Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов
.pdfɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢ-
ɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɨɞ-
ɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱ-
ɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ-
ɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ (ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ),
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ (ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ), ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ III ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ.
ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɨɫɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɢ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ – ɟɺ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ (ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬ-
ɧɵɣ) ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ. Ɂɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɫɦ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ-
ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ – ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɦ (ɚɧɭɫɨɦ).
ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɥɭɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɚɭɫɬɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟ-
ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɺ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚ-
ɧɚɥɟ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɫɬɨɥ-
ɛɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɫɢɧɭɫɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɵ-
ɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚɦɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ, ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚ-
ɺɦɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.
ɋɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɺɦɤɭ
(ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ
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ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ - ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ȼɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭ-
ɸɬ, ɚ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɶ
(ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɧɟɬ). ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-
ɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞ-
ɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶ-
ɧɵɣ). ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.
ɋɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞ-
ɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ – ɜɨɫ-
ɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɨ-
ɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ.
2.7 ɉɟɱɟɧɶ
ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɨɜ (ɦɚɫɫɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5 ɤɝ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ,
ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɞɟɫɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɪɭɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ.
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ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ (ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧ, ɫɦɟɧɹɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭ-
ɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭ-
ɟɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ). ɀɟɥɱɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɭ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟ-
ɪɢɧ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɨɛɦɟ-
ɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɭɝ-
ɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ, ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ.
ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ (ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ (ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ) ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ (ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɥɢɡɢɫ) ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ, ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚ-
ɪɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɲɥɹɩɤɭ ɝɪɢɛɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɭɸ,
ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ, ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
"Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ"). ɋɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɩɪɚɜɭɸ (ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ) ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ (ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ).
ɇɚ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ: ɥɟɜɚɹ, ɩɪɚ-
ɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɢɯ, ɩɨɩɟ-
ɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɳɟɥɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɳɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ
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(ɡɚɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ) ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɡɚɪɨɫɲɢɣ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ).
Ʉɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ (ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡ-
ɤɢ) ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɟɪ-
ɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ; ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ.
ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɹɦɤɭ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɳɟɥɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɹɦɤɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟ-
ɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ, ɢɡ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ (ɠɟɥɱ-
ɧɵɣ) ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɥɟɜɭɸ, ɩɪɚɜɭɸ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ (ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ) ɢ
ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɭɸ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ).
ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɥɹ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ-
ɦɢ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɉɨɞ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟ-
ɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (Ƚɥɢɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ (ɫɬɪɨɦɚ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ (4), ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ (8) ɢ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 500000). ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɶɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
1,5-2 ɦɦ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ. Ƚɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ) ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ (ɚɪɬɟɪɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɭɸ) ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟ-
ɧɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɝɟ-
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ɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟ-
ɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɢɚɞɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ – ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶ-
ɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. Ɉɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪ-
ɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɧ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ȼɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɧ ɞɨ-
ɥɟɤ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ (ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɜɟɧɵ ɢ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɜ 3-4 ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ.
2.8 ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ
ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɥɱɢ (ɨɛɴɺɦ 40-70 ɦɥ), ɩɪɢ-
ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɟɺ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-
ɤɨɣ. ɍ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɧɨ, ɬɟɥɨ (ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ (ɤɨɧɭɫɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɲɟɣɤɭ (ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɬɨɤ. Ⱦɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ.
ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɺɦ-
ɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɧɭɬ-
ɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼ ɩɭɡɵɪ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ (ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ Ƚɟɣ-
ɫɬɟɪɚ), ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
45
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɵɲɰ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ.
ɉɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ – ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ (ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪ-
ɫɬɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ (ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-
ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥ-
ɱɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ȼɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬ, ɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵ-
ɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ, ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭ-
ɡɵɪɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɠɟɥɱɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɺɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɋɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.
2.9 ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬ-
ɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XIXII ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ – I-II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 70-80 ɝ. ɍ ɩɨɞ-
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, ɲɟɣɤɚ, ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ. ɇɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨ-
ɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. Ɍɟɥɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟ-
46
ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɚɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ. ɏɜɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ.
ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ,
ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (1-2 ɦɥɧ.), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɗɤɡɨɤɪɢɧ-
ɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧ 8-12 ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ – ɚɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ.
Ⱥɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ). ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ (Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɠɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɫɭ-
ɥɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɯ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭ-
ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 97%
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 3% ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ȼɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ (ɜɧɭɬ-
ɪɢɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟ-
ɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɟɺ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭ-
ɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱ-
ɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɡ-
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ɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɩɨ-ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ
(ɜ 2/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɟ (ɜ 1/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ).
3 ȾɕɏȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ
Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɺ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɨɫ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ). ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ,
ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ (ɞɨ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬ-
ɞɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
3.1 ɇɨɫ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ
ɇɨɫ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɧɨɫ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɬɪɺɯɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɨɣ, ɭ
ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɫɩɢɧɤɭ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ (ɤɨɧɱɢɤ) ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɫɚ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɫɩɢɧɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɵɩɭɤ-
ɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ. Ʉɪɵɥɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɧɨɡɞɪɢ. ɇɨɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɥɢɰɚ
(ɧɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɧɨɫɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɝɭɛɭ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɧɨɫɚ), ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɠɚ. Ʉɨɫɬɢ (ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɫɬɢ
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ɢ ɥɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɏɪɹɳɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ, ɯɪɹɳ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ (ɱɟɪɟɩɚ) ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɚ (ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ.
ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɨɡɞɪɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɫɨɨɛ-
ɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɯɨɚɧɵ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ (ɡɚɞɧɟɣ), ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧ-
ɱɚɬɨɣ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ). ɏɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ, ɩɟɪɟ-
ɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ – ɜɢɛɪɢɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɫɨɛ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ) ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɦ – ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɧɨɫɚ.
ɇɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢ-
ɧɵ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨ-
ɪɨɞɤɨɣ ɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ. ɋ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚ-
ɡɭɯɚɦɢ. ɋ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ,
ɥɨɛɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ, ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɚ-
ɡɭɯɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚ-
ɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨ-
ɪɵ). ȼ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɺɡɧɨ-ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɥɺɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ.
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ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ. Ʉ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ-
ɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ
ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɋɟɫɧɢɬ-
ɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɛɨ-
ɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟ-
ɬɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ), ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɞɵ-
ɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ,
ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɞ-
ɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɧɫɨɪ-
ɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ). ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
3.2 Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ
Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-VI ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ-
ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɲɟɢ, ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɞɨɥɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ,
ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɩɚɡɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɚ-
ɲɟɥɶ). ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨ-
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