- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
- •Гродно 2005
- •Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов лечебного, педиатрического и медико-психологического факультетов медицинских вузов, изучающих дисциплину «Латинский язык и основы медицинской терминологии» на английском языке.
- •I. ROMAN ALPHABET
- •Letter
- •II. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs
- •III. Pronunciation of consonants and digraphs
- •IV. Pronunciation of letter combinations
- •V. EXERCIsES
- •I. Division of words into syllables
- •II. The main rules for the position of an accent in Latin.
- •Rules
- •English
- •Nominative
- •Latin
- •Learn components of medicinal plants
- •Learn names of medicinal plants
- •Learn drug names:
- •before meals
- •as needed
- •every 3 hours
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of acids:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Other words:
- •Learn names of drugs:
- •Learn names of medicinal plants:
- •Other words:
- •III. Graphically signed stress
- •IV. ACCENT IN WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN
- •V. Exercises
- •I. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •II. STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS
- •III. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN
- •GENDER
- •NUMBER
- •CASE
- •IV. DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN
- •V. DECLENSION
- •First declension
- •Third declension
- •Fourth declension
- •Fifth declension
- •VI. STEM OF NOUNS
- •VII. Exercises
- •VIII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION
- •IV. The 2nd group adjectives of one form for all genders
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. INTRODUCTION: DEGREES OF COMPARISON
- •II. The comparative degree
- •III. The superlative degree
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. PARTICULARITIES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
- •II. STEM OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •III. ENDINGS OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •IV. Exceptions to the rule of the masculine third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •V. LATIN MUSCLE NAMES
- •VI. Exercises
- •VII. VOCABULARY
- •I. ENDINGS OF FEMININE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the FEMININE third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. ENDINGS OF NEUTER THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
- •II. Exceptions to the rule of the NEUTER third declension nouns ENDINGS
- •III. Exercises
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominative plural
- •IV. Exercises
- •V. VOCABULARY
- •I. Nouns and adjectives endings in GENITIVE plural
- •II. Particularities of the Genitive plural formation in the 3rd declension.
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •I. ROLE OF PREFIXION IN THE FORMATION OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
- •II. LATIN AND GREEK PREFIXES USED IN THE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
- •IV. VOCABULARY
- •II. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •LESSON 5
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms
- •ROOTS
- •Tetracyclīnum, i n
- •Writing good prescriptions
- •VI. Greek & Latin-English Clinical Dictionary
- •V. Latin-English Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VI. English-Latin Pharmaceutical Dictionary
- •VIII. Sample of the Examination Card
- •Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology
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the sternum, the clavicle, and the mastoid. The term sternocleidomastoid can be divided into three parts (three roots, in this case): stern - o - cleid - o - mastoid. Notice that there are vowels between the three roots. These are linking or combining vowels, which serve to make a term easier to pronounce. The vowel used most of the time is o, but other vowels such as i and a are also used. Combining vowels are often used between roots and suffixes or roots and other roots, but they are NOT used between prefixes and roots.
4. LEARNING TO READ A MEDICAL TERM
When you look at a medical term and attempt to decipher its meaning you begin with the suffix, move to the prefix (if present) and then the root word.
For example: When trying to understand the word pericarditis you would identify itis (meaning inflammation), then peri (meaning around) and then card (meaning heart). Therefore, this word means inflammation around the heart.
Let’s try another one: for example: leukocytopenia - penia (meaning decrease), then leuk/o (meaning white) and finally cyt/o (meaning cell). Therefore, this word means a decrease in white cells.
II. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN MEDICAL TERMS
ROOTS
Greek and Latin |
English word |
Meaning |
Examples of medical |
roots |
elements |
|
terms |
angi-; vas- |
angi- |
blood vessel |
angiogramma |
|
|
|
|
bio-; vit- |
bio- |
life |
biologia |
|
|
|
|
cardi-; |
cardi- |
heart |
cardiologia |
(-cardia) |
|
|
|
cyt-; |
cyt-; |
cell |
adenocytus |
(-cytus) |
-cyte |
|
|
|
|
|
|
cyst- |
cyst- |
urinary bladder; sac |
cystectomia |
|
|
of fluid |
|
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cholecyst- |
cholecyst- |
gallbladder |
cholecystotomia |
|
|
|
|
kerat- |
kerat- |
cornea; horny |
keratotomia |
|
|
|
|
mast-; |
mast-; |
breast |
mastographia |
(-mastia); |
-masty |
|
|
mamm- |
|
|
|
encephal- |
encephal- |
brain |
encephalogramma |
|
|
|
|
gastr-; |
gastr- |
stomach |
gastrotomia |
(-gastria) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
colp- |
colp- |
vagina |
colpectomia |
|
|
|
|
enter- |
enter- |
small intestine |
gastroenterologia |
|
|
|
|
physi- |
physi- |
nature |
physiotherapia |
|
|
|
|
SUFFIXES
Greek and Latin |
English word |
Meaning |
Examples of medical |
suffixes |
elements |
|
terms |
-graphia |
-graphy |
recording; X-ray |
angiographia |
|
|
examination |
|
-gramma |
-gram |
record; X-ray film |
angiogramma |
|
|
|
|
-ectomia |
-ectomy |
removal; resection; |
cystectomia |
|
|
to cut out |
|
-logia |
-logy |
science; study |
biologia |
|
|
|
|
-pathia |
-pathy |
any disease; disease |
enteropathia |
|
|
process |
|
-tomia |
-tomy |
cutting; incision; |
gastrotomia |
|
|
section |
|
-therapia |
-therapy |
treatment |
physiotherapia |
|
|
|
|
III.EXERCISES
1.Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
E.g.: When you join the root gastr(o)- with the suffix –pathia you get the term gastropathia which means “disease process of the stomach”.
• cardi(o)- (-graphia; -gramma; -pathia; -logia);
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•angi(o)- (-pathia; -graphia; -logia; -gramma);
•cholecyst(o)- (-pathia; -tomia; -ectomia; -graphia; -gramma);
•mast(o)-; mamm(o)- (-graphia; -ectomia; -gramma);
•cyst(o)- (-graphia; -tomia; -ectomia; -gramma);
•encephal(o)- (-pathia; -gramma; -graphia).
2.Explain the meaning of the following terms:
1) |
gastrectomia |
2) angiogramma |
|
gastrotomia |
angiologia |
|
|
angiopathia |
|
|
angiographia |
|
|
angiocardiographia |
3) |
keratectomia |
4) cystectomia |
|
keratotomia |
cystogramma |
|
|
cystographia |
|
|
cystotomia |
5) |
cytologia |
6) colpotomia |
|
cytogramma |
enteropathia |
3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
angiogram; cholecystotomy; gastrectomy; colpotomy; encephalogram; enteropathy; cytology; cardiogram; mastopathy; angiology; keratectomy; biology; gastrotomy; cholecystectomy; cytogram; mastectomy
4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain their meaning:
biology; cystography; angiopathy; keratectomy; gastrotomy; colpotomy; enteropathy; mammogram; encephalography; cytogram; cystectomy; cardiology; cholecystogram; keratectomy
5.Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to the meaning:
•disease of vessels;
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•science of cells;
•removal of stomach;
•science of natural vital processes in the human body;
•disease of small intestine;
•X-ray examination of heart;
•X-ray film of brain;
•X-ray examination of urinary bladder;
•removal of cornea;
•cutting of vagina;
•X-ray film of gallbladder;
•X-ray film of heart;
•science of life;
•disease of breast;
•science of blood vessels.