- •22 Указания к выполнению контрольных заданий
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Chemistry
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнение
- •1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
- •2. Найдите пары антонимов:
- •3. Переведите слова в скобках на английский язык
- •4. Определите видо-временную форму глагола и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык
- •5. Сделайте письменный пересказ текста
- •III. Control text
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •2. Подберите к английским словам из а русские эквивалентные слова из в.
- •3. Подберите к словам из а синонимы из в и переведите слова.
- •4. Переведите предложения и поставьте все типы вопросов к ним.
- •5. Сделайте аннотацию текста.
- •III. Control text
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. The Nature of Ceramics
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •1. Ответьте на вопросы.
- •2. Откройте скобки, использую правильную форму глагола и переведите предложения.
- •3. Переведите предложения из Active в Passive и наоборот. Перевести их на русский язык.
- •4. Составьте 10 предложений на английском языке, используя слова из активного словаря.
- •5. Составьте план пересказа текста и напишите по 2-3 предложения к каждому пункту.
- •III. Control Text
- •Разделите следующие превращения на физические и химические.
- •I. Почитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •III.Control text
- •I Прочитайте и переведите текст Radioactivity
- •Vocabulary
- •II Выполните упражнения
- •III. Control text
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Поставьте 15 вопросов к тексту
- •III. Control text
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Liquids
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •1. Ответьте на вопросы
- •2. Переведите предложения. Определите функцию герундия в предложении и его форму.
- •3. Заполните пропуски предлогами где необходимо, переведите предложения.
- •4. Определите видо-временную форму глагола и залог сказуемого. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму.
- •5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
- •III. Control Text
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Molecules
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •5. Заполните пропуски словами, приведенными ниже. Некоторые слова могут быть использованы несколько раз. Переведите предложения.
- •III. Control Text
- •I.Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •III.Control text
- •Unit 10
- •I. Прочитайте и переведите текст
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Выполните упражнения
- •1. Выберите подходящий для текста заголовок и обоснуйте свой выбор.
- •2. Ответьте на вопросы
- •3. Дайте химические термины к следующим определениям (определение переведите).
- •4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на … обороты
- •5. Подберите к словам, словосочетаниям и химическим терминам 1 - 25 соответствующие определения а – у.
- •III. Control text
- •Test 10
III.Control text
Прочитайте и переведите текст
Non-chemist can't help being surprised to learn that many chemical compounds are obtained from living things. For example, sugars, ethanol, methane, urea, etc.
What all these compounds have in common are the elements carbon and hydrogen. Thus, it can be said that nearly all compounds obtained from living things are carbon compounds.
In the early days of chemistry no one ever thought of obtaining compounds from living things in the laboratory. The idea was that there were special processes going on inside the organism (living thing). The special processes were believed to be essential for the formation of the compounds. So, chemists considered the compounds from organisms to be somehow special and different from "ordinary" chemicals that could be made in the laboratory. They called chemicals from living things organic chemicals and the others inorganic chemicals.
However, in 1828 a chemist called Wohler showed organic chemicals to be just ordinary chemical substances. He did this by converting an inorganic chemical into an organic one simply by heating it in the laboratory. Gradually, more and more organic chemicals were shown to be just like ordinary chemicals. But we still use the terms "organic" and "inorganic" to divide chemicals into two classes. Nowadays, however, we use the term "organic compounds" to mean carbon compounds, there being some exceptions to the rule.
Most of the organic chemicals we have nowadays are man-made and are obtained directly from organisms. However, the main raw material for manufacturing organic chemicals is petroleum, it having been formed in the past from marine organisms.
Why do we have to separate a branch of chemistry just for carbon compounds? Couldn't its compounds be included with those of other elements?
There's a simple reason for keeping carbon compounds separate: there are just too many of them. There are more compounds of carbon than compounds of all the other elements put together. Organic chemistry is therefore to be a very large branch of chemistry. It includes millions of compounds. Most of these are compounds of carbon involving just a few other nonmetallic elements, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens.
Why does carbon have so many more compounds than other elements? What is special about it? The answer to these questions is: carbon atoms have the special property of being able to join together to form chains of atoms. The chains may be short, or they may be hundreds or even thousands of atoms long.
Since the carbon chain can be practically any length, the number of possible hydrocarbons is enormous.
Ответьте на вопросы
What sugars does the author mean?
Why are carbon compounds so important?
What was the source of organic chemicals in the past?
What chemical did Wohler prepare in the laboratory?
What else can Wohler be credited with?
What do you know about petroleum?
It's written in the text: "Nowadays, however, we use the term "organic compounds" to mean carbon compounds, there being some exceptions to the rule." What are the exceptions?
Перескажите текст
Test 9
1. Carbon is to be … along with hydrogen and oxygen as one of the most important element.
Studied
Considered
Ranked
Known
2. Graphite is a conductor of…
Electricity
Light
Heat
Exhausts
3. Carbon … only about 0.03 percent of the Earth crust.
Contains
Makes
Has
Constitutes
4. Carbon … in two crystalline forms.
Occurs
Meets
Is
Presents
5. These forms differ strikingly by their …
Sites
Properties
Structures
Masses
6. Graphite … parallel planes of atoms.
Possessed
Possess
Is possessed
Possesses
7. All atoms in a diamond are firmly … together.
Linked
Ranked
Bonded
Bound
8. The carbon chain can be practically any…
Height
Hence
Length
Light
9. Carbon dioxide vaporizes without … at 79o.
Heating
Melting
Cooling
Leading
10. Carbon … is a colourless, odourless gas with small solubility in water.
Dioxide
Compound
Element
Monoxide