- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •Revision Parts of Speech
- •Structural classification of the simple sentence
- •Simple sentence
- •Communicative types of sentences
- •Members of the sentence
- •Principal members of the sentence the subject
- •The predicate
- •Verbal nominal verbal nominal
- •Simple verbal predicates
- •Simple nominal predicates
- •Compound verbal modal predicates
- •Compound verbal aspect predicates
- •Compound nominal predicates
- •Do not confuse! predicate # predicative predicatives
- •Link verbs
- •Mixed kinds of predicates
- •Secondary members of the sentence the object
- •Ways of expressing the object
- •The attribute
- •The apposition
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Independent elements of the sentence
Ways of expressing the object
The object can be expressed by:
a noun in the common case, e.g. Peter wrote three letters yesterday.
a substativized adjective, e.g. It is difficult to believe in the supernatural.
a pronoun, e.g.
Sarah gave him a book. (personal pronoun in the objective case)
Ask somebody about the way to the station. (indefinite pronoun)
I can see my bag, but I don’t see yours. (absolute form of the possessive pronoun)
I didn’t know that. (demonstrative pronoun)
David told nothing. (negative pronoun)
a numeral, e.g.
Where are my textbooks? - I saw two of them in the wardrobe. (cardinal numeral) And I found the third under the bed. (ordinal numeral) Who could have put them there?
a gerund or a gerundial phrase, e.g. I love laughing. But I hate being laughed at.
an infinitive or infinitive phrase, e.g. What would you like to do in the evening? – I prefer to go to the theatre. Len refused to go with us.
an object clause, e.g. I don’t know when she will come from Spain.
TASK 10. In the sentences given below find the objects and define their types.
She pretended not to hear me.
What have you got there?
I’ve never heard you express that opinion before.
He waited for the Roman to speak first.
He smiled upon the young men a smile at once personal and presidential.
He's going to live his own life and stop letting his mother boss him around like a baby.
Do you know anything more about this dreadful place?
His part in the conversation consisted chiefly of yesses and noes.
The old man felt his legs give way.
Mother objected to Aimee being taken away from her game with the boys.
You can smile away till you split your cheek, but you still got to do a day's work to earn a day's wages.
It is the moon that makes you talk to yourself in that silly way.
He stared amazed at the calmness of her answer.
The attribute
The attribute can be expressed by different parts of speech,
adjectives, e.g. Sandra was a beautiful girl.
pronouns, e.g.
Dan showed me his photos. (possessive pronoun)
Give me some apples, please. (indefinite pronoun)
There was another piece of cake on her plate. (detaching pronoun)
numerals, e.g.
I’ll come back in three weeks.(cardinal)
Wednesday is the third day of the week. (ordinal)
nouns,
in common case, e.g. It was a nice spring day.
in possessive case, e.g. Ann’s new flat is great!
prepositional nominal phrase, e.g. It’s only part of the book. She was the angel of a girl. He lived in the city of Bristol.
participles,
Do you happen to know that laughing girl? (participle I)
Can you see those lighted windows on the third floor? (participle II)
gerunds and gerundial phrases, e.g. Is there any chance of seeing you again?
infinitives or infinitive phrases, e.g. Jack was the first to come. I have no time to waste.
adverbs, e.g. The voice was heard from the room upstairs.
quotations, e.g. Tina had a good-for-nothing cousin.
attributive clauses, e.g. That was the man I had never seen before.