm

millimeter (s)

mm2

square millimeter (s)

mm3

cubic millimeter (s)

cm

centimeter (s)

cm2

square centimeter (s)

cm3/cc

cubic centimeter (s)

m

metre (s)

m2

square metre (s)

m3

cubic metre (s)

km

kilometre (s)

km2

square kilometre (s)

-

cubic kilometre (s)

length

Metric

GBandUS

10 millimetres (mm)

=1 centimetre (cm)

0.3937 inches (in)

100 centimetres

=1 metre (m)

39.37 inches or

1.094 yards (yd)

1000 metres

=1 kilometre (km)

0.62137 miles or

about 5/8 mile

surface

100 square metres (m2)

=1 are (a)

0.0247 acres

100 acres

=1 hectare (ha)

2.471 acres

100 hectares

=1 square kilometre

0.386 square miles

(km2)

weight

10 milligrams (mg)

=1 centigram (eg)

0.1543 grains

100 centigrams

=1 gram (g)

15.4323 grains

1000 grams

=1 kilogram (kg)

2.2046 pounds

1000 kilograms

=1 tonne

19.684 cwt

capacity

1000 millilitres (ml)

=1 litre (1)

1.75 pints or

10 litres

=1 decalitre (dl)

2.101 US pints

2.1997 gallons or

2.63 US gallons

QUANTITY

SYMBOL

SI UNIT

SYMBOL

DERIVATION

acceleration

a

m s-2

-

velocity/time

acceleration due to

g

m s-2

-

velocity/time

gravity

amount of

n

mole

mol

mole fraction (n) used

substance

Amplification

µ

a ratio

-

-

factor

angle

θpφpa1

-

-

-

of incidence

i

degree or

°

-

radian

of refraction

r

degree or

°

-

radian

Bragg

θ

number

-

-

critical

c

degree or

°

-

radian

anode slope

RA

ohm

Ω

Va/ Va

resistance

area

A

metres square

M2

l x b

atomic number

Z

a number

-

number of protons

Avogadro constant

L,Na

number

-

-

breadth

b

metre

m

fundamental unit

capacitance

C

farad

f

charge/p.d

charge, electric

Q

coulomb

c

current x time

on electron

e

coulomb

c

1·6x10-19c

conductance

G

ohm-1

Ω-1

reciprocal of

resistance

current, electric

I

ampere

a

fundamental unit

decay constant

λ

a ratio

-

density

ρ

kg m-3

-

m/V

distance along

s

metre

m

fundamental unit

path

efficiency

η

a ratio

-

work output/work

input

Electrochemical

Ζ

g C-1

-

mass/charge

equivalent

Electromotive

Е

volt

V

energy/charge

force

electron

е

energy

Е

joule

J

N m

kinetic

Ек

joule

J

N m. Ek=Smv2

potential

Ер

joule

J

N m.Ep=mgh

Faraday constant

F

coulomb mol-1

C mol-1

96 500 С mol-1

field strength,

E

V m-1

-

potential gradient:

electric

p.d./dist.

magnetic

H

ampereturns

-

current x no. of turns

flux, magnetic

Ф

weber

Wb

e.m.f./rate of change

of flux

flux density

В

tesla

T

flux/area

focal length

f

metre

M

-

force

F

newton

N

kg m s-2

free energy

G

joule

J

-

frequency

f

hertz

Hz

oscillations/time

gas constant

r

joule

J

energy

half-life,

t1/2

second

s

fundamental unit

radioactivity

heat capacity

C

J K-1

-

quantity of heat/

temp, rise

heat of reaction

H

joule

J

heat energy

heat capacity,

c

J K-1 kg-1

-

heat capacity/mass

specific

heat, quantity of

q

joule

J

energy

height

h

metre

m

fundamental unit

image distance

v

metre

m

fundamental unit

inductance, mutual

M

henry

H

induced e.m.f./rate of

change of current

self

L

henry

H

-

intensity of radiation

I

a number

-

-

latent heat

L

joule

J

quantity of heat

–, specific

l

J kg-1

-

quantity of heat

–, molar

Lm

joule mol-1

J

quantity of heat

length

l

metre

m

fundamental unit

magnetizing force

H

ampereturns

-

-

magnetic moment

m

Wbm

-

torque in unit

magnetic field

magnification, linear

m

a ratio

-

-

mass

m

kilogramme

kg

fundamental unit

– number

A

a number

-

number of neutrons

+protons

molar volume

Vm

(dm3)

-

volume of 1 mole

molar solution

M

a ratio

-

moles/dm3

moment of force

-

N m

-

force x perp. distance

neutron number

N

a number

-

number of neutrons

number

n

-

-

-

of molecules

N

-

-

-

of turns on coil

n

a number

-

-

order of spectrum

p

a number

-

-

object distance

u

metre

m

fundamental unit

peak current

I0

ampere

A

see current

peak e.m.f.

E0

volt

V

see e.m.f.

period

T

second

s

fundamental unit

permeability

µ

H m1

-

henry/metre

of vacuum

µ0

H m1

-

-

relative

µr

a ratio

-

µ= µ/ µ0

permittivity

ε

Fm-1

-

farad/metre

of vacuum

ε0

Fm-1

-

farad/metre

–, relative

εr

a ratio

-

εr= ε/ ε0

Potential, electric

V

volt

V

energy/charge

Potential difference

V

volt

V

energy/charge

power

P

watt

W

J s-1

pressure

P

pascal

Pa

Nm-2: force/area

Radius

r

metre

m

fundamental unit

Reactance

X

ohm

Ω

E0/I0

Refractive index

n

a ratio

-

-

Resistance

R

ohm

Ω

p.d./current

Resistivity, electrical

p

ohm-metre

-

resistance x length

Relative density

d

a ratio

-

Psub/Pwater

r.m.s. current

Irms

ampere

A

see current

r.m.s.voltage

V rms

volt

V

see e.m.f.

slit separation

S

metre

m

fundamental unit

tension

T

newton

N

see force

temperature, Celsius

θ

degree С

°C

from kelvin

Temp.,interval

θ

degree

°or K

-

Temp., absolute

T

kelvin

K

fundamental unit

thickess

d

metre

m

fundamental unit

Time

t

second

s

fundamental unit

Torque

T

N m

-

see moment

Tirns ratio

T

a ratio

-

nnsec/nprim

(unit of electricity)

-

k Wh

-

kilowatt x hour

Velocity

u, v

m s-1

-

distance/time

-, angular

ω

second -1

s-1

angle/time

- of e.m. waves

c

ms-1

-

-

- of sound

v

ms-1

-

-

Volume

V

metre cubed

m3

I x b x h

Wavelength

λ

metre

m

fundamental unit

Work

w

joule

J

force x distance

(N*m)

weight

W

newton

N

kg m s -2 or mg