1. Find English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Замолкать; в этих обстоятельствах; мастер убеждать; произносить речь; вопрос, представляющий взаимный интерес; приводить доводы; подвергать сомнению факты; бормотать, говорить тихо.

2. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.

To overhear; conspiratorial; to nod in agreement; to range from... to...; distance boundaries; verbal signal; proxemics.

3. Rearrange the statements as they occur in the text. (Give numbers.)

1. The distance ranges from six to eighteen inches.

2. Informal distance is about three and one-half to four feet.

3. This type of distance is usedin formal but nonpublic situations.

4. Public distance is often found in public speaking situations where the speakers are fifteen to twenty-five or more feet from their audiences.

5. People use intimate distance when they do not want others to overhear or when they are involved in a “secret” conversation.

6. Edward T Hall identifies four kinds of space in his book “The Silent Language”.

7. Formal distance ranges from about seven to twelve feet between persuader and persuadee.

Text 8 the jim and jim twins

Jim Springer and Jim Lewis are identical twins. They were separated at four weeks of age and did not see each other again until they were 39 years old. Both worked as part-time deputy sheriffs, vacationed in Florida, drove Chevrolets, had dogs named Tom, and married and divorced women named Betty. One twin named his son James Allan, and the other named his son James Alan. Both liked math but not spelling, enjoyed carpentry and mechanical drawing, chewed their fingernails down to the nubs, had almost identical drinking and smoking habits, had hemorrhoids, put on 10 pounds at about the same point in development, first suffered headaches at the age of 18, and had similar sleep patterns.

Jim and Jim had some differences. One wore his hair over his forehead, the other slicked it back and had sidebums. One expressed himself best orally, the other was more proficient in writing. But for the most part, their profiles were remarkably similar.

Another pair of identical twins who were separated as infants, Daphne and Barbara, were called the “giggle sisters” because they were always making each other laugh. A thorough search of their adoptive families’ histories revealed no gigglers. Both sisters handled stress by ignoring it, avoided conflict and controversy whenever possible, and showed no interest in politics.

Two other female identical twin sisters were separated at 6 weeks and reunited in their fifties. Both had nightmares, which they described in hauntingly similar ways: Both dreamed of doorknobs and fishhooks in their mouths as they smothered to death. The nightmares began during early adolescence and had stopped in the last 10 to 12 years. Both women were bed wetters until about 12 or 13 years of age, and they reported educational and marital histories that were remarkably similar.

These sets of twins are part of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, directed by Thomas Bouchard and his colleagues. They bring identical twins (identical genetically, because they come from the same egg) and fraternal twins (dissimilar genetically, because they come from

two eggs) from all over the world to Minneapolis to investigate their lives. The twins are given a number of personality tests, and detailed medical histories are obtained, including information about diet, smoking, exercise habits, chest X-rays, heart stress tests, and EEGs (brain-wave tests). The twins are interviewed and asked more than 15,000 questions about their family and childhood environment, personal interests, vocational orientation, values, and aesthetic judgments. They also are given ability and intelligence tests.

Critics of the Minnesota identical twins study point out that some of the separated twins were together several months prior to their adoption, that some of the twins had been reunited prior to their testing (in some cases, a number of years earlier), that adoption agencies often place twins in similar homes, and that even strangers who spend several hours together and start comparing their lives are likely to come up with some coincidental similarities. Still, even in the face of such criticism, the Minnesota study of identical twins indicates how scientists have recently shown an increased interest in the genetic basis of human development, and that we need further research on genetic and environmental factors.