МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ УКРАИНЫ НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ УКРАИНЫ
Â.В. Болотов, Т. В. Жукова, Е. Е. Микитенко, Е. Н. Свечникова,
Þ.В. Сыч, Т. А. Костина, И. Ю. Петухова, В. П. Мороз
АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ В СХЕМАХ И ТАБЛИЦАХ
СПРАВОЧНИК
Харьков Издательство НФАУ “Золотые страницы” 2002
ɍȾɄ 543.06(075) ȻȻɄ 24.44ɹ2-2
Ⱥ64
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ
(ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 5 ɨɬ 18.10.2001 ɝ.)
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ȼ. ɂ. Ʉɚɛɚɱɧɵɣ (ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ); ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ȼ. ɋ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɶ (ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ)
Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ, ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɢ ɜ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ, ɹɤɿ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɭɡɿɜ ɿ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ “Ɏɚɪɦɚɰɿɹ”, “Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɿɜ”, “Ʉɥɿɧɿɱɧɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɿɹ”, “Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɚɪɮɭɦɟɪɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ”, “Ȼɿɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ”, “Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ”.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ: ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. Ⱥ64 ɮɚɪɦɚɰ. ɜɭɡɨɜ / ȼ. ȼ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜ, Ɍ. ȼ. ɀɭɤɨɜɚ, ȿ. ȿ. Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ. ȼ. Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ. – ɏ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɇɎȺɍ: Ɂɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɵ, 2002 – 172 ɫ.
ISBN 966-615-132-4
ISBN 966-80-32-36-5
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹɯ ɜ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ «Ɏɚɪɦɚɰɢɹ», «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ», «Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɢɹ», «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɚɪɮɸɦɟɪɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ», «Ȼɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ», «Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ».
ɍȾɄ 543.06(075) ȻȻɄ 24.44ɹ2-2
ISBN 966-615-132-4 |
© Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., ɀɭɤɨɜɚ Ɍ.ȼ., |
ISBN 966-80-32-36-5 |
Ɇɢɤɢɬɟɧɤɨ ȿ.ȿ. ɢ ɞɪ., 2002 |
|
© ɇɎȺɍ, 2002 |
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ |
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ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ..................................................................................................................... |
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ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ..................................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ |
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ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.................................................. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ɍɢɩɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ .................................................................. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ....................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ........................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ |
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ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ................................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ |
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ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ................................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨ-ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɨɦɭ |
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ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ................................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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I ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ....................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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I ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ........................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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II ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ....................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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II ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ........................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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III ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ..................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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III ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ......................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ..................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ......................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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V ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ..................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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V ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ........................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ......................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. ɗɬɚɩɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ |
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I-VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ................................................ |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 7. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ I- VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ |
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ɛɟɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ...................................................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ |
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ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ Ba2+ ɢ Ag+ ...................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14. Ⱥɧɢɨɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɪɢ |
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ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ .................................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ |
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ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ................................. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16. Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ |
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ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ I-III ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ |
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ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.................................................................................. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ II-VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɢ |
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ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɢ....................................................... |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 18. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɟɪɭɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ |
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ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ..................................................................................................... |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 8. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ SO42-, SO32-, S2O32-, S2- ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ |
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ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ.................................................................................................. |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 19. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ.................. |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ 9. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ (Cl-, Br-, I-) ............................... |
46 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 20. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ |
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ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ..................................................................................................... |
47 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 10. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ: NO2-, NO3- ............................................ |
48 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ.................................................................... |
49 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ........................................................ |
53 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ...................................................................... |
57 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ................................................ |
59 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ.......................................................................... |
62 |
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.............................................. |
65 |
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ....................................................... |
67 |
ɄɈɅɂɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ............................................................................. |
71 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ............................. |
72 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.................... |
73 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ............................................................................... |
74 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 4. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ.............................. |
75 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ƚɪɚɜɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ........................................................ |
76 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ............................................................. |
78 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ɉɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ...................................................................... |
79 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ɇɟɪɤɭɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ........................................................ |
81 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ................................................ |
82 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.................... |
84 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɉɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ............................................... |
85 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. Ƀɨɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ................................................................ |
86 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ƀɨɞɯɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ......................................................... |
88 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. Ȼɪɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ......................................................... |
89 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. ɇɢɬɪɢɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ....................................................... |
90 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. ɏɪɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ....................................................... |
91 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. ɐɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ............................................................. |
92 |
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ.............................................. |
93 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ |
|
«ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ»............................................................. |
97 |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ........................................................ |
97 |
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.................................... |
97 |
Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ................................................................................... |
102 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ..................................... |
102 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.................................. |
103 |
4
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ |
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ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ................................................................... |
104 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɂɄ- ɢ ɍɎ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ........................... |
105 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɂɄ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɜ .................................... |
106 |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ................................. |
107 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ |
|
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ |
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ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɂɄ-ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ .............................................................................. |
108 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ⱦɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ.................... |
111 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. .................................................................................................................... |
111 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1............................................................................................................... |
111 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 4. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ................................................................ |
112 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ................................................. |
113 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɗɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ................................................ |
114 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ɏɥɭɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ........................................................................................ |
115 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ |
|
ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ......... |
116 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ |
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ɬɭɪɛɢɞɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɮɟɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ.......................................................... |
117 |
ɋɯɟɦɚ 6. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɞ |
|
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.............................................................. |
118 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ............ |
119 |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ......................... |
120 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɢɪɬɨ-ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, |
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ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɛ.% ..................................... |
123 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ (F) ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ |
|
ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɜɟɫɨ-ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ........... |
124 |
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə ........................................................................................................ |
129 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɂɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ Ʉɇ2Ɉ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ |
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ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ............................................................................................ |
130 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ |
|
ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ (t=20°ɋ) ............................................................................... |
130 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ............. |
134 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ......... |
136 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ...................................................................................... |
137 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɉɊɌ) ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ (ɉɊɄ) |
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ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ (S) |
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ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ .................................................................... |
140 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ |
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ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭ...................... |
144 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ |
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ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ (ȕ) .................................................................................... |
155 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ |
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ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ (ȕ) ................................................................................... |
159 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ........ |
161 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ...................... |
164 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ............................. |
165 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɯɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ .......................... |
166 |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ .......................................................................................... |
170 |
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ........................................................................................................... |
171 |
5
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɤɚɤ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ, ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɝɧɨɡɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɘ.ɘ.Ʌɭɪɶɟ "ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ".– Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ. «ɏɢɦɢɹ», 1989) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ: ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ), ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɣ
ɜɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
ȼɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɦɢ.
6
ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 |
ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɏɂɆɂɂ |
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ – |
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ɷɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
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ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ, ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢ- |
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ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ |
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Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
Ɋɟɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚ- |
Ɋɟɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ- |
ɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ |
ɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ |
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣɨɛɴɟɤɬ. |
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ- |
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɢɫɢɫ- |
ɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ |
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ |
ȼɢɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: |
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1.ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ |
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2.ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦ- |
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ɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ |
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3.Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ |
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4.Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɧɚ- |
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ɥɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ) |
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5.Ɏɚɡɨɜɵɣ – ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ |
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ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɯ) |
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6. ɂɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ |
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ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɚɧɫɭɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ) |
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Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ: |
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x ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
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x Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
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x Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
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8
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɆȿɌɈȾɈȼ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ȼ ɁȺȼɂɋɂɆɈɋɌɂ ɈɌ ɄɈɅɂɑȿɋɌȼȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁɂɊɍȿɆɈȽɈ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ |
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ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ |
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ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɦɚɫɫɚ |
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ɨɛɴɟɦ |
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ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɝ |
ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɦɥ |
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Ɇɚɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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Ƚɪɚɦɦ-ɦɟɬɨɞ |
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1-10 |
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10-100 |
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ɉɨɥɭɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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ɋɚɧɬɢɝɪɚɦɦ-ɦɟɬɨɞ |
0,05-0,5 |
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1-10 |
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Ɇɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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Ɇɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ-ɦɟɬɨɞ |
0,01-10-6 |
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0,1-10-4 |
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ɍɥɶɬɪɚɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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Ɇɢɤɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ-ɦɟɬɨɞ |
10-6-10-9 |
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10-4-10-6 |
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ɋɭɛɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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ɇɚɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ-ɦɟɬɨɞ |
10-9-10-12 |
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10-7-10-10 |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 |
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Ɍɂɉɕ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ |
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Ⱦɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ |
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ȼ ɞɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɟɳɟ- |
ȼ |
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ |
ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ |
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ɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ |
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ- |
ɫɦɟɫɶ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨ- |
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ɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹ- |
ɳɶɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ |
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ɸɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ |
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ |
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠ- |
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ɢɨɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ |
ɞɨɣ |
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ |
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ |
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ɢɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟ- |
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ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ |
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Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨ- |
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ɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬ- |
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ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɨɧɨɜ |
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Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɭ: |
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1. Ⱦɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɚɤ- |
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ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ |
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ɋɨɫɬ 10-5 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 |
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2. |
Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨ- |
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ɝɨ |
ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ |
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ |
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ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢ- |
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ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ |
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3. |
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥ- |
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ɠɟɧ ɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ |
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9
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɂɁɇȺɄɂ ɊȿȺɄɐɂɃ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɪ |
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1. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞ- |
3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3- |
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ĻFe3[Fe(CN)6]2 |
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ɤɚ |
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(ɫɜɟɠɟɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ) |
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2. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ |
Cu2+ + 4NH3 |
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[Cu(NH3)4]2+ |
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(ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) |
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3. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ |
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FeS + 2H+ |
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Fe2+ + ĹH2S |
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(ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ) |
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4. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ |
HCN + NaOH |
NaCN + H2O |
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ɬɟɩɥɚ |
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(ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ) |
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CaSO4 + 2H2O |
CaSO4·2H2O |
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(ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ) |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 |
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ |
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Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɇɚ ɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ |
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ɋɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ |
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɨɜ ɦɟ- |
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ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.5.1) |
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ |
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Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ |
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ |
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ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.5.2) |
(HCl, H2SO4) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ (NaOH, NH3·H2O) |
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Ⱥɦɦɢɚɱɧɨ-ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɣ ɦɟ- |
ɇɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɬɢɨ- |
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ɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.5.3) |
ɧɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ |
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10