Книги по МРТ КТ на английском языке / Neurosurgery Fundamentals Agarval 1 ed 2019

serve on subcommittees under the guidance of an AANS Young Neurosurgeon’s Committee member. Applicants will also be expected to propose a research topic that addresses a system or practice issue in an area of interest. They will then have the opportunity to present their work at the Young Neurosurgery Committee’s annual meeting.

CSNS Socioeconomic Fellowship

This is a fellowship specific for residents, hosted by Council of State Neurosurgical Societies, that is intended to offer a chance to explore and understand the socioeconomic issues in the neurosurgical world. You should have a firm interest for socioeconomic health care issues, as there are many requirements, all of which can be found on CSNS’s website.

Washington Committee Fellowship

This fellowship is offered to residents who are currently completing or have recently completed the CSNS socioeconomic fellowship. It presents an opportunity for a resident to serve on a committee that advocates for the specialty of neurosurgery and its patients to legislative, regulatory, and other health care stakeholders.

CNS Leadership Fellows

This is another resident-specific fellowship that allows participants to integrate into the CNS leadership structure by serving on

a specific committee for which they serve 2 years.

Young Neurosurgeons Committee

This is a resident-specific fellowship that provides representatives to the AANS leadership. It is intended to foster the development of the future leaders in the field and to allow younger voices an opportunity to speak on the direction of neurosurgery.

20.7  Board Review

In order to become board certified in neurologic surgery, residents must first pass the American Board of Neurological Surgery’s written and oral examinations. Below we provide a list of the most useful preparatory resources for these examinations.

SANS Written Board Module Bundle

This is a module-based online review program from CNS, which includes 700 practice questions to prepare for the written boards. It costs $425 for residents and includes a pretest and posttest assessment—a great way to see what you’ve learned from the 700 practice questions with instant feedback and references as you answer.

SANS Boards App

This is an app for mobile devices from CNS, which includes 200 board review questions with feedback and references. Questions can be taken in test format as well, and can be taken as many times as you want.

Comprehensive Neurosurgery Board Review

Citow, Macdonald, and Refai

This is a comprehensive review book for the written neurosurgical boards. The book covers concepts in anatomy, physiology, pathology, radiology, neurology, neurosurgery, and critical care. A bullet point format provides clear and concise text, along with illustrations that are representative of those found on the examination.

Colen Flash-Review: Neurosurgery

Chaim B. Colen and Roxanne E. Colen

Two volumes of flashcards containing high yield information for both board review and clinical applications.

Neurosurgery Board Review: Questions and Answers for Self-Assessment

Alleyne, Woodall, and Citow

Written in a multiple-choice format, this board review book mirrors the written examination’s format and covers the same topics: neurosurgery, clinical neurology, neuroanatomy, neurobiology, neuropathology, neuroradiology, clinical skills/ critical care. This resource provides over 1,000 questions with explanations.

Definitive Neurological Surgery Board Review

Moore and Psarros

With coverage of all topics found on the written board examinations, this review book is a great succinct resource for boards preparation. The book provides illustrations

and hits all the key concepts encountered on the examination.

Intensive Neurosurgery Board Review: Neurological Surgery Q&A

Psarros and Moore

A companion book to the previously listed resource, this book provides 1,300 practice questions written in the same format as the written board examinations. Each question includes detailed explanations for each answer option. The book finishes with a self-assessment examination designed to simulate the real written board examination.

Neurosurgery Rounds: Questions and Answers

Shaya, Nader, Citow, Farhat, Sabbagh

The ultimate defense against tough pimping questions. The field of neurosurgery is known for frequent pimping questions, and this resource is invaluable in allowing yourself to stand out.

Neurosurgery Oral Board Review

Citow and Johns

This book is a summary of all topics covered on the neurosurgery oral examinations. Sections include medical management, surgical techniques, and key insights on how to study for the oral test. Written in a clear and concise manner with illustrations, this book is designed to be a quick and readable preparatory resource.

Neurosurgery Primary Board Review

Ross C. Puffer

This is a comprehensive question bank aimed towards preparing neurosurgeons for the ABNS written examination. The review book consists of over 600 questions and explanations, with another 900 questions via access to corresponding online material. Great resource for practice questions that mimic the written exam.

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20.8  The Masters

Robert M Friedlander, MD, MA

Chairman and Professor

Walter E Dandy Chair

Head of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery

Department of Neurosurgery

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

General advice

“You want to be passionate. You want that fire in your belly, that sparkle in the eye, and someone who gets excited about doing things. Neurosurgery is a small community so we spend a lot of time with the residents. So you want to have people that you get along with. People who are pleasant, who are good to get along with, who are passionate, and who work. When they’re given a project, they finish it. If I give you a project, and you never do it, then I’m not going to give you another project. You want to think if the applicant would be in my chair, what would they be looking for. You don’t look for someone who’s average at this, average at that, and not passionate.”

Feasibility of basic science research

“I had a mentor, Bob Martuza, who was a faculty member with his own laboratory. If you have a mentor, if you see it in someone, you believe that it can be done. However, if you don’t see someone who does it, it’s difficult to make those two points meet. If someone really, really, really wants to have a laboratory in neurosurgery, you have to spend the time doing it. I was always thinking about research, reading about different fields. However, in residency, I really did 2 years of research and that’s key because you have to do a focused amount of work. I don’t have a PhD. You have to do a focused amount of work at some point. One of my concerns with all of these enfolded fellowships is that people are not doing research. It doesn’t work if you go to

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the laboratory 1 day a week or 2 days a week. It’s really, really, really hard to develop the material for you to go start a laboratory. It’s really important that if you’re going to be a neurosurgeon in a basic field, try to do something that makes you special. Whether you’re the very first person in the field, if you create a field that’d be great, or work in a field that nobody other than a neurosurgeon can do. For me, I wanted to be the first person to look at caspases in all of these neurologic diseases. When I was in the laboratory, we published it on stroke. That was the first demonstration in the world of functional caspase activity in any neurologic disease. Then we did it in ALS and in Huntington’s disease, which eventually led to my first RO1 in my first year out of residency.”

Excelling in your field

“Some people think that shadowing is important. Some people do months and months of shadowing. That’s a waste of time. Figure out what you like and don’t like. Get involved with projects and find out what you want to do in the long term. To me, eventually I figured out neurosurgery. However, I wanted to have a laboratory, so I did research and I was in a laboratory. That’s how I spent my time. It’s a zero-sum game. There’s only 24 hours in a day. You have to figure out what you want to do. You can’t do it all. You can’t do it all well. There’s a certain amount of brain time that you have so you have to figure out where you want to spend it. However, try to make an impact. Whenever I try to do something, I choose what’s going to have the highest impact. For instance, I usually don’t write review articles. For my publications, as best as I can, I try to aim high. Making high-impact publications is pretty tough. However, you want to aim high. Think of your life in 5-year chunks. You don’t have to do a high-impact study every year, but if you can do one every 5 years, that’s pretty cool.

If you don’t aim for JAMA or New England Journal papers, then you’ll never get it. You may not get it, but maybe you’ll fall right below. However, if you don’t aim for something big, you’ll never get something big. So you have to be strategic how you spend your time. As a student, you can’t ignore the ABCs like anatomy, physiology, and all that other stuff, but in addition to that, you want to decide what you want to be.”

Work–life balance

“It’s important to have a balance with family. I got married right at the end of residency. Whether the ability to work really, really hard without children was an advantage, I don’t know, that’s not how I planned it. However, when you have children you want to dedicate time to them. I had children during second year of faculty. The first couple of years during faculty I learned to devote myself to the clinic and the laboratory. When the children come, you have to spend time with them, because you want to spend time with them. That really balances my life. To me, my life is work and family.”

L Dade Lunsford, MD, FACS

Lars Leksell Distinguished Professor Department of Neurosurgery Director, Center for Image Guided Neurosurgery

Director, Neurosurgery Residency Program

Chair, Technology and Innovative Practice Committee

University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Traits of successful applicants

“If we look at the composite of people that are successful applicants to neurosurgery and eventually successful practitioners of it, they have a lot of energy, a lot of drive, and they can multitask well. They tend to perform well in terms of their school activities, usually in the upper 20% of their class.

They’re hard workers. They tend to perform well on standardized testing, although standardized testing is not a good predictor of subsequent success, either as a resident or later in your career. They are often involved in research activities, much more so now than what was ever seen in the past. They tend to be multidimensional, in the sense that they often have some other particular interests, which is important to neurosurgeons because of the types of problems that we have to deal with. Often, there are fantastic results and beautiful outcomes, and every once in a while disasters and very bad outcomes, so you have to have a personality that is resilient enough. You must be able to deal not only with the great triumphs but also with the great tragedies that occur in your career. Many of them have other skill sets that are important. Almost everybody who is going to be a successful surgeon has some evidence that his or her skill set includes the brain being able to tell the hands to do something. So sometimes that may be a musical instrument, sometimes that may be sports, sometimes in today’s world, you’re the world’s greatest computer whiz. However, there has got to be substantial outside interests to be able to help your mind deal with stress. Training in neurosurgery is among the most difficult and longer career choices. That means that somebody’s got to be well-focused, and can be able to look at long-term goals. Neurosurgery is a tremendously rewarding career, but also a tough lifestyle choice. So people need to be prepared for that. You might think that working for 80 hours a week is no big deal as a resident because you’re young and healthy, but the reality is that neurosurgery is an 80-hour workweek for the rest of your life. We’re the only training program in any discipline that’s 7 years in the United States right now. No other surgical discipline is that long. People that go into neurosurgery are a different breed—it’s not made for everyone. We want to attract

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people that are potential game changers in the field of neurosurgery. These are bright people with energy, who can look down the road and see what needs to be fixed in the field. We’re primarily interested in training people who are future trainers and leaders in the field of neurosurgery.”

Nathan Zwagerman, MD

Assistant Professor

Department of Neurosurgery

Medical College of Wisconsin

Performance during residency

“From a practical standpoint, the keys to residency are very simple. You must figure out a way to be in two places or more at the same time. You must work extremely hard. You must take pride in caring for your patients and always be willing to go the extra yard for them. You never want to be the last one in and first one out of the hospital. You want to be available, because being available means people are going to ask you to do things. They will build confidence in you and ask you to do more things. During junior residency, the most important thing is to be available and to read. If you’re in the hospital and you’re reading, people will find things for you to do and that’s how you develop as a resident. This job is not 9 to 5. This job, at least for me, has been an all-encompassing part of my life and everything that I do outside of work has been dictated by what happens here at work. The best residents I know don’t know how many hours a week they work.

For junior residents, it’s always better to be seen not heard. If you can keep your head low and do the job, not stick your neck out, not do anything foolish, and if you can fly under the radar, that will get you a long way. If people notice you as a junior resident, most of time they’re noticing you for the bad things, not the good things.”

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Performance during subinternships

“Being a rotator is extremely hard, because you’re never going to impress anybody. Any rotator coming in thinking that they’re going to impress people, I think, already is a step behind. However, what you can do to help yourself is to always be available. Always be seen and be around. Don’t say too much, because that’s another way you can get yourself in trouble. Don’t try to overstep your bounds. Stay within the system. Talk to the other residents to see how you can be most effective. One of the things that can happen is that these rotators get very ambitious. They want to see and present four ICU patients. Our time is very limited and by the time they present four patients, half an hour goes by and although the presentation may be very thorough, it changes the cadence for the entire team. While they do a good job, it takes time and makes things stressful for everybody else. The goal of the rotation for the rotator should be to learn as much as possible from the residents, but also show that the candidate understands the concept of a team and works to fit within the system. Reading about patients is very important, because at some point the student will be asked about anatomy and disease processes, and knowing those things will go a long way.

For me, if a rotator can show that they care about the patient that will go a very long way. One of my things, especially for our patients that are doing well, is that I tell jokes with them every day. One rotator this past year had a joke for a particular patient that we were seeing every day. Those are the sorts of things that set you apart.

One of the cardinal sins of a rotator is showing up the junior residents. If a resident doesn’t know the answer to a question and the rotator blurts things out, you’re just making things uncomfortable for the junior residents who are already beat down because of the length of time that they have

to work. Being available, reading a lot, and showing that you care about patients will get you farther than anything else.

Technical skills, such as knot tying and stitching, are less essential because people come from different backgrounds. I don’t think we’ve ever taken anyone here because they were a whiz in the OR. I would never knock a person down because they couldn’t tie a knot or if they tied a couple of air knots. That’s not fair because I don’t expect them to know that coming in. I like to see they have an interest in it. I like to see that they practice their knot tying, but frankly I’m not going to evaluate them and say this person’s knots aren’t square, they’re going to be less in the OR. That wouldn’t concern me.”

Shelly D Timmons, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS

Professor of Neurosurgery Vice Chair for Administration Director of Neurotrauma

Department of Neurosurgery

Penn State University Milton S. Hershey

Medical Center

Hershey, Pennsylvania

“The best advice I can give to students considering entering this challenging and exciting field is to be certain that you are committed and that this is your passion. Neurosurgery has expanded so dramatically since its inception and only stands to grow further as we develop brain-machine interfaces, advanced methods for modulating neural circuits, sophisticated neurophysiologic monitoring, and safer and more efficient methods of treating the variety of neurologic and musculoskeletal problems we address on a daily basis. It has been an extreme privilege to call this profession my own, and the most rewarding aspect is helping patients and their families through some of their greatest challenges.”

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A

Aδ fibers 194, 196, 198, 199,

205, 212

AANS See American

Association of Neurological

Surgeons (AANS)

ABCD2 score 216

Abducens nerve 26, 53, 60, 272 Abducens nerve palsy 365 Abductor pollicis brevis 29 ABNS See American Board of

Neurological Surgeons (ABNS)

Abscess, spinal epidural 185,

339

Absence epilepsy 358 AC See Assist control (AC) ACA See Anterior cerebral

artery (ACA)

Accessory nerve 26, 28, 53, 57, 60, 272

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) 1, 374

ACDF See Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)

Acetazolamide See also Diamox challenge

ACGME See Accreditation

Council for Graduate

Medical Education (ACGME)

Achilles tendon reflex 271 AC/PC line 294, 295, 297 Acuity 23

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) 353

Acute ischemic stroke, in neuroradiology 62, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 122, 128

Acyclovir 201, 340, 341, 346

Adamantinomatous

craniopharyngioma 262 Adductor brevis 29 Adductor longus 29 Adductor magnus 29 Adductor minimus 29 Adie’s pupil 363

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) 183, 395.

––   See also Scoliosis Advocacy, socioeconomic 378 Afferent pupillary defect 363

Afferent pupillary defect (APD) 26

Agraphia 25

AIDP See Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP)

Air embolism, patient positioning and 101

Airway 121, 137

AIS See Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)

Alar ligaments 68

Albendazole 336

Alberta Stroke Program Early

CT Score (ASPECTS) 217

Alexia 25

Alfentanil 360

ALIF See Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)

Allodynia 201, 202, 203, 213

Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) 2, 3

Alprazolam 297

ALS See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Amantadine 292

Ambient cistern 60, 79, 80, 82 American Association of

Neurological Surgeons (AANS) 8, 327, 378, 384, 385

American Board of Neurological Surgeons (ABNS) 1, 374, 390

American Society of Head and Neck Radiology (ASHNR) 384, 385

American Society of Spine

Radiology (ASSR) 384, 385

American Spinal Injury

Association (ASIA) scale 150

Amitriptyline 202, 213 Amniocentesis 276 Ampicillin 341 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

(ALS) 352 Anencephaly 276 Anesthesia

––   and evoked potential monitoring 361

––   inhalational agents in 359 ––   in history of neurosurgery

15

––   intravenous agents in 360 ––   malignant hyperthermia

and 361, 371

––   narcotic agents in 360 ––   paralytic agents in 361 Anesthesia dolorosa 205 Aneurysms, intracranial

––   bypass procedures for 232 ––   clipping 231, 232, 241

––   craniotomy for 111 ––   definitions in 228

––  endovascular coiling for 232, 241

––  epidemiology of 228

––  flow diverters in 233, 241

––  formation of 230

––  in circle of Willis 228, 229

––  initial management 230

––  in neuroradiology 88

––  mycotic 230

––  pipelines in 233, 241

––  rupture risk 231

––  treatment options 231 Angiocentric glioma 256 Angiolipomas 248 Angiosarcoma 250 Angiostrongylus cantonensis

334

Angular gyrus 45 Anisocoria 363 Ankle dorsiflexion 29

Ankle plantarflexion 29 Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

181, 184

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

72, 74, 75, 90, 223

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) 112, 113, 118, 170, 173

Anterior choroidal artery (AchA) 73, 303

Anterior commissure 42, 49 Anterior cord syndrome 152 Anterior inferior cerebellar

artery 60 Anterior interosseous

syndrome 204 Anterior longitudinal

ligament 70

Anterior longitudinal ligament

69

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) 114

Anterior median fissure 56 Anterior perforated substance

52

Anterior ramus 45 Anterior spinal artery 75

Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) 302, 305, 311

Anterolateral sulcus 56 Antibody disorders 358 Anticoagulation, in head injury

140, 141

Anticoagulation reversal 140,

141

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) 300 Antiepileptic management, in

head injury 139 Anti-Hu antibody 358 Anti-NDMA antibody 358

Anti-Ri antibody 358 Antiseptic, in history of neurosurgery 15

Anti-voltage-gated calcium channel antibody 358

Anti-Yo antibody 358

AOA See Alpha Omega Alpha

(AOA)

Aphemia 25

Apical ligament 69

Apical vertebra 180 Arcuate fasciculus 25 ARDS See Acute respiratory

distress syndrome (ARDS) Argyll Robertson pupil 363 Arnold-Chiari malformation

274, 275

Arterial anatomy 71, 74 Arterial anatomy 69, 72, 73,

75, 77

Arterial dissection, in neuroradiology 90

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF), dural 178, 179, 188, 320 Arteriovenous malformation

(AVM)

––   arteries in 234 ––   defined 234 ––   dural 238, 239

––   epidemiology of 234

––   initial management 235 ––   molecular pathways and

235

––   risk estimation with 235 ––   Spetzler-Martin grade for

235

––   spinal 178

––   stereotactic radiosurgery in 236, 319, 320

––   treatment of 236 Arteriovenous malformation

(AVM), spinal

––   aneurysms and 230 Artery of Percheron 225, 241 Articular process 63

AS See Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

Ascending ramus 45

ASHNR See American Society of Head and Neck Radiology (ASHNR)

ASIA score 150

ASPECTS score 217

Aspirin 140, 220

ASSFN See American Society for Stereotactic and Function Neurosurgery (ASSFN)

Assist control (AC) 122 ASSR See American Society of

Spine Radiology (ASSR)

Asterion 40

Astroblastoma 256

Astrocytomas 177, 251, 323 Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

269

Athetosis 31

ATL See Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL)

Atlanto-axial dislocation

156

Atlanto-occipital dislocation

155, 157

Atlanto-occipital membrane

69

Atlas 65

Atorvastatin 220

Atrophy 28, 32

Attention 24

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor 259

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) 230

AVF See Arteriovenous fistula (AVF)

AVM See Arteriovenous

malformation (AVM)

Awards 386

Away rotation 5, 394

Axillary nerve 29

Axis 66

B

BA See Basilar artery (BA) Babinski reflex 269 Babinski’s sign 31 Baclofen 199, 207, 298, 299 BAF See Brain Aneurysm

Foundation (BAF) Research

Grant

Bailey, Orville 20

Ballance, Charles 15

Ballismus 31

Barbiturates 360

Basal ganglia 48, 134, 260, 291, 292, 293, 299, 308, 320, 346

Basal skull fractures 141 Basal vein of Rosenthal 78 Basilar artery 60, 224 Basilar artery (BA) 75 Basilar sulcus 52

Battle’s sign 138

BBB See Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

BCVI See Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI)

Bedside procedures 101 Behavioral states of infancy

271

Behçet’s Disease 356 Bell’s Palsy 368 Benedict’s syndrome 224

Benign fibrous histiocytoma 248

Benign mesenchymal tumors

248

Benign rolandic epilepsy 358 Bennett, Hughes 15

Benzodiazepines 297, 298,

299, 360

Berger, Hans 20

Biceps 29

Biceps femoris 29

Big toe extension 29

Big toe flexion 29

Bipolar coagulation, in history of neurosurgery 20

Bitemporal hemianopia 39 Blink-to-threat 27 Blood-brain barrier (BBB) 318 Blunt cerebrovascular injuries

(BCVI) 155

Board certification 390 Board review resources 390 Bone scan, three-phase 203 Botulinum toxin A 297, 298 Bovie electrocoagulator 16, 19 Bovie, William T. 19 Bradykinesia 291, 292, 293,

298

Brain Aneurysm Foundation

(BAF) Research Grant 387

Brainstem

––   medulla in 58 ––   medulla in 56, 57

––   midbrain in 51, 55, 56 ––   pons in 56

––   surface anatomy of 50, 52, 53, 54

Brain surface anatomy 45, 49 Brain tumors See Tumor(s) Brain ventricles 50, 51 Breathing, in head injury

assessment 137 Bregma 40

Broca, Pierre Paul 15

Broca’s syndrome 25

Bronchogenic cysts 264

Brown-Séquard syndrome 153,

154

Bulbocavernosus reflex 37 Bulk, in motor examination 28 Burst fracture 161, 164 Bystander arteries 234

C

C1 fractures 157, 158, 159

C1 vertebra 65

C2 fractures 158, 159, 160

C2 vertebra 66

C6 vertebra 66

C7 vertebra 66

Canadian CT head rule 131 Cancer pain 209, 395.

––   See Tumor(s) Cancer Pain Research

Consortium 385

Capitation 378

Capsaicin 202

Carbamazepine 199

Carbidopa 292, 298

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