Video.Caries

1. While watching fill in the missing words. Use the words from the box.

Enamel pulp erode cavity pain inflammation dentin abscess

1. There are three tissue layers that make up the tooth: the _______, the dentin, the central region known as the _______ .

2. Bacterial acid from plaque begins to _____ the surface of the tooth.

3. The enamel contains no cells, so no _____ is experienced at this point.

4. As the _____ progresses bacteria can penetrate the enamel.

5. With the destruction of pulp tissue this leads to _________ and infection.

2. Watch the video extract once more and decide if the sentences are True or False.

1. There are two tissue layers that make up the tooth: the enamel and the dentin.

2. Bacterial acid begins the process of tooth decay.

3. The enamel contains a lot of nerve cells.

4. As the cavity progresses bacteria can penetrate the enamel and dissolve the crater in the dentin layer.

5. Eventually the cavity is extended into the soft pulp.

3. Summarize the information from the video and answer the questions. Use these questions to speak about the caries.

1. What are the tissue layers that make up the tooth?

2. How does the process of tooth decay begin?

3. Does the enamel contain nerve cells?

4. What happened as the cavity progresses?

5. What is the pulp abscess made up?

UNIT 3. DENTAL PLAQUE

Vocabulary

1. Find the meaning of these words in the dictionary. Use some of them to complete sentences.

calculus

pebble

tartar

crust

harmful

damage

cementum

stagnation

moderate

The term calculus is derived from the Latin word meaning 1) _______or stone. Some people do not form calculus, others form only 2) _______ amounts, and still others form heavy amounts. Calculus itself is not 3) _______ . However, a layer of unmineralized, viable, metabolically active bacteria that are closely associated with the external calculus surface is potentially pathogenic. 4) ______ cannot be removed by brushing or flossing. It is often difficult to remove all the calculus, even professionally, without damaging the tooth, especially the softer root 5) ________. However, calculus needs to be removed because its presence makes routine oral hygiene more difficult or even impossible by forming calculus spurs.

Video. Dental Patient Education – Root Scaling and Planing

1. While watching tick the words you’ll hear

Teeth 

Plaque 

Body 

Gum tissue 

Infection 

Inflammation 

Pocket 

Bag 

Scaling 

Playing 

Planing 

Waste products 

Rubbish bin 

Swelling 

Smoothing 

Irritating 

Exciting 

Natural smile 

2. Match pairs of sentences.

1) As calculus forms between the tooth and the gum tissue … 2) Scaling and root planing is necessary for treating periodontal diseases … 3) Without treatment damage root surfaces … 4) The plaque releases toxic waste products which provokes destructive responses from your body … 5) As pockets become deeper damage occurs more rapidly due to the inability to clean these areas, … 6) Scaling and root planing may be recommended … 7) It consists of a very thorough cleaning and smoothing of all the surfaces of the tooth and root … 8) With smooth root surfaces supporting tissue can then reattach to the tooth surface … 9) Often local anaesthetic may be used …

a) … to remove plaque and calculus below the gum line to the bottom of the pocket. b) … to help make it more comfortable for you. c) … tooth mobility, tooth loss and tooth abscess may occur if left untreated. d) … inflammation of the gums occurs which is known as gingivitis. e) …will continue to harbour plaque and calculus build-up. f) …when periodontal pockets are greater than 3 mm. g) …such as swelling and bone resorption. h) … as the first step in actively controlling your periodontal disease. i) … or at least decrease the inflammation encouraging a healthier pocket.

Reading. Dental Plaque

1. Read the text and fill in the gaps.

Within the mouth of any one individual, plaque bacteria vary in number and proportions from time to time and site to site. The diversity is even greater between individuals, between races, and 1 _______.

Bacteria in dental plaque are the direct cause of the most widespread of all human diseases: dental caries and 2 _________. These diseases, however, are not classic infections. They arise because of complex changes in plaque ecology and are affected by many factors in the host’s protective responses.

Supragingival plaque is associated with caries and gingivitis, whereas subgingival plaque is associated 3 _______. With higher pH (i.e., less acidity) some plaques mineralize to form supragingival and subgingival dental calculus.

Regular toothbrushing and flossing can remove dental plaque and 4 _______. Once dental plaque mineralizes to form calculus, use of professional instruments is necessary for its removal. Although calculus does contribute to inflammatory periodontal diseases, it is stagnation of pathogenic bacteria at critical sites that leads to 5 __________.

a) … both dental caries and periodontal diseases.

b) … control its formation.

c) … between supragingival and subgingival plaques.

d) … with gingivitis and periodontitis.

e) … inflammatory periodontal diseases.

2. Explain the words in bold.

3. True or False.

1) Within the mouth of any one individual, plaque bacteria is similar in number and proportions from time to time and site to site.

2) Dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases are not classic infections.

3) Supragingival plaque is associated with caries and gingivitis.

4) Subgingival plaque is associated with caries and periodontitis.

5) Regular toothbrushing and flossing can remove dental plaque and control its formation.

Speaking

For two minutes speak about the causes of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Grammar. Passive Voice

· We use Passive when the action is more important than the agent (the person or thing doing the action)

· To form Passive we use be (in the appropriate tense) + V₃ (Past Participle)

· Study the table:

Grammar Tense	Active	Passive
Present simple	She brushes the teeth.	The teeth are brushed.
Past simple	She brushed the teeth.	The teeth were brushed.
Present perfect simple	She has brushed the teeth.	The teeth have been brushed.
Future simple	She will brush the teeth.	The teeth will be brushed.
Modals	She must brush the teeth.	The teeth must be brushed.

1. Put the verbs in the correct Passive Tense.

a) Dental caries and periodontal diseases ________ (usually/ cause) by dental plaque.

b) Regular dental check-ups must ________ (do) at least twice a year.

c) The patient had a huge amount of calculus on the tooth surfaces, which meant that flossing and brushing ________ (do) properly during the past period.

d) “After improving this severe condition regular professional cleanings _______ (recommend) for you in future”, says the dentist.

e) His teeth _________ (just/ examine) by the dentist.

2. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive.

1. They wrote a report about the dental examination of the patient.

2. The clinic will offer a wide range of dental procedures.

3. She has already visited the dentist twice this week.

4. They must improve your bite.

5. They do regular check-ups free of charge.

3.Rewrite the sentences in the Active.

1. The crowns will be fixed by the dentist next week.

2. The office has been repaired already by the workers.

3. The follow up appointment was made by the patient.

4. Flossing and brushing must be done regularly by every individual.

5. Her natural smile is admired by everyone.

Across the Curriculum