Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов

ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪ-

ɬɚɧɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ.

3.2.1 ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ

ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɤ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ,

ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ) ɯɪɹɳɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-

ɧɵ ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ – ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ.

ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵ-

ɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɟɺ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 90° ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 120° ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɚ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɤɚɞɵɤ),

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ, ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɪɨɝɚ. ɇɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨ-ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ.

ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ, ɫɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɞɭɝɢ, ɢ ɡɚɞ-

ɧɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ. Ⱦɭɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɭ-

ɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɚɦɢ.

ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɨɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ

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ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɜɚɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ – ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ, ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ.

Ʉɧɢɡɭ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɺɤ.

ɑɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɬɪɺɯɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɨɣ, ɭ

ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟ-

ɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ. Ɉɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ: ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ (ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ) ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ).

Ɋɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɪɨɠ-

ɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ – ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ. Ɉɛɚ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɱɟɪɩɚ-

ɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ.

3.2.2 ɋɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ

ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ (ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ) ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤ-

ɠɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɝɚɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɨɝɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ).

ȼ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɟɫɚɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɳɢɬɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɬɪɚɯɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɳɢɬɨ-

ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ (ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɚ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ).

Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨ-

ɧɭɫɚ. ɑɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɧɚ

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ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ), ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡ-

ɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. ɗɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɭɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ

(ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ), ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ,

ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ (ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ).

ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɪɨɝɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ.

ȼ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ.

ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ.

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ – ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ) ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞ-

ɧɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɯ-

ɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ.

3.2.3 Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-

ɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɺ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪ-

ɬɚɧɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɪɚɫ-

ɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹ-

ɡɨɤ.

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Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ 3 ɦɵɲɰɵ: ɥɚɬɟ-

ɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶ-

ɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ.

ɗɬɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ; ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɪ-

ɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ).

Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɱɟɪɩɚ-

ɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ (ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ), ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞ-

ɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ). ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ-

ɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɪɨɝɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ɓɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢ-

ɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ (ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ).

54

Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɵɲɰ: ɳɢɬɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ) ɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨ-ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪ-

ɬɚɧɶ). ɓɢɬɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ

ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨ-ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨ-

ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɤ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ.

3.2.4 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ

ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɟɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɭ ɧɟɺ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ: ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ), ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ

(ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ) ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ). ɋ ɩɨɥɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ – ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ), ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ (ɫɡɚɞɢ) ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɩɨ ɛɨɤɚɦ). ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-

ɳɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞ-

ɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ (ɳɟɥɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɞɧɟɣ, ɦɟɠɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦ) ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ,

ɦɟɠɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɯɪɹ-

ɳɟɣ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɟɤ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ). ɉɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ.

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Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞ-

ɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɝɞɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɜɵ-

ɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞ-

ɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɟɥ-

ɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ (ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚɯ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ) ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. ɉɨɞ-

ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

3.3 Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ

Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ,

ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ V ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ (ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ). Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ – 10-15 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – 1,5-2 ɫɦ. ɍ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ: ɲɟɣɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ.

ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-

ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢ-

ɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɏɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 16-20 ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɨɥɟɰ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɏɪɹɳɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2/3 ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟ-

ɸɳɚɹ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɣ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬ-

ɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ). ɉɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨ-

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ɪɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɭ, ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɢɳɢ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ: ɩɪɚɜɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 20-30°, ɥɟɜɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 40-50° ɤ ɟɺ ɨɫɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,

ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 2-3 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – 1,3-1,6

ɫɦ, ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ

(ɞɥɢɧɚ 4-6 ɫɦ) ɢ ɭɠɟ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 1-1,3 ɫɦ), ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɭɝɚ ɚɨɪɬɵ. ɋɬɪɨɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 6-8 ɯɪɹɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɟ – 9- 12.

3.4 Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ

Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨ-

ɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4/5 ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɺɝɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,

ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ,

ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɪɮɚɤɬɚɧɬ – ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ, ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ

(ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɨɯɚ.

Ʌɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ. ȼɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2-3 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚ-

ɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ) ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱ-

ɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VIII ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ X ɪɟɛɪɚ,

ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ) ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɯɨ-

57

ɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI, VIII ɢ X ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɢɣ. Ʌɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɪɺ-

ɛɟɪɧɭɸ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɹ, ɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ: ɩɟɪɟɞ-

ɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ. Ɋɺɛɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ-

ɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɛɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɣ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɞɢɚ-

ɮɪɚɝɦɟ. ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɚɹ (ɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-

ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ, ɥɺɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɧ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɛɪɨɧ-

ɯɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɧɢɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ; ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɨɬ-

ɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɳɟɥɟɣ, ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɳɟɥɢ: ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ,

ɢ ɤɨɫɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɨɫɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɹɡɵɱɨɤ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ,

ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ. Ⱦɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ – ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɟɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɥɺɝɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 10

ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ: 3 ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ, 2 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɢ 5 ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ, ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɥɺɝ-

ɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 9 ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ: 4 ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɢ 5 ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ. ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ

58

ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ) ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ

(ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɦɟɥɤɢɟ), ɢɯ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 9-12 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧ-

ɯɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ (ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɶɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1-2,5 ɫɦ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɫɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨ-

ɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 12-18 ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ) ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ (3-4 ɩɨ-

ɪɹɞɤɚ). ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɪ-

ɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧ-

ɯɢɨɥɵ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ (ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ 1-ɝɨ-3-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ (ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ). Ɉɬ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ 3-ɝɨ ɩɨ-

ɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ (ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ), ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɫɩɢ-

ɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɭ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ. ɉɟ-

ɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ, ɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɚɰɢɧɭɫ (ɝɪɨɡɞɶ). ɋɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 12-18

ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ, ɜ ɥɺɝɤɨɦ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 15000. Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɲɨɱ-

ɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɶɤɭ.

ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɥɟɜɵɯ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ (ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨ-

ɱɟɤ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ – ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢ-

ɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ,

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ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟ-

ɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ-

ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨ-ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɏɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-

ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɨ-

ɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ

(ɩɪɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ – ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ɋɪɟ-

ɞɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɳɺɬɨɱɧɵɟ (ɤɚɺɦɱɚɬɵɟ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ʉɥɚɪɚ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤ-

ɰɢɸ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ, ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɦɢɨɰɢ-

ɬɨɜ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ.

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɬɟɪ-

ɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ. ɍ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɣ – "ɩɭɝɨɜɨɤ", ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɩɢ-

ɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ (ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ Ʉɥɚɪɚ). Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨ-

ɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ. ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵ-

ɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɚɥɶɜɟɨ-

ɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɨɜ – ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ (1-ɵɣ ɬɢɩ) ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪ-

ɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ (2-ɨɣ ɬɢɩ). Ɋɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ

95% ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ,

ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɪɮɚɤɬɚɧɬɚ.

ȼɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɜ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɦ

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