6 курс / Кардиология / Джон_Кэмм_Болезни_сердца_и_сосудов_2011

среди пациентов с хронической ИБС не было никакого влияния на летальность, смертность от всех причин оказалась снижена у больных с ОКС, получавших статины по более интенсивной схеме. Все семь испытаний сообщили о событиях, распределяющихся по оси рандомизации, а не по уровню ХС ЛПНП. Около половины пациентов с более интенсивной схемой терапии статинами не смогли достичь уровня ХС ЛПНП ‹80 мг/дл (2,0 ммоль/л), и ни одно из испытаний не проверило методы комбинированной терапии. Проведенный анализ поддерживает применение более интенсивных схем терапии статинами у больных с подтвержденным диагнозом ИБС.

ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ИМПЛАНТАЦИЯ КАРДИОВЕРТЕРА-ДЕФИБРИЛЛЯТОРА

ИКД - это единственное специфическое антиаритмическое лечение, в отношении которого была доказана эффективность в уменьшении риска как внезапной смерти, так и общей смертности. Было показано, что первичная профилактическая ИКД уменьшила риск внезапной смерти у больных в двух группах: пациенты с ФВ ≤40%, со спонтанной неустойчивой ЖТ и устойчивой мономорфной ЖТ, индуцируемой электрофизиологическими исследованиями [518], и больные с ФВ ≤30% как следствие инфаркта, произошедшего, по крайней мере, на 40 дней ранее, при наличии СН (II ФК по классификации NYHA или симптомы III ФК) [484, 519-521]. В связи с этим ИКД после ИМ с подъемом сегмента ST считается целесообразной у пациентов с ФВ ≤30-35%, имеющих I ФК по классификации NYHA на фоне постоянной оптимальной медицинской терапии. В общем, ИКД должна быть отложена, по крайней мере, до 40 дней после острого события. Оценку потребности в ИКД и его имплантацию следует отложить, по крайней мере, до 3 мес после проведения процедур реваскуляризации, чтобы получить достаточно времени для восстановления функции ЛЖ. Профилактическая антиаритмическая фармакотерапия не показана для снижения смертности (см. главу 30).

ДАЛЬНЕЙШИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Распространенность ИБС и соответственно распространенность ОКС постоянно увеличиваются в результате роста продолжительности жизни, частоты встречаемости ожирения и сахарного диабета. Дальнейшее увеличение распространенности данных заболеваний ожидается не только в индустриальных странах, но наиболее сильно в быстро развивающихся странах и плотно населенных регионах мира. Убедительно показано, что диагностика и оценка риска у отдельных пациентов в ближайшем будущем будет основана на сложных биохимических маркерах, определяющих ранние сроки патофизиологического процесса, задолго до возникновения собственно фатального события. Ожидается, что усовершенствованные неинвазивные методы обследования внесут значительный вклад в раннее выявление пациентов группы риска. Происходит оценка некоторых новых многообещающих групп препаратов, которые смогут привести к увеличению эффективности и безопасности терапии. Тем не менее лечение таких пациентов уже достигло значительного уровеня и более пристальное внимание требуется уделить внедрению в практику достигнутых результатов. В особенности это касается образовательных програм в области здравоохранения, направленных на более раннее выявление таких пациентов, что сможет эффективно снизить частоту летальных исходов.

ON-LINE-ИСТОЧНИКИ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events: http://www.outcomes.org/grace.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1.Bassand J.P., Hamm C.W., Ardissino D. et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST- segment elevation acute coronary syndromes // Eur. Heart J. - 2007. - Vol. 28. - P. 1598-1660.

2.Bassand J.P. Bleeding and transfusion in acute coronary syndromes a shift in the paradigm // Heart. - 2008. - Vol. 94. - P. 661-666.

3.Clappers N., Brouwer M.A., Verheugt F.W. Antiplatelet treatment for coronary heart disease // Heart. - 2007. - Vol. 93. - P. 258-265.

4.Graham I., Atar D., Borch-Johnsen K. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary // Eur. Heart J. - 2007. - Vol. 28. - P. 2375-2414.

5.Hillis L.D., Lange R.A. Optimal management of acute coronary syndromes // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2009. - Vol. 360. - P. 2237-2240.

6.Korff S., Katus H.A., Giannitsis E. Differential diagnosis of elevated troponins // Heart. - 2006. - Vol. 92. - P. 987-993.

7.Mollmann H., Nef H., Elsasser A. et al. Stem cells in myocardial infarction from bench to bedside // Heart. - 2009. - Vol. 95. - P. 508-514.

8.Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., White H.D. Universal definition of myocardial infarction // Eur. Heart J. - 2007. - Vol. 28. - P. 2525-2538.

9.Van de Werf F., Bax J., Betriu A. et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology // Eur. Heart J. - 2008. - Vol. 29. - P. 2909-2945.

10.White H.D., Chew D.P. Acute myocardial infarction // Lancet. - 2008. - Vol. 372. - P. 570-584. 11.Wiviott S. Antiplatelet therapy in ischemic heart disease, 2009. Chichester. Wiley-Blackwell.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

multinational registry of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes // Am. Heart J. - 2001. - Vol. 141. - P. 190-199.

4.Hochholzer W. et al. New definition of myocardial infarction: impact on long-term mortality // Am. J. Med. - 2008. - Vol. 121. - P. 399-405.

5.AHA. Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. 2001, American Heart Association: Dallas TX. 6.Coronary Heart Disease Statistics. 2004, London: British Heart Foundation.

7.Birkhead J.S. et al. Improving care for patients with acute coronary syndromes: initial results from the National Audit of Myocardial Infarction Project (MINAP) // Heart. - 2004. - Vol. 90. - P. 1004-1009.

8.Eagle K.A. et al. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry // JAMA. - 2004. - Vol. 291. - P. 27272733.

9.Fox K.A. et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variations in practice and outcome. - findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) // Eur. Heart J. - 2002. - Vol. 23. -

P. 1177-1189.

10.Hasdai D. et al. Cardiac biomarkers and acute coronary syndromes-the Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes Experience // Eur. Heart J. - 2003. - Vol. 24. - P. 1189-1194.

11.Hasdai D. et al. A prospective survey of the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. - the Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS) // Eur. Heart J. - 2002. - Vol. 23. - P. 1190-1201.

12.Hoekstra J.W. et al. Improving the care of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department: the CRUSADE initiative // Acad. Emerg. Med. - 2002. - Vol. 9. - P. 11461155.

13.Lev E.I. et al. Frequency, characteristics, and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes with undetermined electrocardiographic patterns // Am. J. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 91. - P. 224227.

14.Stenestrand U., Wallentin L. Early statin treatment following acute myocardial infarction and 1-year survival // JAMA. - 2001. - Vol. 285. - P. 430-436.

15.Stenestrand U., Wallentin L. Early revascularisation and 1-year survival in 14-day survivors of acute myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study // Lancet. - 2002. - Vol. 359. - P. 1805-1811.

16.Goldberg R.J. et al. Recent changes in attack and survival rates of acute myocardial infarction (1975. through 1981). The Worcester Heart Attack Study // JAMA. - 1986. - Vol. 255. - P. 2774-2779.

17.Bata I.R. et al. Trends in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction between 1984. and 1993. - The Halifax County MONICA Project // Can. J. Cardiol. - 2000. - Vol. 16. - P. 589-595.

18.Fox K.A. et al. The ENACT study. a pan-European survey of acute coronary syndromes. European Network for Acute Coronary Treatment // Eur. Heart J. - 2000. - Vol. 21. - P. 1440-1449.

19.Furman M.I. et al. Twenty-two year (1975. to 1997) trends in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term case fatality rates from initial Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a multi-hospital, communitywide perspective // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2001. - Vol. 37. - P. 1571-1580.

20.van der Pal-de Bruin K.M. et al. The incidence of suspected myocardial infarction in Dutch general practice in the period 1978-1994 // Eur. Heart J. - 1998. - Vol. 19. - P. 429-4234.

21.Savonitto S. et al. Prognostic value of the admission electrocardiogram in acute coronary syndromes // JAMA. - 1999. - Vol. 281. - P. 707-713.

22.Tunstall-Pedoe H. et al. Estimation of contribution of changes in coronary care to improving survival, event rates, and coronary heart disease mortality across the WHO MONICA Project populations // Lancet. - 2000. - Vol. 355. - P. 688-700.

23.Marques-Vidal P. et al. Incidence, recurrence, and case fatality rates for myocardial infarction in southwestern France 1985;to 1993 // Heart. - 2000. - Vol. 84. - P. 171-175.

24.Abrahamsson P. et al. Improved long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction 1984-1991 // Eur. Heart J. - 1998. - Vol. 19. - P. 1512-1517.

25.Capewell S., Morrison C.E., McMurray J.J. Contribution of modern cardiovascular treatment and risk factor changes to the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland between 1975. and 1994 // Heart. - 1999. - Vol. 81. - P. 380-386.

26.Liu J.L. et al. The economic burden of coronary heart disease in the UK // Heart. - 2002. - Vol. 88. - P. 597-603.

27.Guilbert J.J. The world health report 2002. - reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Educ Health (Abingdon). - 2003. - Vol. 16. - P. 230.

28.Fox K.A. et al. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non- ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3. randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina // Lancet. - 2002. - Vol. 360. -

P. 743-751.

29.Elsaesser A., Hamm C.W. Acute coronary syndrome: the risk of being female // Circulation. - 2004. - Vol. 109. - P. 565-567.

30.Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001, CDC: Bethesda MD.

31.Weiss R. et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2004. - Vol. 350. - P. 2362-2374.

32.Falk E., Shah P.K., Fuster V. Atherothrombosis and thrombosis-prone plaques., In Fuster V,

Alexander R, O’Rourke R (eds.) Hurst’s The Heart, 2004, McGraw-Hill: new York. p. 1123-1139.

33.Graham I. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) // Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. - 2007. - Vol. 14. Suppl 2: E1-40.

34.Gaede P. et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2. diabetes // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2003. - Vol. 348. - P. 383-393.

35.Kannel W.B. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment // JAMA. - 1996. - Vol. 275. - P. 1571-1576.

36.Assmann G., Schulte H. The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study: prevalence of hyperlipidemia in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease // Am. Heart J. - 1988. - Vol. 116. - P. 1713-1724.

37.Lewington S. et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a metaanalysis of individual data for one million adults in 61. prospective studies // Lancet. - 2002. - Vol. 360. - P. 1903-1913.

38.Ninomiya J.K. et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey // Circulation. - 2004. - Vol. 109. - P. 42-46.

39.Baigent C. et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056. participants in 14. randomised trials of statins // Lancet. - 2005. - Vol. 366. - P. 12671278.

40.Sever P.S. et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial // Lancet. - 2003. - Vol. 361. - P. 1149-1158.

41.Martyn C.N., Barker D.J., Osmond C. Mothers’ pelvic size, fet al growth, and death from stroke and coronary heart disease in men in the UK // Lancet. - 1996. - Vol. 348. - P. 1264-1268.

42.Barker D.J. F. et al. origins of coronary heart disease // BMJ. - 1995. - Vol. 311. - P. 171-174.

43.Edwards C.R. et al. Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fet al environment and adult hypertension? // Lancet. - 1993. - Vol. 341. - P. 355-357.

44.Nyirenda M.J. et al. Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation permanently programs rat hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose intolerance in adult offspring // J. Clin. Invest. - 1998. - Vol. 101. - P. 2174-2181.

45.Yusuf S. et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52. countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study // Lancet. - 2004. - Vol. 364. - P. 937-952.

46.Lusis A.J. Atherosclerosis // Nature. - 2000. - Vol. 407. - P. 233-241.

47.Samani N.J. et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2007. - Vol. 357. - P. 443-453.

48.Genome-wide association study of 14,000. cases of seven common diseases and 3,000. shared controls // Nature. - 2007. - Vol. 447. - P. 661-678.

49.Davies M.J. The pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes // Heart. - 2000. - Vol. 83. - P. 361366.

50.Glass C.K., Witztum J.L. Atherosclerosis. the road ahead // Cell. - 2001. - Vol. 104. - P. 503-516.

51.P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2001. - Vol. 104. - P. 365-372.

52.Burke A.P. et al. 34th Bethesda Conference: Task force #2-What is the pathologic basis for new atherosclerosis imaging techniques? // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 41. - P. 1874-1886.

53.Hoffmann U., Brady T.J., Muller J. Cardiology patient page. Use of new imaging techniques to screen for coronary artery disease // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108: e50-53.

54.Moncada S., Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1993. - Vol. 329. - P. 2002-2012.

55.Mather K., Anderson T.J., Verma S. Insulin action in the vasculature: physiology and pathophysiology // J. Vasc. Res. - 2001. - Vol. 38. -

P. 415-422.

56.Schachinger V., Britten M.B., Zeiher A.M. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease // Circulation. - 2000. - Vol. 101. - P. 1899-1906.

57.Fichtlscherer S., Breuer S., Zeiher A.M. Prognostic value of systemic endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndromes: further evidence for the existence of the “vulnerable” patient // Circulation. - 2004. - Vol. 110. - P. 1926-3192.

58.Stary H.C. et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association // Circulation. - 1995. - Vol. 92. - P. 1355-1374.

59.Schaar J.A. et al. Terminology for high-risk and vulnerable coronary artery plaques. Report of a meeting on the vulnerable plaque, June 17. and 182:003, Santorini, Greece // Eur. Heart J. - 2004. - Vol. 25. - P. 1077-1082.

60.Naghavi M. et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies. Part I // Circulation. -

2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 1664-1672.

61.Naghavi M. et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies. Part II // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 1772-1778.

62.Varnava A.M., Mills P.G., Davies M.J. Relationship between coronary artery remodeling and plaque vulnerability // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 105. - P. 939-943.

63.Vink A. et al. Plaque burden, arterial remodeling and plaque vulnerability: determined by systemic factors? // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2001. - Vol. 38. - P. 718-723.

64.Guyton J.R. Phospholipid hydrolytic enzymes in a ‘cesspool’ of arterial intimal lipoproteins: a mechanism for atherogenic lipid accumulation // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. - 2001. - Vol. 21. - P. 884-846.

65.Naruko T. et al. Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 106. - P. 2894-2900.

66.Kaartinen M. et al. Mast cell infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1998. - Vol. 32. - P. 606-612.

67.Kolodgie F.D. et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2003. - Vol. 349. - P. 2316-2325.

68.Schwartz S.M., Virmani R., Rosenfeld M.E. The good smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis // Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. - 2000. - Vol. 2. - P. 422-429.

69.Beckman J.A. et al. Relationship of clinical presentation and calcification of culprit coronary artery stenoses // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. - 2001. - Vol. 21. - P. 1618-1622.

70.Sangiorgi G. et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723. coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1998. - Vol. 31. - P. 126-133.

71.Servoss S.J., Januzzi J.L., Muller J.E. Triggers of acute coronary syndromes // Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. - 2002. - Vol. 44. - P. 369-380.

72.Mann J., Davies M.J. Mechanisms of progression in native coronary artery disease: role of healed plaque disruption // Heart. - 1999. - Vol. 82. - P. 265-268.

73.Falk E. Widespread targets for friendly fire in acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2004. - Vol. 110. - P. 4-6.

74.Virmani R. et al. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. - 2000. - Vol. 20. - P. 1262-1275.

75.Tedgui A., Mallat Z. Apoptosis as a determinant of atherothrombosis // Thromb. Haemost. - 2001. - Vol. 86. - P. 420-426.

76.Bogdanov V.Y. et al. Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein // Nat. Med. - 2003. - Vol. 9. -

P. 458-462.

77.Fernandez-Ortiz A. et al. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1994. - Vol. 23. -

P. 1562-1569.

78.Tabardel Y. et al. Corticosteroids increase blood interleukin-10. levels during cardiopulmonary bypass in men // Surgery. - 1996. - Vol. 119. - P. 76-80.

79.Ardissino D. et al. Tissue-factor antigen and activity in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques // Lancet. - 1997. - Vol. 349. - P. 769-771.

80.Ruggeri Z.M. Platelets in atherothrombosis // Nat. Med. - 2002. - Vol. 8. - P. 1227-1234.

81.Falk E, Thuesen L. Pathology of coronary microembolisation and no reflow // Heart. - 2003. - Vol. 89. - P. 983-985.

82.Reimer K.A., Jennings R.B. The “wavefront phenomenon” of myocardial ischemic cell death. II. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral flow // Lab. Invest. - 1979. - Vol. 40. - P. 633-644.

83.Kloner R.A. Does reperfusion injury exist in humans? // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1993. - Vol. 21. - P. 537545.

84.Reffelmann T., Kloner R.A. The “no-reflow” phenomenon: basic science and clinical correlates // Heart. - 2002. - Vol. 87. - P. 162-168.

85.Volmink J.A. et al. Coronary event and case fatality rates in an English population: results of the Oxford myocardial infarction incidence study. The Oxford Myocardial Infarction Incidence Study Group // Heart. - 1998. - Vol. 80. - P. 40-44.

86.Terkelsen C.J. et al. Mortality rates in patients with ST-elevation vs. non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected cohort // Eur. Heart J. - 2005. - Vol. 26. - P. 18-26.

87.Bahit M.C., Granger C.B., Wallentin L. Persistence of the prothrombotic state after acute coronary syndromes: implications for treatment // Am. Heart J. - 2002. - Vol. 143. - P. 205-216.

88.Bogaty P. et al. Biological profiles in subjects with recurrent acute coronary events compared with subjects with long-standing stable angina // Circulation. - 2001. - Vol. 103. - P. 3062-3068.

89.Hemingway H. et al. Prospective validity of measuring angina severity with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class. The ACRE study // Can. J. Cardiol. - 2004. - Vol. 20. - P. 305-309.

90.Culic V. et al. Symptom presentation of acute myocardial infarction: influence of sex, age, and risk factors // Am. Heart J. - 2002. - Vol. 144. - P. 1012-1017.

91.Canto J.G. et al. Atypical presentations among Medicare beneficiaries with unstable angina pectoris // Am. J. Cardiol. - 2002. - Vol. 90. - P. 248-253.

92.Braunwald E. Unstable angina. A classification // Circulation. - 1989. - Vol. 80. - P. 410-414.

93.Lee T.H. et al. Acute chest pain in the emergency room. Identification and examination of low-risk patients // Arch Intern Med. - 1985. - Vol. 145. - P. 65-69.

94.Bean W.B. Masquerades of myocardial infarction // Lancet. - 1977. - Vol. 1. - P. 1044-1046.

95.Cannon C.P. et al. The electrocardiogram predicts one-year outcome of patients with unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI III Registry ECG Ancillary Study. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1997. - Vol. 30. - P. 133-140.

96.van Miltenburg-van Zijl A.J. et al. Incidence and follow-up of Braunwald subgroups in unstable angina pectoris // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1995. - Vol. 25. - P. 1286-1292.

97.Hamm C.W., Braunwald E. A classification of unstable angina revisited. // Circulation. - 2000. - Vol. 102. - P. 118-122.

98.Fesmire F.M. et al. Usefulness of automated serial 12-lead ECG monitoring during the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with chest pain // Ann. Emerg. Med. - 1998. - Vol. 31. - P. 3- 11.

99.Holmvang L. et al. Quantitative analysis of the admission electrocardiogram identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit the most from early invasive treatment // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -

2003. - Vol. 41. - P. 905-915.

100.Hyde T.A. et al. Four-year survival of patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation and prognostic significance of 0.5-mm ST-segment depression // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1999. - Vol. 84. - P. 379-385.

101.Kaul P. et al. Prognostic value of ST segment depression in acute coronary syndromes: insights from PARAGON-A applied to GUSTO-IIb. PARAGON-A and GUSTO IIb Investigators. Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the Reduction of Acute Global Organization Network // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2001. -

Vol. 38. - P. 64-71.

102.Nyman I. et al. Very early risk stratification by electrocardiogram at rest in men with suspected unstable coronary heart disease. The RISC Study Group // J. Intern. Med. - 1993. - Vol. 234. - P. 293301.

103.de Zwaan C. et al. Angiographic and clinical characteristics of patients with unstable angina showing an ECG pattern indicating critical narrowing of the proximal LAD coronary artery // Am. Heart J. - 1989. - Vol. 117. - P. 657-665.

104.McCarthy B.D., Wong J.B., Selker H.P. Detecting acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: a review of the literature // J. Gen. Intern. Med. - 1990. - Vol. 5. - P. 365-373.

105.Moon J.C. et al. The pathologic basis of Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2004. - Vol. 44. - P. 554-560.

106.Rouan G.W. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients with initially normal or nonspecific electrocardiograms (a report from the Multicenter Chest Pain Study) // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1989. - Vol. 64. - P. 1087-1092.

107.Pozen M.W. et al. A predictive instrument to improve coronary-care-unit admission practices in acute ischemic heart disease. A prospective multicenter clinical trial // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1984. - Vol. 310. -

P. 1273-1278.

108.Apple F.S. et al. Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome // Clin. Chem. - 2005. - Vol. 51. - P. 810-824.

109.Falk E. Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death. Autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular occlusion // Circulation. - 1985. - Vol. 71. - P. 699-708.

110.Davies M.J. et al. Intramyocardial platelet aggregation in patients with unstable angina suffering sudden ischemic cardiac death // Circulation. - 1986. - Vol. 73. - P. 418-427.

111.Katus H.A. et al. Development and in vitro characterization of a new immunoassay of cardiac troponin T // Clin. Chem. - 1992. - Vol. 38. - P. 386-393.

112.Gerhardt W. et al. S-troponin T in suspected ischemic myocardial injury compared with mass and catalytic concentrations of S-creatine kinase isoenzyme MB // Clin. Chem. - 1991. - Vol. 37. - P. 14051411.

113.Hamm C.W. et al. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1992. - Vol. 327. - P. 146-150.

114.Wu A.H. et al. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T in unstable angina pectoris // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1995. - Vol. 76. - P. 970-972.

115.Antman E.M. et al. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1996. - Vol. 335. - P. 1342-1349.

116.Lindahl B., Venge P., Wallentin L. Relation between troponin T and the risk of subsequent cardiac events in unstable coronary artery disease. The FRISC study group // Circulation. - 1996. - Vol. 93. - P. 1651-1657.

117.Hamm C.W. et al. Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain by means of rapid testing for cardiac troponin T or troponin I // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1997. - Vol. 337. - P. 1648-1653.

118.Heeschen C. et al. Analytical performance and clinical application of a new rapid bedside assay for the detection of serum cardiac troponin I // Clin. Chem. - 1998. - Vol. 44. - P. 1925-1930.

119.Heeschen C. et al. Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators. Chimeric c7E3. AntiPlatelet Therapy in Unstable angina REfractory to standard treatment trial // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -

2000. - Vol. 35. - P. 1535-1542.

120.Heeschen C. et al. Cardiovascular risk and therapeutic benefit of coronary interventions for patients with unstable angina according to the troponin T status // Eur. Heart J. - 2000. - Vol. 21. - P. 1159-1166.

121.Myocardial infarction redefined-a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction // Eur. Heart J. - 2000. - Vol. 21. - P. 1502-1513.

122.Newby L.K. et al. Value of serial troponin T measures for early and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The GUSTO-IIa Investigators // Circulation. - 1998. - Vol. 98. - P. 18531859.

123.Lindahl B. et al. Noninvasive risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease: exercise test and biochemical markers. FRISC Study Group // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1997. - Vol. 80. - P. 40E-44E.

124.Rao SV, et al. Prognostic value of isolated troponin elevation across the spectrum of chest pain syndromes // Am. J. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 91. - P. 936-940.

125.Bassand JP, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes // Eur. Heart J. - 2007. - Vol. 28. - P. 1598-1660.

126.Apple F.S. et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines. Analytical issues for biomarkers of heart failure // Circulation. - 2007. - Vol. 116: e95-98.

127.Missov E. et al. Cardiac troponin I in patients with hematologic malignancies // Coron. Artery Dis. - 1997. - Vol. 8. - P. 537-541.

128.Kobayashi S. et al. Serum cardiac troponin T in polymyositis/dermatomyositis // Lancet. - 1992. - Vol. 340. - P. 726.

129.Turner A., Tsamitros M., Bellomo R. Myocardial cell injury in septic shock // Crit. Care Med. - 1999. - Vol. 27. - P. 1775-1780.

130.Ooi D.S. et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts long-term outcomes in hemodialysis patients // Clin. Chem. - 2001. - Vol. 47. - P. 412-417.

131.Wayand D. et al. Cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal failure // Clin. Chem. - 2000. - Vol. 46. - P. 1345-1350.

132.Dierkes J. et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease // Circulation. - 2000. - Vol. 102. - P. 1964-1969.

133.Apple F.S. et al. Prognostic value of serum cardiac troponin I and T in chronic dialysis patients a 1- year outcomes analysis // Am. J. Kidney Dis. - 1997. - Vol. 29. - P. 399-403.

134.McLaurin M.D. et al. Cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and creatine kinase MB in dialysis patients without ischemic heart disease: evidence of cardiac troponin T expression in skeletal muscle // Clin. Chem. - 1997. - Vol. 43. - P. 976-982.

135.Wu A.H., Feng Y.J. Biochemical differences between cTnT and cTnI and their significance for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes // Eur. Heart J. - 1998. - Vol. 19(Suppl. N): n25-9.

136.Dean K. Biochemistry of troponin, in Cardiac Markers, AH. Wu, Editor. 1998, Humana Press. Totowa. 193-204.

137.Ellis K., Dreisbach A.W., Lertora J.L. Plasma elimination of cardiac troponin I in end-stage renal disease // South Med. J. - 2001. - Vol. 94. - P. 993-996.

138.Apple F.S. et al. Predictive value of cardiac troponin I and T for subsequent death in end-stage renal disease // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 106. - P. 2941-2945.

139.Aviles R.J. et al. Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without renal dysfunction // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2002. - Vol. 346. - P. 2047-2052.

140.Weber M., Hamm C. Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine // Heart. - 2006. - Vol. 92. - P. 843-849.

141.Goetze J.P. et al. Acute myocardial hypoxia increases BNP gene expression // Faseb. J. - 2004. - Vol. 18. - P. 1928-1930.

142.Hama N. et al. Rapid ventricular induction of brain natriuretic peptide gene expression in experimental acute myocardial infarction // Circulation. - 1995. - Vol. 92. - P. 1558-1564.

143.Weber M. et al. N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide predicts extent of coronary artery disease and ischemia in patients with stable angina pectoris // Am. Heart J. - 2004. - Vol. 148. - P. 612-620.

144.Kragelund C. et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2005. - Vol. 352. - P. 666-675.

145.Bibbins-Domingo K. et al. N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), cardiovascular events, and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease // JAMA. -

2007. - Vol. 297. - P. 169-176.

146.Heeschen C. et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels for dynamic risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2004. - Vol. 110. - P. 3206-3212.

147.James S.K. et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and other risk markers for the separate prediction of mortality and subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: a Global Utilization of Strategies To Open occluded arteries (GUSTO)-IV substudy // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 275-281.

148.Jernberg T. et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in relation to inflammation, myocardial necrosis, and the effect of an invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 42. - P. 1909-1916.

149.Omland T. et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2002. -

Vol. 106. - P. 2913-2918.

150.Jernberg T. et al. N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide on admission for early risk stratification of patients with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2002. - Vol. 40. - P. 437445.

151.de Lemos J.A. et al. The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes // N. Engl. J. Med. -

2001. - Vol. 345. - P. 1014-1021.

152.Bazzino O. et al. Relative value of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, TIMI risk score, ACC/AHA prognostic classification and other risk markers in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes // Eur. Heart J. - 2004. - Vol. 25. - P. 859-866.

153.Weber M. et al. N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide assessment provides incremental prognostic information in patients with acute coronary syndromes and normal troponin T values upon admission // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2008. - Vol. 51. - P. 1188-1195.

154.Windhausen F. et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide for additional risk stratification in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and an elevated troponin T: an Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes (ICTUS) substudy // Am. Heart J. - 2007. - Vol. 153. - P. 485-492.

155.Morrow D.A. et al. Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide for risk assessment in unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. B-type natriuretic peptide and prognosis in TACTICS-TIMI 18 // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 41. - P. 1264-1272.

156.James S.K. et al. Troponin-T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predict mortality benefit from coronary revascularization in acute coronary syndromes: a GUSTO-IV substudy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2006. - Vol. 48. - P. 1146-1154.

157.Omland T. et al. Prognostic value of B-Type natriuretic peptides in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE Trial // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2007. - Vol. 50. - P. 205-214.

158.Calabro P., Willerson J.T., Yeh E.T. Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 1930-1932.

159.Szmitko P.E. et al. New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation. Part I // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 1917-1923.

160.Ridker P.M. et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1997. -

Vol. 336. - P. 973-979.

161.Ridker P.M. et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2000. - Vol. 342. - P. 836-843.

162.Albert M.A., Glynn R.J., Ridker P.M. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and the calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 161-165.

163.Koenig W. et al. C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham Score: implications for future risk assessment: results from a large cohort study in southern Germany // Circulation. -

2004. - Vol. 109. - P. 1349-1353.

164.Danesh J. et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2004. - Vol. 350. - P. 1387-1397.

165.Danesh J. et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses // BMJ. - 2000. - Vol. 321. - P. 199-204.

166.Koenig W. Update on C-reactive protein as a risk marker in cardiovascular disease // Kidney Int. Suppl. - 2003. - Vol. S58-61.

167.Ridker P.M. et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2002. - Vol. 347. - P. 1557-1565.

168.Liuzzo G. et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1994. - Vol. 331. - P. 417-424.

169.Morrow D.A. et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 1998. - Vol. 31. - P. 1460-1465.

170.Haverkate F. et al. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group // Lancet. - 1997. - Vol. 349. - P. 462-466.

171.Sabatine M.S. et al. Relationship between baseline white blood cell count and degree of coronary artery disease and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a TACTICS-TIMI 18. (Treat Angina with Aggrastat and determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative StrategyThrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 18. trial)substudy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2002. - Vol. 40. - P. 17611768.

172.Mueller C. et al. Inflammation and long-term mortality after non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome treated with a very early invasive strategy in 1042. consecutive patients // Circulation. - 2002. -

Vol. 105. - P. 1412-1415.

173.Lindahl B. et al. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2000. - Vol. 343. - P. 1139-1147.

174.James S.K. et al. Troponin and C-reactive protein have different relations to subsequent mortality and myocardial infarction after acute coronary syndrome: a GUSTO-IV substudy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. -

2003. - Vol. 41. - P. 916-924.

175.Ridker P.M. et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2005. - Vol. 352. - P. 20-28.

176.Kinlay S. et al. High-dose atorvastatin enhances the decline in inflammatory markers in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL study // Circulation. - 2003. - Vol. 108. - P. 1560-1566.

177.Ridker P.M. et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2001. - Vol. 344. - P. 1959-1965.

178.Nissen S.E. et al. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2005. - Vol. 352. -

P. 29-38.

179.Morrow D.A. et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical characteristics and utilization of biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes // Circulation. - 2007. - Vol. 115: e356-375.

180.Muller-Bardorff M. et al. Development and characterization of a rapid assay for bedside determinations of cardiac troponin T // Circulation. -

1995. - Vol. 92. - P. 2869-2875.

181.Apple F.S. et al. Simultaneous rapid measurement of whole blood myoglobin, creatine kinase MB, and cardiac troponin I by the triage cardiac panel for detection of myocardial infarction // Clin. Chem. - 1999. - Vol. 45. - P. 199-205.

182.Panteghini M., Pagani F. Characterization of a rapid immunochromatographic assay for simultaneous detection of high concentrations of myoglobin and CK-MB in whole blood // Clin. Chem. - 1996. -

Vol. 42(8. Pt 1). - P. 1292-1293.

183.Wu A.H. et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Standards of Laboratory Practice: recommendations for the use of cardiac markers in coronary artery diseases // Clin. Chem. - 1999. - Vol. 45. - P. 1104-1121.

184.Bertrand M.E. et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes: acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation. -

recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology // Eur. Heart J. - 2000. - Vol. 21. - P. 1406-1432.

185.Antman E.M., Grudzien C., Sacks D.B. Evaluation of a rapid bedside assay for detection of serum cardiac troponin T // JAMA. - 1995. - Vol. 273. - P. 1279-1282.

186.Ohman E.M. et al. Risk stratification with a point-of-care cardiac troponin T test in acute myocardial infarction. GUSTOIII Investigators. Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Coronary Arteries // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1999. - Vol. 84. - P. 1281-1286.