книги / Научно-техническая революция и развитие социалистического общества

Ɉɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ (ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭ ɦɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɭ ɜɨɠɞɟɣ – ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ) ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɫɭɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɬɜɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɫɬɨɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ, ɩɨ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ, ɚ ɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɛɨɪɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ɍ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɸ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ1.

ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ (ɬ.ɟ. ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ) ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ – ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ (ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ) ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɨ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ «ɜɤɪɚɩɥɟɧɢɹɯ» ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ «ɜɤɪɚɩɥɟɧɢɹ» ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɤ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɚ-

ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɸ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɦɟɪɡɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ». (Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɢ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ. 1-ɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ «ɇɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ», ɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ // «ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ», 1965, ʋ 10, ɫɬɪ. 99-100. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ – 3.Ɏ.).

ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɢɞɟɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ «ɑɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ». (ɋɦ. ɉɋɋ. ɬ.6, ɫɬɪ.69-70). 1 ɋɦ. ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. Ⱦɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ «ɥɟɜɢɡɧɵ» ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɟ. ɉɋɋ, ɬ.41, ɫɬɪ.101. Ⱦɨ-

ɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ II ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ 20 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ», ɬ. 37, ɫɬɪ.449.

360

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɧɨɜɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ (ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ «ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ» ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ, ɫɜɨɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨ. ɇɌɊ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɞ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɧɚɞɨ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɭ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ (ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.

Ʉɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɞɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-

361

ɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɲɚɝ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ (ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ) ɬɢɩɚ.

ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 23).

Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2 3

Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ (ɜ %% ɤ ɢɬɨɝɭ)

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɤɪyɝy ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.14. ɇɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ (ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ) ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥɢ 92,3 % ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, 90,2 % ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ, 95,2 % ɂɌɊ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 23 ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɢ ɹɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɶ – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɟɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ.

ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦ,

362

ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ «ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ». ɇɨ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɛɥɚɝ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ – ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ – ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɯɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɯɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ (ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ. ɇɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ yɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ.

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ (ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ) ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɬɨɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ-

363

ɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡ-

ɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ1.

ɇɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ), ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɇɌɊ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ.

ȼɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɇɌɊ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɫɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɟ «ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ» ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ «ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ» ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɠɟ

ɜɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɭɠ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɋɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɫɬɚ-

1«…ɉɨɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɷɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ȼɟɡɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɚɡɛɭɤɟ. Ȼɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɭɯɢ, ɫɩɥɟɬɧɢ, ɫɤɚɡɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɫɭɞɤɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ». (ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɜ. ɉɋɋ, ɬ. 44, ɫɬɪ. 173).

364

ɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɟ, ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ.

ȼ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.

ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ, ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.

ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɦ.

ɇɌɊ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-

365

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ:

1)ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ;

ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ,

ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɦ, ɫɜɟɪɯɴɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɤɭɥɶɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪ-

ɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ.;

2)ɜɟɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;

3)ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɢɥɢ ɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɰ) ɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ;

4)ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɚɤɫɢɨɦ;

5)ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ, ɢɥ-

ɥɸɡɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ

366

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ

ɢɮɢɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;

6)ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ, ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɮɟɬɢɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ «ɢɡɜɧɟ», ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɷɩɨɯɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ, ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ. ɂɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ – ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɢ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɬɟɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (ɧɨ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ) ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ». ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɷɬɨɣ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɨɥɝɨ: ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ; ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ,

367

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ȼɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɞɭ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ).

ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ».

ȼɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ». Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ.

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ (ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼɵɲɟ (ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ II, III ɢ IV) ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

368

ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. ɍɡɤɢɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɢɡɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ, ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɨ ɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɧɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ «ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ», ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 24).

Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2 4

Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɜ %% ɤ ɢɬɨɝɭ)

ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɤɪɭɝ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 21 (ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɢ ɂɌɊ), 20 (ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ). Ɂɚ 100 % ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ.

ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤ ɭɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ

369