английсикий

Вправа 8 ст 309

1. What groups may cardiovascular drugs be divided into?

Cardiovascular drugs can be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the heart, drugs that affect blood pressure, and drugs that prevent blood clotting.

2. What drugs are used to treat patients with heart failure?

Digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides) are used to treat patients with heart failure.

3. What are digitalis glycosides obtained from?

Digitalis glycosides are obtained from the leaf of the digitalis (foxglove) plant.

4. What other sympathomimetics do you know?

The text mentions isoproterenol and epinephrine as other sympathomimetics.

5. When are vasodilators administered?

Vasodilators are administered when blood pressure needs to be lowered.

6. How do vasodilators act?

Vasodilators work by relaxing the muscles of vessel walls, allowing blood to flow more freely and reducing blood pressure.

7. What drugs are used as vasodilators?

Nitroglycerin and amylnitrite are mentioned as examples of vasodilator drugs.

8. In what cases are anticoagulants administered?

Anticoagulants are administered to prevent the formation of blood clots in veins and arteries.

9. How can heparin be made?

The text doesn't specify how heparin is made, only that it's an anticoagulant chemical substance.

10. In what case would you prescribe heparin?

Heparin would be prescribed to prevent blood clots from forming in veins and arteries.

Вправа 6 ст. 345

1.What does nutrition deal with?

Nutrition deals with the science of food and how the body uses it.

2 What is food used?

Food provides the body with:

* Energy for every action we perform.

* Substances to build and repair tissues.

* Materials to regulate organs and systems.

3 How many food groups do you know?

The text mentions five food groups:

* Vegetables

* Fruits

* Breads, cereals, rice, and pasta

* Milk, yogurt, and cheese

* Meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, eggs, and nuts

4 What properties do nutrients posses?

The text describes three main functions of nutrients:

* Building, repairing, or maintaining body tissues.

* Helping to regulate body processes.

* Serving as fuel to provide energy.

5 What are proteins?

Proteins are nutrients that provide energy and serve as one of the main building materials for the body. They are essential components of muscles, skin, cartilage, and hair.

6 What proteins do you know?

The text doesn't mention specific proteins by name, but it describes their function in building body tissues.

7 What are carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They include sugars and starches. Examples include sucrose (table sugar), fructose (from fruits and vegetables), and lactose (found in milk). Foods containing starches include beans, breads, cereals, corn, and pasta.

8 What are fats?

Fats are a concentrated source of energy, composed of glycerol and fatty acids. The text doesn't elaborate on specific functions of fats.

9 What are the functions of fructose, lactose, minerals?

The text mentions fructose as a type of sugar found in fruits and vegetables, but it doesn't elaborate on its specific function.

Lactose is identified as the sugar found in milk, but again, no specific function is given.

Minerals are needed for growth and maintenance of body structures. The text mentions calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus as essential parts of bones and teeth. It also briefly mentions trace elements but doesn't detail their functions.

10 What are essential parts of the bones and teeth?

Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are identified as essential parts of bones and teeth.

Вправа 8 ст. 282

1. What do we call a chemist's shop?

-- A chemist's shop is called an institution of health service which supplies population with medicines and medical things.

2. What kinds of chemist's shops do you know?

-- Chemist's shops are differentiated into municipal, public, and private ones.

3. What can we buy at the chemist's?

-- At the chemist's, we can buy ready-to-use drugs, different things for medical care, and medical herbs.

4. Where are all the drugs kept at the chemist's?

-- All drugs are kept in drug cabinets at the chemist's.

5. What drugs can we take by prescription only?

-- Poisonous, strong, narcotic, and psychotropic drugs can be taken by prescription only.

6. What are the necessary particulars on the label?

-- The label on containers of dispensed medicines should have the name of the patient, the name of the medicine, correct dosage instructions, the date of dispensing, the expiry date, and warnings or contraindications.

7. What are the essential parts of the complete prescription?

-- The essential parts of a complete prescription are the patient's name, superscription, inscription, subscription, the prescriber's name, and signature.

8. What is the difference between superscription, subscription and inscription?

-- The superscription is the traditional symbol Rx, the subscription contains doctor's instructions, and the inscription is the body of the prescription.

9. What is the body of prescription?

-- The body of the prescription is the inscription.

10. What parts constitute the inscription?

-- The inscription may consist of medication, adjuvant, and vehicle.

11. Who assesses the safety factor of a drug?

-- A toxicologist assesses the safety factor of a drug.

12. What dose the therapeutic index mean?

-- The therapeutic index is the active/lethal dose ratio.

13. How is the realization of medicines promoted?

-- The realization of medicines is promoted by obtaining a license issued by the State Department of Quality and Safety Control and Production of Medicines and Medical Articles.

Вправа 7 ст. 295

1. What ways of drug administration do you know?

-- The ways of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral (subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, intracavitary), inhalation, and topical application.

2. Who prescribes the way of drug administration to a patient?

-- A physician or healthcare provider prescribes the way of drug administration to a patient.

3. What is the difference between the oral and sublingual ways?

-- The difference between oral and sublingual administration is that oral drugs are swallowed and pass through the digestive tract, while sublingual drugs are placed under the tongue and dissolve in saliva for rapid absorption.

4. When is the sublingual way indicated?

-- The sublingual way is indicated when rapid absorption of the drug is needed, such as in the case of nitroglycerin for treating chest pain.

5. Why should a physician prescribe rectal administration?

-- A physician may prescribe rectal administration when oral administration is not possible, such as in cases of nausea and vomiting.

6. What are the ways of parenteral administration? What is the difference between them?

-- The ways of parenteral administration include subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, and intracavitary injections. The main difference between them is the location and depth of the injection.

7. What diseases can be treated by inhalation?

-- Inhalation can be used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and infections like pneumonia.

8. What is the difference between antiseptic and antipruritic drugs?

-- Antiseptic drugs are used to prevent infections on the skin or mucous membranes, while antipruritic drugs are used to relieve itching.

Вправа 10 ст. 358

1. What is vitamin?

-- A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in small amounts by an organism.

2. Why do people need vitamins?

-- People need vitamins to regulate chemical reactions in the body, convert food into energy and living tissues, and maintain the health of cells, tissues, and organs.

3. Is there any difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? Name them.

-- Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include B vitamins and vitamin C, while fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K.

4. How are vitamins synthesized?

-- Some vitamins are synthesized in the body through processes like exposure to sunlight or by microorganisms in the intestine, while others must be obtained through diet.

5. Where can vitamins be found?

-- Vitamins can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy products, and whole-grain cereals.

6. Which vitamins are necessary for:

!healthy nervous system?

-- The vitamins necessary for a healthy nervous system are B12 and folate

!healthy immune system?

-- for a healthy immune system

!healthy skin, bones, vision?

-- vitamin C is essential, for healthy skin, bones,

!healthy pregnancy?

-- vision vitamin A, for a healthy pregnancy folate is important.

7. What influences the absorption or use of vitamins?

-- Factors like underlying disorders, lifestyle choices (such as smoking or excessive alcohol consumption), and medications can influence the absorption or use of vitamins.

8. How do we understand 'deficiency diseases'?

-- Deficiency diseases occur when an organism does not get enough of a specific vitamin, leading to symptoms and health issues associated with that deficiency.

9. What diet is thought to be healthy?

-- A diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products is thought to be healthy and can help ensure adequate intake of vitamins.