- •Часть 2. Теоретическая грамматика
- •Inversion
- •It is possible to use almost any combination of tenses in conditional sentences. The context determines the choice of tense.
- •In questions: suppose/supposing (that) what if imagine
- •Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning:
- •Verbs faking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning
- •Inversion
- •Implied conditionals
Inversion
There are at least eighteen types of inversion:
1. neg intro
2. intro adverbial (in, down, prepositional phrase)
3. intro -ed
4. comparative
5. intro comparative
6. as
7. so... that...
8. had, should, were
9. there is
10. here is
11. intro -ing
12. emphasis
13. the bigger, the better
14. questions
15. "story speech"
16. nor
17. so do I/neither do I
18. intro adjective
7. Chris Young, a fashion designer, is talking to his staff about keeping the designs for his next show a secret. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
Under no circumstances 1) ...should you tell... (you/should/ tell) anyone about the plans for the show next week and in no way 2) ....................... (you/must/give) our competitors any clues about our designs. Not until the day after the fashion show 3) .............................. (you/will/be able to) talk to reporters about the clothes. Only in this way 4) .................................. (the show/will/be) a success. If you all follow these orders, not only 5) ............................. (you/will/get) a large bonus after the show, but you will also be given some time off.
8. Rewrite each sentence using the words in brackets.
There are no circumstances where audience members may consume alcohol. (Under no circumstances)
Nobody has won so many matches for his team since 1994. (Not since)
We won’t consider you for the basketball team until you grow up. (Not until)
The gang didn’t know that the police had them under surveillance. (Little)
You can’t use my car at any time. (At no time)
6. They started to argue soon after they had gotten married. (No sooner)
9. The following sentences may (or may not) include inversions. Choose the correct option.
1. Thank goodness …….. hurt in the train accident.
a) didn’t more people get c) more didn’t get people
b) didn’t get more people d) more people didn’t get
2. The study showed …….. for maternal and child health.
a) how is nutrition important c) that how important nutrition is
b) how important nutrition is d) that how nutrition is important
3. Only by working three jobs …….. able to support his large family.
a) he was c) he’s being
b) he is d) was he
4. The boss didn’t know what to do, …….. the rest of us.
a) so did c) neither
b) either d) nor did
5. It was not until Andrew stopped smoking …….. healthy again.
a) did he feel c) then he felt
b) that he started to feel d) that he did feel
6. …….. you see Frank at the conference, give him my regards.
a) Should c) Might
b) Would d) Could
7. Strange ........ , he chose not to undergo surgery.
a) may it seem c) was it that
b) as may it seem d) as it may sound
8. Try …….. he could not save the drowning woman.
a) did he hard c) as hard as
b) as he might d) though he did
9. So ……. that she licked the plate clean.
a) being hungry c) hungry was she
b) great her hunger d) had she hunger
10. Effie disliked the film, ………
a) as did Frank c) nor Frank
b) and also disliked it Frank d) so Frank did
11. …….. the medicine than she began to feel better.
a) Not until she swallowed c) No sooner had she swallowed
b) Hardly did she swallow d) Having swallowed
12. Only by speaking more …….. improve your fluency in English.
a) you are able to c) does
b) is it possible to d) will it
10. Rewrite the sentences using the words / phrases given.
Example:
He not only dropped the eggs, but he slipped on them.
Not only ...did he drop the eggs, but he slipped on them...
1. She has seldom been to such a good party.
Seldom .......................................................................
2. I have rarely met such polite people.
Rarely ........................................................................
3. They have not once visited the museum in the town.
Not once .......................................................................
4. I realised only then that the window was broken.
Only then ...................................................................
5. I not only took the picture, but I developed it.
Not only ........................................................................
6. They have never taken such an important exam before.
Never before .............................................................
7. I had no sooner closed the door than Bill opened it again.
No sooner ......................................................................
8. He has seldom heard such an amusing joke.
Seldom.....................................................................
9. They have rarely taken a day off work.
Rarely ............................................................................
10. He has not once asked us to help him.
Not once .......................................................................
11. They had no sooner sat down than the film started.
No sooner .....................................................................
12. He noticed only then that the music had stopped.
Only then .....................................................................,
13. She has never attended an audition before.
Never before ........................................................
14. I not only broke the glass, but I cut my finger on it.
Not only ....................................................................
Task 16. Reported Speech
1. Change this direct speech into reported speech:
1. “He works in a bank”
She said ___________________________________________
2. “We went out last night”
She told me ________________________________________
3. “I’m coming!”
She said ___________________________________________
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me ________________________________________
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said ___________________________________________
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me ________________________________________
7. “Lucy’ll come later”
She said ___________________________________________
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me ________________________________________
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said ___________________________________________
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me ________________________________________
11. “I don’t like chocolate”
She told me ________________________________________
12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”
She said ___________________________________________
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
She said ___________________________________________
14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
She told me ________________________________________
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
She said ___________________________________________
16. “I hadn’t travelled by underground before I came to London”
She said ___________________________________________
17. “They would help if they could”
She said ___________________________________________
18. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me ________________________________________
19. “He could read when he was three”
She said ___________________________________________
20. “I was sleeping when Julie called”
She said ___________________________________________
2. Fill in the gaps with one of the introductory verbs from the list below in the past simple.
deny suggest boast insist promise complain
warn remind agree advise accuse threaten
Example:
'I'm the fastest runner on the team,' he said.
He ...boasted... about being the fastest runner on the team.
1. 'I didn't take your jacket,' he said to her.
He.............................................. taking her jacket.
2. 'You should go to the doctor's,' Mum said to me.
Mum .................................... me to go to the doctor's.
3. 'I'll call you next week,' she said to him.
She ................................... to call him next week.
4. 'Yes, I'll set the table for dinner,' he said to her.
He .................................. to set the table for dinner.
5. 'He always forgets my birthday,' she said.
She ....................... that he always forgot her birthday.
6. 'Let's go for a walk,' she said.
She .............................................. going for a walk.
7. 'Leave, or I'll shoot,' the man said to them.
The man .................................. to shoot them if they didn't leave.
8. 'Don't forget to feed the cat,' she said to him.
She ............................................... him to feed the cat.
9. 'You broke my CD player,' she said to him.
She ............................ him of breaking her CD player.
10. 'Don’t go near the edge of the cliff,' Dad said to them.
Dad..................................them not to go near the edge of the cliff.
11. 'You must do your homework before you go out,' she said to us.
She ........................... on us doing our homework before we went out.
3. Read the text below and add the word which best fits each space.
I have just been through the annual humiliation of buying a swimming costume. When I was young, some were designed for the fuller figure and did a good job. I wondered ................ (1) I would find anything suitable. After all, today’s stretch fabrics are styled for a flatter shape. I saw one floral costume and ............. (2) if I should try it on. I looked like a hippopotamus! The sales assistant tried to be kind. She wanted ............... (3) know where I ............... (4) going for my holidays and how long I .............. (5) be away. At last she gave up and suggested ................. (6) I looked for something in the maternity department to cover my ‘mature hips’. I said that I would go there the ............ (7) day. I’ll never have any luck, I ......... (8) as I walked home. The next day I did find a plain blue costume and the assistant invited me to enter the chamber of horrors known as the fitting room. As I pulled the costume on, I stared in disbelief - my whole bust had disappeared under my armpits! A young sales girl was standing at the exit. She asked me rather rudely ................. (9) I was going to buy the costume or ................. (10). I pushed it into her hands and fled.
4. Read the letter and then complete the text.
Dear all,
Sorry I haven’t written for a few weeks. I’ve been too busy. I’m having a great time; I’m going to parties every night. I’m doing a bit of work too. We had an exam last week. I hope I’ll get good marks.
I only have one shirt – I’ve lost the others. Mum, can you buy me six more? And I can’t find my raincoat. Is it at home?
My room here isn’t very nice - I'll have to look for a better one. And the food here in college isn’t much good, so I’m living on hamburgers. I’ve spent nearly all my money. Dad, can you send some more?
Can you give me Aunt Ellen’s address? And I haven’t heard from Sarah. Where is she living? And does John want to come and spend two or three days down here with me?
That’s all for now. Love to everybody.
Joe
In his letter Joe …said…he was sorry that he ..hadn’t written … for a few weeks. It was because he 1…..…..too busy. He 2……….his family that he 3 ……....a great time, but he 4 ………some work too. He said he 5 …….an exam 6 ………week…….., and he hoped he 7…… get good marks.
Joe 8……..…that he only 9 one shirt, because he 10…… .the others. He asked his mother 11 …….him six more. And he asked 12 .
his raincoat 13…….at home.
His room 14…….not very nice, he said, so he 15……..have to look for a better one. And because of the bad college food he 16……on hamburgers.
He said he 17…….nearly all his money, and asked his father 18……him some more.
Joe also asked his family 19…….him his Aunt Ellen’s address. And he 20…….them that he 21…..from Sarah, and asked 22……… she 23 …….. .
At the end of the letter, Joe asked 24 …… John 25 to go and spend a few days with him.
Task 17. Clauses / Linking Words
1. Fill in: where, whose, who, which, when and why.
Buying a present for someone is often a tricky business. The first thing 1) ... which... you have to decide is what to buy and the shop 2) .................. you should go to buy it. Then you might want to buy a joint present with a friend, so you have to find a time 3) .................. you are both free. It is probably most difficult buying a present for someone 4) .................. you don't know very well and 5) .................. tastes you know little about. You have to try to find something 6) .................. you think they would like. However, it is also no easy job buying a present for a close member of your family, such as your mother. I never know what excuse to tell my mother when I go out. I can't tell her the reason 7) ............... I'm going out because I want to surprise her on the big day. Still, it is worth all the trouble just to see the look of pleasure on someone's face the moment 8) .................. they receive your gift.
2. Complete the sentences with who, which or where.
The Coca-Cola Company, 1) .............. was founded in 1892, is famous all over the world. The company, 2) ...................... produces many soft drinks, is based in Atlanta. John S. Pemberton, 3) ............................, invented Coca-Cola, intended the drink to be used as a cure for common illnesses. Frank Robinson, 4) ....................... worked for John Pemberton, chose the name Coca-Cola.
Fanta, 5) .................. was originally produced in Germany, was bought by the Coca-Cola Company. Sprite, 6) .................... was introduced in 1961, is also made by the Coca-Cola Company.
The US Patent Office, 7) ........................ the trademark 'Coca-Cola' was registered, has also registered the trademark 'Coke' and the glass Coca-Cola bottle.
In America, 8) .............. Coca-Cola was first produced, there is a large soft drink industry, but the Coca-Cola Company is the most successful.
3. Fill in who, which, whose, where or why.
One of the most famous buildings in the world is the White House, 1) …….... is the official home of the US president. The White House is in Washington DC, 2) .................. there are many other important buildings and monuments. The city, 3) .................. was founded in 1790, was deliberately planned as a national capital. George Washington, 4) ................. was the first US president and 5) .................. name was given to the city, wanted it to be the place 6) .................. the nation's government would permanently reside.
The White House, 7) ................. was originally named Executive Mansion, was built in pale grey sandstone. The colour of the stone, 8) ............ was so different from the surrounding red brick buildings, was the reason 9) ............. the mansion became known as the White House. The main building, 10) .................... many presidents have lived, is part of a large complex 11) .................. consists of over 130 rooms.
People find the White House fascinating and that is the reason 12) ............... the parts of the complex 13) .............. are open to the public are toured every year by one and a half million people 14) ............ want to see the place 15) ............... their president lives and works.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (Clauses of Manner)
Example:
He talked about Denmark as though he ...had been... (be) there.
She looks as if she ....................... (be) really ill.
It looks as though it .......................... (rain).
She behaves as if she ................. (be) in trouble.
The weather here is so bad, it looks as though we ............(have to) holiday abroad.
It smells as if you .................. (put) lots of herbs in the stew.
Mary looked as though she .................. (have) little sleep the night before, but she had gone to bed quite early.
When he speaks, it sounds as if English .................... (not/be) his first language.
She spoke about university as though she ...................... (spend) years there but in fact she'd only spent a month there.
I spoke to Simon last night and he sounded as though he ........ (be) really upset about something.
She sounded as if she ........................... (be) French.
This sauce tastes as if you ................ (put) too much pepper in it.
My sister isn't rich but she spends money as though she ................ (have) loads of it.
She acts as though she ............... (be) very confident, but in fact she's quite shy.
She treats me as though I ........................ (be) her child.
He talks about karate as if he ............... (have) a black belt but we know he's only just started lessons.
Little Tommy was trembling as though he ............... (see) a ghost.
She behaved as if nothing ............................ (happen).
When Laura broke off their relationship, John behaved as if the world ............... (end).
That woman looks as though she ................ (faint). Bring her some water.
5. Underline the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense (Clauses of Time)
The World Wildlife Fund is currently launching its most important campaign ever to help protect our vanishing species of wildlife from extinction. 1) (Before/As soon as) the turn of the century there 2) ..................... (be) more an 40,000 tigers in India, while now there are around 3,750. 3) (Before/Until) twenty years ago the numbers of Black Rhinos 4) ............... (exceed) 60,000. Now, less than 2,500 remain. 5) (As long as/As soon as) animal habitats continue to be burned, polluted and destroyed, species 6) ..................... (continue) to disappear. 7) (While/When) there 8) ..................... (be) still a demand for illegal rhino horns and tiger bones, the hunting of wildlife will continue. 9) (By the time/Every time) people 10) ................. (become) aware of the situation, it may be too late. We must act now 11) (before/until) these animals 12) ......................... (disappear) forever. That's why WWF is urging all governments to get tough on illegal traders. 13) (Every time/While) a crime against wildlife 14) ................ (be/exposed), we are one step closer to our goal.
* When (time conjunction) + present tense. When I arrive, I'll call you.
When (question word) + will/would. When will he arrive?
When is used for things which are sure to happen.
When he gets promoted, he'll be given more money.
If is used for things which may happen.
If he works hard, he'll be promoted.
6. Fill in "if" or "when" and put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
Example: I will visit you ...when... I ...finish... (finish) work today.
The aeroplane will take off without us ............ we ........... (arrive) late at the airport.
.............. you ............. (not/reach) a decision yet, I'll call back tomorrow.
............................... (you/finish) this report?
............... John .............. (return) from work, we can go shopping.
........... Jack ........... (ring) while I am out, tell him to be here at 12.00.
............... I ................... (be) ready, I'll give you a call.
.......... we can't come up with the money soon, the deal ............ (fall through)
.......... the star .............. (arrive) at the hotel, she will be greeted by crowds of fans.
.................. (you/stop) lying about your age?
7. Fill in: where, wherever, everywhere or anywhere (Clauses of Place).
……………I looked, people were dancing.
............................... Ruth goes, she always misses England.
Now that Hilary has a car she can go ................... she wants.
David tends to be happy ................................. he is living.
I don't mind ...................... we go to eat, as long as it's cheap.
Have you seen my watch ................................ in the house?
You can see these advertisements ................................ you go.
I couldn't find a parking space .................... close to the office.
8. Join the sentences using the words in brackets (Clauses of Reason).
Example:
It was raining. The match was called off. (due to)
...Due to the rain, the match was called off....
He left her. He couldn't put up with her complaints. (for)
We can't go on holiday. There's too much work to do. (since)
I can't come with you. I have to visit my uncle. (as)
She made mistakes. She wasn't experienced. (because)
I didn't know that she had been married. She seldom talks about herself. (since)
She took a break. She wasn't feeling well. (because)
She was soaked to the skin. It was raining very hard. (as)
He is in debt. He will have to reduce his spending a lot. (on the grounds that)
They turned back. They didn't want to get stuck in the traffic. (for)
9. Fill in: so, such or such a(n) (Clauses of Result).
A few years ago, I spent my holiday on the Greek island of Santorini. I was 1) ........ worried about traveling alone that I became quite nervous. However, about five minutes after the ferry had left I met 2) ............ nice American couple that I stayed with them for the whole holiday. When we docked, we were pushed onto a bus that was filled with 3) ............. a lot of people that we felt as if we couldn't breathe. At the bus station there were 4) ................. many people waiting to offer us accommodation that we decided to ignore them, preferring to walk along the main road to find somewhere to stay ourselves. After an hour or so we started to think that not accepting any of the men's offers of accommodation had been 5)................ bad idea that we decided to ask someone for help. We asked an old man if he knew of anywhere we could stay. He led us to a lovely little apartment on the edge of a cliff. It was 6) ............... gorgeous a flat, and the view was 7) ............... good that we took it immediately. We had brought 8) .............. few things with us, and it took us 9) ............... short time to unpack that we were on the famous black sand beach in no time. We had 10) ................ nice time together and we became 11) ................ good friends that we still keep in touch, sending letters and Christmas cards. This year Scott and Anne are coming to Scotland to spend Christmas with me. It will be great to see them again.
10. Join the sentence in as many ways as possible as in the example (Expressing Purpose - Clauses of Purpose):
We took some food. We might get hungry on the journey.
We took some food so that we wouldn't get hungry on the journey.
We took come food in case we got hungry on the journey.
We took some food to avoid getting hungry on the journey.
We took some food so as not to get hungry on the journey.
She studies hard. She wants to get a good job when she finishes university.
We flew direct to Rome. We didn't want to get stuck in London.
He has joined a gym. He wants to be healthy and fit for the summer.
She didn't go to town yesterday. She didn't want to spend any money.
11. Join the sentences using the words in brackets.
Example:
He's taking driving lessons. He wants to be able to drive to work. (so that)
...He’s taking driving lessons so that he'll be able to drive to work....
She left her jewellery in a safe deposit box. It may be stolen. (fear)
The beekeeper put on a veil and helmet. He didn't want to be stung by the bees. (avoid)
She is on a strict diet. She wants to fit into her black dress for the party. (as)
He left home early. He wanted to be at the restaurant on time. (in order to)
I'll bring something for dessert. We may want to eat something sweet later. (in case)
This is a bread bin. You use it to keep bread fresh. (for)
I brought my umbrella. The weather forecast said it would rain later. (in case)
12. Fill in an appropriate purpose word and put the verbs into the correct form.
Dear Sir/Madam,
We have produced this information sheet 1) ...with a view ... to ...making... (make) the registration procedure easier for you. Read it carefully 2) ........................ (familiarize) yourself with the procedure.
Each faculty must register at a certain time so please do come on time 3) ........................ (not/make) the process more difficult. You must report to the registrar's office 4) ...................... (give) her your personal details. You must also bring your passport with you 5) ...................... they ................... (verify) these details. After this you must go to the main section 6) .................... (have) your photograph taken. You will then be given your student identification card which may be used 7) ..................... (take out) books. We have included a map of the campus 8) .................... you ................ (not/get) lost.
We look forward to seeing you on registration day.
Yours faithfully,
Jane Smith
13. Choose the correct answer (Clauses of Contrast).
1. ...... the heavy snow, we managed to get to the office.
A In spite of B However C While
2. ............ needing a rest, the team continued to work.
A In spite B Despite C Although
3. I like peaches. I don't like bananas, ............ .
A whereas B on the other hand C though
4. The film was good, ............ it was also very frightening.
A despite B but C in spite
5. Paul drives a car, ............ Charles rides a motorbike.
A whereas B even though C despite
6. ............ she isn't fond of classical music, she went to the concert.
A However B Even though C While
7. ............ being hungry, Sally didn't eat anything.
A However B Yet C In spite of
8. The alarm went off , ............ he didn't wake up.
A whereas B yet C while
9. ............ we left the house early, we still missed the bus.
A Although B Despite C In spite of
10. He wasn't wearing a coat, ............ it was very cold.
A whereas B even though C despite
14. Underline the correct item.
Yet/No matter what he does to please her, she always finds something to complain about.
Although/However I set my alarm clock for 7.00 am, it didn't go off.
Despite/Even though the bad weather forecast, Susan and Jim went climbing.
She tries hard, although/yet she makes little progress.
Tom's wife drives better than he does, whereas/although he won't admit it.
Lots of people drive fast although/in spite of police warnings.
Bad mannered though/yet he is, he has got lots of friends.
She is a brilliant singer; while/nevertheless, she refuses to sing in public.
Rich as/even though they are, they never buy expensive things.
However/While much she denies it, she does dye her hair blonde.
She speaks Japanese fluently, yet/despite she has never visited the country.
In spite of/However all the bad publicity, the film became a box office success.
Jane turned up at the wedding even though/despite she wasn't invited.
However/Though hard he tries, he'll never outsmart Pat.
Much as/yet I admire her, I can't accept her point of view on this matter.
The northwest of the country gets a lot of rain whereas/as the east gets more snow.
15. Fill in: although /though/even though, despite, while/whereas, but, however/no matter how, or nevertheless.
YOUR STARS
"... And now for a quick look at what's in store for Librans this month. It may seem like all work and no play at the moment. 1) …..……., if you apply yourself, you'll feel satisfied with a job well done. And don't worry! 2) …….…. difficult things may be right now, you'll soon have a chance to relax. 3) .………. having a lot on your mind, you must be careful not to neglect your partner. 4) …………. you are probably feeling confident and secure in your relationship, he/she is likely to be in need of some extra love and attention. There will be a lot of demands on your time this weekend 5) ……..…… the situation will ease by the end of the month. And 6) ………... there may be lots of changes in store for you, there's nothing you can't cope with."
Task 18. Conditionals
1. Match the items in column A with those in column B in order to make correct Type 0 conditional sentences.
|
A |
B |
|
1. wash woollen clothes in hot water |
a. they die |
|
2. put food in the fridge |
b. it becomes ice. |
|
3. don't water plants |
c. it gets rusty. |
|
4. put water in the freezer |
d. they shrink. |
|
5. leave metal out in the rain |
e. it falls to the ground. |
|
6. drop something |
f. it stays fresh for longer. |
|
7. throw a pebble into the sea |
g. you get green. |
|
8. mix blue and yellow |
h. it sinks. |
2. Put the verb into the correct tense (Second Conditionals):
1. If I … (be) you, I … (get) a new job.
2. If he … (be) younger, he … (travel) more.
3. If we … (not / be) friends, I … (be) angry with you.
4. If I … (have) enough money, I … (buy) a big house.
5. If she … (not / be) always so late, she …be) promoted.
6. If we … (win) the lottery, we … (travel) the world.
7. If you … (have) a better job, we … (be) able to buy a new car.
8. If I … (speak) perfect English, I …have) a good job.
9. If we … (live) in Mexico, I … (speak) Spanish.
10. She … (be) happier if she … (have) more friends.
11. We … (buy) a house if we … (decide) to stay here.
12. We … (come) to dinner if we … (have) time.
13. She … (call) him if she … (know) his number.
14. They … (go) to Spain on holiday if they … (like) hot weather.
15. She … (pass) the exam if she … (study) more.
16. I … (marry) someone famous if I … (be) a movie star.
17. We never … (be) late again if we …buy) a new car.
18. You … (lose) weight if you … (eat) less.
3. Put in the correct third conditional verb form (Third Conditionals):
1. If you … (not / be) late, we … (not / miss) the bus.
2. If she … (study), she … (pass) the exam.
3. If we … (arrive) earlier, we … (see) John.
4. If they … (go) to bed early, they … (not / wake) up late.
5. If he … (become) a musician, he … (record) a CD.
6. 8. If she … (go) to university, she … (study) French.
9. If we … (not / go) to the party, we … (not /meet) them.
10. If he … (take) the job, he … (not / go) traveling.
11. He … (be) happier if he … (stay) at home.
12. She … (pass) the exam if she … (study) harder.
13. We …(not / get) married if we … (not / go) to the same university.
14. They … (be) late if they … (not / take) a taxi.
15. She … (not / meet) him if she … (not / come) to London.
16. He … (take) a taxi if he … (have) enough money.
17. I … (call) you if I … (not / forget) my phone.
18. We … (come) if we … (be) invited.
19. She … (not / do) it if she … (know) you were ill.
20. He … (be) on time if he … (leave) earlier.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals.
Example:
If you ...don't put up ... (not/put up) this shelf, you won't have anywhere to put your books. (1st type)
If he ............................... (change) jobs, he would be a lot happier.
If I were you, I ........................... (tell) her how you feel.
If you continue to shout so loudly, you ......... (wake up) the baby.
Even if he ........... (ask) them, they wouldn't have agreed to come.
Unless you .......... (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off.
If she ......................... (not/threaten) him, he wouldn't have left.
I ........................... (not/trust) him if I were you.
If you're patient for a few minutes, I ............ (be able) to finish this.
He ................ (not/go) with her if he had known she would behave so irresponsibly.
I wouldn’t have been able to do it unless she ……. (help) me.
Sometimes if you ............... (take) a chance, it pays off.
If he ......... (wake up) earlier he wouldn't have been late for work.
If they will go on making so much noise, I ........... (have to) punish them.
If we ........... (intend) to spend the day in London, we would have bought a day pass.
Keep your voice down in case he .......................... (overhear) us.
If she ................... (be) more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job.
If the food............. (not/be) so bad, we wouldn't have complained.
Sales will increase provided that the advertising campaign .............. (be) successful.
If you ............... (spend) less on clothes, you would be able to save some money.
5. Finish the sentences with a clause in the correct conditional:
If it is sunny tomorrow …….
If you sit in the sun too long …….
If I were you …….
If she had studied harder …….
If I won the lottery …….
If I hadn’t gone to bed so late …….
If she hadn’t stayed at home …….
If I go out tonight…….
If I had listened to my mother…….
If I hadn’t eaten so much …….
If it rains later …….
If I were the opposite sex …….
If I have enough money……..
If you don’t wear a coat in the winter…….
If I weren’t studying English …….
6. Underline the correct word or expression.
I'll lend you the money on condition that/unless you pay it back soon.
Even if/But for her help, I'd be in trouble now.
Unless/Provided it stops raining, we won't be going to the park.
I couldn't lend them the money even if/or I wanted to.
Try to be here on time, and/otherwise we'll miss the beginning of the film.
'I'll wear Mum's necklace for the party.'
'What if/Otherwise you lose it?'
Supposing/Providing we went to London – what could we do there?
Be late again provided/and you'll have to see the manager.
In case of/On condition that an emergency, call this number.
You can go to the party in case of/as long as you are home before 11 pm.
Don't shout or/what if you'll wake the baby.
7. Underline the correct form of the verb.
My brother Kevin has always been a fitness fanatic. He believes that if you 1) look after/looked after your body, it will look after you. Whenever anyone is ill, he 2) says/will say, ‘If they had taken care of themselves, they 3) wouldn't get/wouldn't have got ill. And the same thing 4) happens/will happen to me if I 5) didn't keep fit/don't keep fit.’ I would often say to him, ‘If I were you, Kevin, I 6) would try/would have tried to slow down a little bit. You will wear yourself out.’
Last month, however, I went to the doctor's and he told me that I was unfit. He said that if I 7) don't start/didn't start taking regular exercise, I 8) would be/would have been in danger of becoming ill. I started going to the gym with Kevin and, after a week, I said to him, ‘I feel better already. If I 9) know/had known how good it feels to exercise, I 10) would start/would have started years ago!’
8. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
If I were world leader, I 1) ..would try.. (try) to stop the destruction of the earth and I 2) ............. (make) the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life 3) ................. (improve) long ago. First of all, I would try to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people 4) ...................... (continue) to suffer and die. If wars continue, children 5) ................... (be left) without parents and 6) ................. (grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting 7)................ (go on). Therefore, I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in life. It would also help if all countries 8) ................ (stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, I would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life 9) ................. (not/become) so unbearable. If I 10) ................. (have) the power, I would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe 11) ………….. (be) cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it 12) ................. (be) too late both for ourselves and our children.
Mixed Conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed by combining an if - clause from one type with a main clause from another. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
|
If-clause |
Main clause |
|
Type 2
If they were working all day, (They were working all day
If she got back late last night |
Type 1
they will be tired now. so they are tired now.)
she won't come to work today. |
|
Type 2
If I were you, (You are not me
If he were a better driver, (He is not a good driver
If you were more sensible, |
Type 3
I would have accepted the job so you didn't accept the job.)
he wouldn't have crashed the car. so he crashed the car.)
you wouldn't have spoken to your boss like that. |
|
Type 3
If she had finished earlier,
(She didn't finish earlier
If she hadn't missed the bus, |
Type 2
she would be going to the party tonight. so she isn't going to the party.)
she would be here now. |
9. Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences.
Example:
She didn't study hard. She won't pass the exams.
If she had studied hard, she would pass the exams.
You didn't wake me up. Now I'm late for my appointment.
She isn't well-qualified. She didn't get the job.
We didn't go to the restaurant. We don't like fast food.
She didn't bring her umbrella. Now, she's getting wet.
I don't know them very well, so I didn't go to the party.
He isn't at the lecture because he wasn't told about it.
They didn't take a map with them. They're lost now.
The driver isn't careful. He crashed his car into a wall.
I didn't buy tickets. We can't go to the theatre tonight.
He didn't reserve a table. He has to wait for an hour.
Sue forgot to go to the bank. Now she can't go shopping.
They missed their flight. They won't arrive until tomorrow.
10. Match the clauses and make conditional sentences
Example: I - F - If you had told me about this problem earlier, everything would be al right now.
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