Part III Unit 1.

Text A. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык.

Law

Law is a system of rules established by the state.

The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

One important distinction made in all countries is between private-or civil - law and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.

The system of law in our country consists of different categories of law.

Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country's Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.

Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of a government and ministries.

Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Crimes are wrongs which, even committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general. Criminal law takes the form of a criminal code.

International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credit other spheres of financial activity.

Vocabulary:

aim	цель, задача	criminal law	уголовное право
safeguard	гарантировать	legal	законный, правовой
economic foundation	экономическая основа	taxation	налогообложение
distinction	различие	define	определять
consist of	состоять из	responsibility	ответственность
private (civil) law	частное (гражданское) право	crime	преступление
public law	публичное право	punishment	наказание
deal with	иметь дело с	apply	применять
principle source	основной источник	harm	причинять вред
well-being of society	благополучие общества	relations	отношения
be closely connected with		быть тесно связанным с

1. Ответьте на вопросы.

a) What is law?

b) What is the main aim of law?

c) What categories of law does the system of law in Russia consist of?

d) What is the principal source of constitutional law?

e) What does criminal law define?

2. Заполните пропуски словами, обоначающими соответствуюие отрасли права.

a) ______ deals with budget, taxation, state credits.

b) ______ regulates relations between governments.

c) ______ deals with crime and punishment.

d) ______ deals with legal forms of executive and administrative activity.

Unit 2. The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.

Text B .Прочитайте текст В и переведите его на русский язык.

The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland is a constitutional mornarchy. There are three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. Parliament makes laws, the government «executes» laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power. Parliament, the legislative body, consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

To become a law a bill must pass through Parliament in several stages. At first it is introduced in the House of Commons where it recieves a formal first reading. It is then printed and read a second time. After that it is discussed in detail and amended.

At the third reading it is debated. After that the bill goes to the House of Lords, where it passes the same procedure as in the House of Commons. Then the bill is signed by the Queen and becomes law.