Text b What are Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?

Economists talk about microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with people, like you and me, and private businesses. It looks at the economic decisions people make every day. It examines how families manage their household budgets. Microeconomics also deals with companies - small or large – and how they run their business. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the economy of a country - and of the whole world. Any economist will tell you, though, that microeconomics and macroeconomics are closely related. All of our daily microeconomic decisions have an effect on the wider world around us.

Another way to look at the science of economics is to ask, ‘what’s it good for?’ Economists don’t all agree on the answer to this question. Some practice positive economics. They study economic data and try to explain the behavior of the economy. They also try to guess economic changes before they happen. Others practice normative economics. They suggest how to improve the economy. Positive economists say, ‘this is how it is’. Normative economists say, ‘we should … ’

So what do economists do? Mainly, they do three things: collect data, create economic models and formulate theories. Data collection can include facts and figures about almost anything, from birth rates to coffee production. Economic models show relationships between these different data. For example, the relationship between the money people earn and unemployment. From this information, economists try to make theories which explain why the economy works the way it does.

Vocabulary List

1. microeconomics – микроэкономика

2. macroeconomics – макроэкономика

3. household budget – бюджет домохозяйства

4. torunabusiness – управлять компанией, вести бизнес

5. data – данные sg. datum

Notes

1. positiveeconomics – позитивная экономика

2. normativeeconomics – нормативная экономика

3. datacollection – сбор данных

4. birth rate – уровень рождаемости

Ex 1.Suggest the Russian equivalents:

to manage household budgets; to be closely related’ to have an effect on the wider world around us; to practice positive economics; to guess economic changes; to create economic models; why the economy works the way it does.

Ex 2. Answer the questions.

1. What does microeconomics deal with?

2. What’s the field macroeconomics studies?

3. How do positive/normative economists see their tasks?

4. What do economists do in general?

Ex 3.Match the term with the appropriate explanation.

Macroeconomics, budget, business, Microeconomics

1. The branch of economics that examines and explains the behavior of human beings and things in small units: e.g. a particular firm, household etc.

2. The branch of economics that examines and explains economic facts in the aggregate, i.e. in totals for the whole community or nation.

3. An account of probable future income (money coming in) and expenditure (money going out) during a stated period, usually a year, used as a guide in making financial arrangements.

4. A person, firm, company or other organization which makes or produces a product, buys and sells goods or provides some kind of service, use for the purpose of making a profit.

Ex 4. Increase your vocabulary.

1. Fill in the blanks with the right word from the table:

economics, economy, economic, economical, economists, economically, economize

1. Different …… may have opposite points of view on the problems …… studies.

2. In their daily living people have to make a lot of …… decisions.

3. The …… system of a country is usually called the national …….

4. In times of crisis most people have to live very …….

5. You should be …… with the money you earn.

6. In this university we study ……, it’s our core subject.

7. Keyens is know is one of the world’s famous …….

8. The management’s decision …… on the workers’ wages were not approved of by the staff.

Translate into English:

1. Состояние экономики очень тревожное.

2. Экономическая политика правительства часто подвергается справедливой критике.

3. Она очень экономная хозяйка, ни копейки зря не истратит.

4. Мировая экономика – это наука, которая изучает состояние экономики в разных странах мира.

5. Моя новая машина гораздо экономичнее старой.

2. Use these words in the suitable blanks in the sentences below:

produce, producer, production, productive, productive, productivity

1. The company …… a new commodity every year.

2. The company’s newest …… is a special blue soap powder.

3. The …… of soap powders met last year to discuss prices.

4. That factory is not as …… now as it was 5 years ago.

5. The …… of that factory has gone down over the last 5 years.

6. The manager of the factory has decided that they must increase their …… of packets of soap powder.

Translate into English:

1. В этом году наша компания изготовила (выпустила) вдвое больше автомобилей, чем в прошлом.

2. Производители этой модели оборудования не смогли найти для нее рынка сбыта (readymarket).

3. Эта фирма известна своей высококачественной продукцией.

4. Производство нового самолета начнется в следующем году.

5. Они работают очень много, но все их усилия не слишком продуктивны.

6. Руководство ищет эффективные способы повышения производительности труда.

3. Put in the necessary prepositions.

1. The term economics is derived … the Greek for oikos and nomos.

2. … goods we mean physical commodities, … services – activities.

3. Services may be consumed only … the instant they are produced.

4. It is not always easy to find a compromise … people’s desires … goods and services, and the scarcity … resource … which they can be produced.

5. The modern market economy comprises … three types of economic agents.

6. Consumers represent households that provide labour and other resources to produce … an income which they use to purchase consumer goods.

7. Producers acquire factors … production … households.

8. Outputs can be classified … goods and services.

9. The government is involved … the economy as a producer, consumer? Regulator and supervisor … economic activities.

10. Consumers, producers and the government have to make rational decisions … available resources.

11. The aim of the firm is to draw maximum profit … given resources or obtain desired results … the minimum efforts or cost.