книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров
..pdfI’d like to welcome our first guest, Professor Oleg Petrov.
PROFESSOR OLEG PETROV: Well, we are in energy crisis and we’ll have to do something quickly. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are rapidly running out. The tragedy is that fossil fuels are too valuable to waste on the production of electricity. I think that nuclear power is the only real alternative. We are getting some electricity from nuclear power already. There has been a lot of pro test against nuclear power. But nuclear power-stations will not be as dangerous as some people say if safety regulations in powerstations are very strict.
ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Professor. Our next guest is a member of the campaign against nuclear energy, Mr. Dymov.
MR. DYMOV: Right. I must disagree totally with Professor Petrov. Let’s look at the facts. In the case of an accident huge areas are evacuated, and they remain contaminated with radioactivity for years. Radioactivity causes cancer and may affect future gen erations.
Next, nuclear waste. There is no technology for absolutely safe disposal. Some of this waste will remain active for thousands of years. Is that what you want to leave to your children? And their children’s children?
I consider that nuclear energy is expensive, dangerous, and evil, and most of all, absolutely unnecessary.
But Dr. Krimova will be saying more about the problem.
ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mr. Dymov. Now I’m very pleased to welcome Dr. Krimova, our final speaker. She is the author of several books on alternative technology.
DR. KRIMOVA: Hello! I’d like to begin by agreeing with Mr. Dymov. We can develop alternative sources of power. Instead of burning fossil fuels we should be concentrating on more economic uses of electricity. Electricity can be produced from any source of energy. You can save more by conservation than you can produce for the same money. Unless we do research on solar energy, wind power, wave power, tidal power, etc., our fossil fuels will run out, and we’ll all freeze or starve to death. We have to spend much more on research, and don’t forget that energy from the sun, the waves and the wind lasts forever. We really won’t survive unless we start working on cleaner, safer sources of energy.
ANNOUNCER: Thank you very much, Dr. Krimova. Now we are opening the discussion.
6-176
На обсуждение выносятся следующие вопросы:
1.What are the problems with coal as a domestic fuel?
2.What are the advantages of oil and gas over coal?
3.Which energy source increased most between 1973 and 1986 in the UK?
4.Which eneigy source decreased most between 1973-1986 in the UK?
5.Is nuclear power the only alternative to fossil fuels for the production of electricity?
6.Is nuclear energy dangerous and unnecessary?
7.How can people develop alternative sources of energy and which ones?
Фразы для ведущего:
Right, let’s get started.
Perhaps, you’d like to start, Ann.
Just a minute, Peter, let Ann finish what she was saying. We’ll come to your point later.
Perhaps, you’d like to explain/tell us ...
Let’s move on ...
Слова и выражения для участников: |
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let’s look at the facts |
I mean |
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I consider |
that |
listen to the other speakers |
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by the way |
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after |
all |
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with great |
Interest |
some |
of the |
estimates |
to rely on (the fossil fuels, oil, coal) |
world |
energy resenres |
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look to the |
future |
new research |
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to spend money on |
conservation |
of present resources |
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new forms |
of power |
to be |
fairly |
optimistic |
А теперь выбирайте ведущего и начинайте дискуссию, руководствуясь вопросами, вынесенными на обсуждение, статьей, фразами, приведенными после статьи и на с. 158, а главное, вашей эрудицией и конкретными зна ниями по обсуждаемой проблеме. Желаем успеха!
UNIT 7 Prospecting and Exploration
A. Грамматика.
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1. |
Сравнение функций причастия и герундия |
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2. |
(повторение). |
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Инфинитив (The Infinitive) и его функции в |
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Текст A. |
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предложении. |
Prospecting. |
Б. Грамматика.
Инфинитивные обороты. Текст Б. Exploration of Mineral Deposits.
B. Текст В
Кроссворд (Crossword). Интервью с проф. Мортоном.
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д |
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ГРАММАТИКА |
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1. |
Сравнение функций причастна и герундия |
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(повторение) |
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Сравнительная таблица функций причастна н герундия |
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Функция |
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Герундий |
Причастие I |
Подлежащее |
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Driving а саг is his |
— |
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hobby. |
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Именная часть |
His hobby is driving |
— |
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сказуембго |
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a carl |
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Часть глагольного |
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He is driving too fast. |
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сказуемого |
(Con |
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tinuous) |
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Дополнение |
He enjoys driving. |
Определение |
I don’t like his plan |
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of driving to the |
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country. |
Обстоятельство |
After driving almost |
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the whole day he |
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felt very tired. |
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The man driving a car is our manager.
(When/While) driving a car one must be very attentive.
2. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) и его функции в предложении
Инфинитив — это неличная форма глагола, которая называет
действие: to workработать, to drill сверлить, буритьи др.
Формальным признаком инфинитива в английском языке яв ляется частица to. После модальных и вспомогательных глаголов частица to перед инфинитивом отсутствует.
Инфинитив имеет следующие формы:
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Active |
Passive |
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Indefinite (Simple) |
to |
apply |
to |
be applied |
Continuous |
to |
be applying |
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Perfect |
to |
have applied |
to |
bave been applied |
Perfect Continuous |
to have been applying |
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Особое внимание следует обратить на инфинитив в страдатель ном залоге (Infinitive Passive), который очень часто встречается в технических текстах. Сравните:
The engineer wants to help |
Инженер хочет помочь |
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the workers. (Active) |
рабочим. |
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The engineer wants to be |
Инженер хочет, чтобы ему |
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helped. (Passive) |
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помогли. |
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Функции инфинитива |
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Функция |
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Пример |
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Перевод |
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1. Подлежащее |
(обычно |
То lean out of the win |
Высовывать |
голову в |
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перед таким |
инфини |
dow is dangerous, |
окно (поезда) опасно. |
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тивом ставят it) |
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(обычно: It |
is danger |
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ous to lean out of the |
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window.) |
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2. Дополнение |
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We decided to wait for |
Мы решили подождать |
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3. Определение |
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her. |
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ее. |
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Her wish to win was |
Ее |
желание |
выиграть |
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quite natural. |
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было |
вполне естест |
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Is there much woik to do/ |
венным. |
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работы, |
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Сегодня |
много |
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to be done today? |
которую |
нужно |
вы |
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4. Обстоятельство |
цели |
I went to London to |
полнить? |
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Я |
поехал |
в |
Лондон, |
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или следствия |
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learn English. |
чтобы |
изучить |
анг |
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He left home, never to be |
лийский язык. |
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Он оставил дом, и ни |
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seen again. |
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кто |
не |
видел |
его |
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5. Часть сложного до I heard someone open |
снова. |
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Я слышал(а), как кто-то |
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полнения |
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the door. |
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открыл дверь. |
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I’d like you to And him a |
Я хотел(а) бы, чтобы вы |
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6. Часть сложного |
под |
job. |
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нашли ему работу. |
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She is known to have a |
Известно, что |
она |
вла |
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лежащего |
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fine collection of paint |
деет прекрасной |
кол |
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ings. |
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лекцией живописи. |
ПРВДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1.Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
[i]— 'mineral, 'different, 'difference, 'fissure, distinctive [i:] — 'region, need, seam, piece, re'lief, ga'lena
[э] |
— |
'quality, 'quantity, 'copper, rock, crop |
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to:] |
— |
call, ore, small, ex'plore, |
'forecast |
[*] |
— |
extract, sand, 'gravel, 'valuable, map, lo'cality |
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[A] |
— |
'country, such, e'nough, 'lustre, 'lustrous, occurrence |
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[ei] |
— |
stage, 'data, 'nature, grey, |
'mainly, ex'plain, a'vailable |
[ou] — |
float, stone, gold, ex'pose, |
'opening |
2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.
aerial [ 'бэПэ1] а воздушный; над земный
certain ['sa:tn] а определенный; некоторый; certainly adv конеч но
cost [kost] (cost) v стоить; л цена; стоимость
crop [krop] v (out) обнажать(ся), выходить на поверхность (о
пласте, породе); syn expose; за севать, собирать урожай
dredging ['died3ig] п выемка грун та; драгирование
drill [drü] v бурить, сверлить; п бурение, сверление; бурильный молоток; drilling п бурение, сверление; core-drilling колон ковое (керновое) бурение
drive [draiv] (drove [drouv], driven
['drrvnj) v проходить (горизон тальную выработку); приводить в движение; управлять (.маши ной); п горизонтальная выра ботка; привод; передача
evidence ['evid(3)ns] п основание; признак(и); свидетельства
expect [iks'pekt] v ожидать; рас считывать; думать; предлагать explore [iks'pto:] v разведывать месторождение полезного ис копаемого с попутной добы чей; exploratory а разведочный; exploration л детальная развед ка; разведочные горные работы
по месторождению
galena [дэ'И:пэ] л галенит, свин цовый блеск
Indicate ['indikeit] v указывать, показывать; служить призна ком; означать
lead [led] л свинец
look for ['luk 'fa:] v искать
open up ['oupn 'лр] v вскрывать
(.месторождение); нарезать (но
вую лаву, забой); opening п
горная выработка; подготови тельная выработка; вскрытие месторождения
panning ['pœnlp] л промывка (зо
лотоносного песка в лотке) processing ['prousesig] л обработ ка; - industry обрабатывающая
промышленность
prove [prurv] v разведывать
рактер месторождения или легания); доказывать; испыты вать, пробовать; proved а раз веданный, достоверный; prov ing л опробование, предвари тельная разведка
search [sartJl v исследовать; (for)
искать (месторождение); л по иск; syn prospecting
sign [sain] л знак, символ; при знак, примета
store [sto:] v хранить, накапливать
(о запасах)
work [wa:k] v работать; вынимать, извлекать (уголь, руду); вырабатывать; workable а подходящий для работы, пригодный
для разработки, рабочий (о пласте); рентабельный; working п разработка, горная выработка
country rock коренная (основная) порода distinctive properties отличительные свойства malleable ['mellabl] metal ковкий металл
Определите, |
какой |
частью речи |
являются следующие слова. |
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гге их: |
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explore |
— |
explorer |
— |
exploration |
indicate |
— |
indicator |
— |
indication |
prospect |
— |
prospector |
— |
prospecting |
survey |
— |
surveyor |
— |
surveying |
differ |
— |
different |
— |
difference |
occur |
— |
occurrence |
— |
occurring |
lustre |
— |
lustrous |
— |
science |
scientist |
— |
scientific |
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consider |
— |
considerable |
— |
consideration |
investigate |
— |
investigator |
— |
investigation |
4.Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:
aerial survey |
geological exploration |
ground methods of prospecting |
accurate data |
visible evidence of mineral deposits |
exploration equipment |
search for valuable minerals |
certain ore deposits |
exploratory workings |
a particular type of ground |
mode of occurrence |
gold dredging |
a preliminary estimation of the deposit |
space research |
lustrous coal |
to crop out at the surface |
to touch upon a problem |
to cope with a problem |
to solve a problem |
to deal with a problem |
5. Определите значения выделенных слов но сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке. Переведите их:
the problems of searching for economically useful mineral de posits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography
6. Прочитдйте текст А. Скажите, что должно быть в центре внимания геолога при разведке новых месторождений.
ТЕКСТА Prospecting
Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the min ing activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which in volves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.
As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.
Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral ization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.
As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science ofgeology was used to explain the occurrence ofore deposits.
The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geologi cal investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not.
Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.
General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topo graphical relief, the type of ground and its general natural condi tions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed
during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary depos its would be expected.
Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.
At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:
1.Surface geological and mineialogical prospecting such as panning.
2.Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.
3.Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to explore the Earth’s resources from space by satellites.
In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
7.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фвктвмв из текств.
1.The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving.
2.Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of min eral deposits.
3.The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.
4.The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits.
5.As a rule prospecting includes four stages.
6.The study of general topographical relief and the type of ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.
7:Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground.
8.As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.
8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What is prospecting?
2.What is proving?
3.How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?
4.Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal or as a heavy dark-grey one?
5.What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?
6.What does prospecting work provide?
7.What are the three main stages of prospecting?
8.Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality for exposing this or that mineral?
9.What methods of prospecting do you know?
10.What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting
now?
9. а) Найдите в правой колонкерусские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:
1. country rock |
а) залегание рудных месторождений |
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2. panning |
б) |
блестящий металл |
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3. |
the search for commercially |
в) |
коренная (основная) порода |
4. |
useful deposits |
г) дополнительные запасы минералов |
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geological exploration |
д) |
промывка (золотоносного песка |
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5. |
to look for evidence of miner |
е) |
в лотке) |
6. |
alization |
геологическая разведка |
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distinctive properties |
ж) |
(с попутной добычей) |
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7. |
lustrous metal |
искать доказательства наличия |
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8. |
capable of attracting a piece |
з) |
месторождения |
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of iron |
отличительные свойства |
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9. additional supplies of |
и) |
поиски экономически полезных |
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minerals |
к) |
месторождений |
10. the occurrence of ore deposits |
способный притягивать кусок |
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металла |
б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:
1. |
стоимость геологических иссле |
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а) the data obtained |
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2. |
дований |
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б) galena, sandstones and |
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выходить на поверхность (обна |
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shales |
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3. |
жаться) |
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в) the cost of geological |
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произвести предварительную |
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investigations |
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4. |
оценку (месторождения) |
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r) to crop out |
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визуальные наблюдения с воздуха |
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д) certain ore deposits |
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5. |
полученные данные |
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е) to make a preliminary |
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6. |
галенит, песчаники и сланцы |
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estimation (of a deposit) |
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7. |
общие показания |
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ж) visual aerial observations |
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8. |
находить признаки месторождения |
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з) to find the signs of a deposit |
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9. |
определенные рудные месторождения |
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и) general indications |
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10. Подберите из списка А и Б близкие по значению слова: |
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А. |
Б. |
а) |
alike |
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1. |
improve |
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2. |
supply |
б) |
seam |
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3. |
purpose |
в) |
get, receive |
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4. |
various |
r) |
of course |
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5. |
similar |
д) look for |
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6. |
manufacture |
е) |
aim |
7. obtain |
ж) |
make better |
8. search |
з) |
produce |
9. bed |
и) |
different |
10. size |
к) |
provide |
11. certainly |
л) |
dimension |
11. Определите, какой частью реча авлаютса выделенные слова.
Переведите предложении:
1.The search for primary gold deposits can be made by metallometric methods of prospecting.
2.The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for eco nomically useful deposits.
3.Geologists study geological prospecting maps drawn up on the basis of the preliminary search and forecast of the possible occurrence of new deposits.
4.The study of the character of a locality in the area of search will help determine prospecting methods to be used.
5.Prospecting work provides information on the cost of the geological investigations. It indicates how much these investigations cost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.
6.Geologists use geophysical methods.
7.As is known, the use of certain bacteria helps search for oil and gas.
12.Заполните пропуски в предложепиах, используй приведенные слова:
explore exploratory exploration exploring
а )l. deals with a complex range of geological, mining and economic problems. Its main task is to determine the quality, shape and mode of occurrence of mineral deposits and their main properties.
2. Exploration includes drilling and driving of openings. These ... openings can supply the most accurate information on the mineral exposed by them.
3.While ... a deposit the geologists establish its general size, determine shape, dimensions and quality.
4.The geological party was sent to ... a new deposit.
survey (surveying) |
surveyor(s) |
surveyed |
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б) |
1. In recent years combined geophysical |
by air has been |
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used on a wide scale. |
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2. |
In modem |
automation |
is being used in recording th |
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field measurements. |
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