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Summary

records gradual emergence of the khwadjas as a major political factor in the state, a force respected and feared by both the military nomadic nobility and the landed feudal lords. As demonstrated by the author, the khwadjas’ influ­ ence on the secular authority, represented by the khan, and on the state machine, often proved to be overwhelming. In a word, we see the khwadjas, originally a religious sect, evolve into secular feudal lords.

Unfortunately, this valuable source loses some of its significance by say­ ing nothing about the Aqtaghlyq (White Mountain) khwadjas, political rivals of the Black Mountain sect, whose fierce struggle with the opponent khwadja party had a profound effect upon the destiny of the state and the dy­ nasty.

The reliable and highly important material already mentioned by no means exhausts merits of “The Chronicle” as an historic source. Shah-Mahmud brings new word about neighbour peoples of the Moghulian state opening another page in the history of the Ouzbek, Qazakh, Qirqiz and Oirat and their mutual relationship. His work is the first to report in much detail the campaign, disastrous for the Ouzbek, opened by Sheibanid Abdallah II at the close of his reign (apparently in 1003 H ./1594). Shah-Mahmud is the only annalist who wrote an account about the revolt of Andi-djan citizens in 1048 H. / 1638 when the city’s population rose against the soldiers of Imam-Kuli-khan forc­ ing them finally to raise the siege of the city and retreat.

Shah-Mahmud brings to notice the important role played by Qazakh sultans and their troops in the long varyingly successful struggle of the cen­ tral authorities in Yarkand with rebellious rulers of Eastern Moghulia, with the seats in Chalysh and Turfan. He tells us about unions formed by various Moghulian rulers now with Qazakh khans and now with pretender Qazakh sultans.

Much space in “The Chronicle” is devoted to Qirqiz tribes and clans, their representatives being mentioned by Shah-Mahmud more and more often as his story unfolds, which seems to be collateral evidence of their growing role in the domestic life of the Moghulian state. Indeed, Abd ar-Rashid-khan and his son and heir Abd al-Karim-khan succeeded in inflicting a number of defeats on united armies of the Qazakh and Qirqiz pushing the latter into Central Moghulistan and temporarily making the country’s frontiers safe. However, the tide turned in the reign of their successors, and by the opening of the seventeenth century the Qirqiz not only settled at the northern and north-western borders of the Moghulian state, but became a cause of special annoyance with vicegerents in Kashghar, Uch and Aqsu, which areas they penetrated, driven by the growing pressure of the Oirat (Qalmaq) and settled taking advantage of the obvious weakening of the khan’s power. The Qirqiz settlement was of particular import since it was followed by their migrations

371

Шах-Махмуд ибн Мирза Фазил Чурас. Хроника

en masse within the state. At first Yarkand rulers sought to keep the move­ ment in check, but unable to control it they decided to use the Qirqiz tribes as a force capable of strengthening the khans’ authority in their fight the powerful military nomadic nobility. Thus Qirqiz tribal detachments made their appearance throughout the khans’ troops, while Qirqiz feudal lords came to occupy a prominent place at the court in the second half of the sev­ enteenth century under Abdallah-khan. By the end of his reign numerous administrative posts and offices both in the capital and the province were held by Qirqizes and Qirqiz units constituted the bulk of the khan’s military force. This, however, did not prevent the khan from two attempts to exter­ minate some Qirqiz tribes. To cite just an example, by the order of Abdal­ lah-khan, about 10.000 Bulghachi tribesmen were massacred.

Of no small importance is “The Chronicle”s evidence for the historian of the Qalmaq (Oirat) and their expanding pressure on Eastern Turkestan from the 1640s onwards. It is common knowledge that the Qalmaq penetration of the region/which ended in its complete subjugation, and its routes remain practically uninves-tigated, since both Central Asiatic sources of the seven­ teenth and eighteenth centuries and local historiographic writings gave little attention to the Qalmaq progress and contain surprisingly few data about the people. The only exception so far known is the present work, whose value is greatly enhanced by its being a firsthand report of an eyewitness to the conquest. Reading “The Chronicle” we observe episodic raids of the Qalmaq to change, as the strength and power of the Djunghar khanate grew, into regular and insistent interference with domestic affairs of the Moghulian state. Finally, with further internal dissension and strife resulting in disinte­ gration of the state, the Qalmaq interference made it lose the last vestiges of independence.

The edition contains a publication of the original part of “The Chronicle” by Shah-Mahmud b. mirza Fazil Churas, accompanied by its Russian trans­ lation with detailed-commentary, and a study by O. F. Akimushkin on the author, his work and history of Eastern Turkestan from the 1640-s to the 1670s. The book is provided with a number of indexes.

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