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INDEX

Italic page numbers indicate	Afrikaners. See Boer War	Massachusetts Bay Company 302
illustrations.	Age of Enlightenment 46–48, 208	Quebec Act, effect of 349
	Agincourt, Battle of (1415) 12,	rebellion of 45, 53, 105, 130, 186
A	101–102, 242, 252	settlement 104–105
A	agitators 37	trade ties with new United States
Abbot, Charles 153	“agnostic” 254	following rebellion 56
Abbot, George 99	agricultural revolution 48–49, 102	transportation to 397
abdication crisis (Edward VIII) 99,	Coke, Thomas 166–167	Amiens, Peace of 173
204, 225	AIDS 401	Amritsar massacre (1919) 105, 222,
Aberdeen, George Hamilton-	aircraft, first use in World War I 71	258
Gordon, fourth earl of (prime	air raids 79, 102–103, 127, 428	Ancient Britons 220
minister) 99, 179	Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748)	Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 106,
Aboukir Bay, Battle of (1798) 99,	115	212
317	Alamein, Battle of El (1942) 103,	Angevin invasions 4–5
Acadia 325	310	Anglican Church 106, 162, 237,
Act of. See specific acts	Alanbrooke, Alan 103	283. See also Church of England
act of Parliament 99–100, 171, 263,	Albany, duke of 103	Anglo-Dutch Wars. See Dutch Wars
308, 342, 385, 387	Albert, Prince 58, 103–104, 181,	Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) 106, 167,
Acton, John, first baron Acton 100	201, 231–232, 405	188, 230, 233, 263, 264, 266, 323,
Adam, Robert 100	Alexander, Harold Rupert Leofric	328
Addington, Henry, viscount Sid-	George, first earl Alexander of	Anglo-Normans 5
mouth (prime minister) 100	Tunis 104	“Anglo-Saxondom” 189
Addison, Joseph 100, 386	Alfred the Great 4, 207	Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 4, 307, 321.
admiralty 101, 169, 244, 273, 404	Allen, William 104	See also Saxons
Admiralty Board 101, 317	Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman,	Anne, Princess 204
adult education, early 19th century	first viscount 104	Anne (queen) 44, 45, 52, 106–107,
303	almshouses 104	277
advocates. See barristers	Alternate Service Book 129	Anne of Cleves (queen) 20, 107,
Afghanistan 67, 101	Amboyna massacre (1623) 104, 195	181, 243
Africa 101. See also specific African	American colonies 104–105, 167.	Anson, George 107, 251
countries and territories	See also Revolutionary War in	anticolonialism 56
British possessions in	American colonies; Stamp Act	Anti-Corn Law League 55, 107, 166,
(1885–1924), map 498	(1765); United States	173, 304
British relations, history 101	Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) 137,	antislavery movement 54, 107, 135,
Dr. Livingstone 288, 385	165, 251	164, 165, 373, 377, 378
exertion of imperial power 64–65	Board of Trade 128	antiterrorist legislation 195
“indirect rule” of Baron Lugard	Continental Congress 185	apartheid 381, 390
292	crises 104–105	Appeal, Court of 107–108, 143, 175,
rebellion against British power	Declaration of Independence	179, 244, 273, 302
66–67	(1776) 185	appeasement policy, pre–World
slave trade. See slave trade and	expansion 104–105	War II 77, 78, 108, 112, 154,
slavery	map (1607–1763) 497	160, 197, 295, 393, 423

526

Index 527

apprenticeship 108, 198, 211, 234 Arch, Joseph 108

archbishop, office of 108–109, 250, 338. See also Canterbury, province of Church of England; York, province of Church of England

cathedral, seat of 150 archdeacon, office of 109 architecture. See specific architects

Arden 100–101 “area bombing” 240

Argyll Commission 199 aristocracy in 21st century 95–96 Arkwright, Sir Richard 109

Armada, Spanish. See Spanish Armada Arminian doctrines 110, 163, 203,

283

Arminium, Jacobus 110 armistice of 1918 74, 110 Armstrong, Sir William 87

army, British 110–111, 313. See also New Model Army (1645)

War Office 409

Army Discipline and Regulation Act (1879) 313

Arnold, Matthew 111 Arnold, Thomas 111, 386

Arthur, king of the Britons 5–6 Articles of Religion (1553) 178, 201 arts. See also specific artists

Ascham, Roger 111 Ashanti 111, 419 Aske, Robert 111, 340

Asquith, Herbert Henry, first earl of Oxford and Asquith (prime minister) 71, 72, 76, 111–112, 148, 182, 284, 288, 422

assize 112, 168, 181, 210, 231, 332 bloody assizes (1685) 127, 270,

310

nisi prius 321

Assize of Arms (1181) 110, 306 Association Movement 112, 197,

425

Astor, Nancy, viscountess 112, 166 Astor, Waldorf 166

Atlantic, Battle of the (1940–43) 80, 112–113

Atlantic Charter (1941) 80, 82, 113 atom bomb 113, 325. See also

nuclear energy

British development 90, 113 Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

80, 423

splitting of atom, discovery 364 attainder 113, 181, 251, 372, 387 Atterbury, Francis 113, 246 Attlee, Clement Richard (prime

minister) 81, 84, 113–114, 424 attorney 114

Attwood, Thomas 114 Aubrey, John 114

Auchinleck, Sir Claude 114, 411 Augmentations, Court of (1536)

26, 114 Austen, Jane 114

Austin, Herbert 114–115 Australia 115

autonomy gained by 65, 83, 192 colonial expansion in 56 diaspora in 19th century 61–62 systematic colonization of 58 transportation to 397

Austria

pre–World War I events in 70–71 World War II 78, 108

Austrian Succession, War of (1740–48) 115, 182, 224, 271

Austro-Hungarian Empire 70

Babington, Anthony 116, 204, 409 backbencher 116

Bacon, Francis 116, 116–117 Baden-Powell, Robert 117, 131–132,

226–227

Bagehot, Walter 117, 308 bail 117

“bailie” 117 bailiff 117

Balaclava, Battle of (1954) 147 “balanced constitution” 308 balance of power 117, 123 Baldwin, Stanley, first earl Baldwin

of Bewdley (prime minister) 117, 154

Balfour, Arthur James Balfour, first earl (prime minister) 117–118

Balfour Declaration (1917) 118, 182, 334, 428

Balkans, pre–World War I 70–71

Ball, John 118, 337

Ballot Act (1872) 118, 217, 265, 287, 369

Baltimore, George Calvert, first baron 118

Bancroft, Richard (archbishop of Canterbury) 118

Banda, Dr. Hastings 297 Bangladesh 118–119, 258, 333 Bank Charter Act of 1844 119 Bank of England 119, 316, 378

establishment 43, 119, 236 nationalization 86

bankruptcy, London court of 244 Baptists 119, 191, 321

Barbados 119, 413 Barnardo, Thomas 119

Barnet, Battle of (1471) 14, 119, 393, 410

baron, rank of 119, 338, 406 baronet, rank of 119, 223

Barrett, Elizabeth (Elizabeth Barrett Browning) 136

barristers 114, 120, 176, 260, 284, 285, 383

bastard feudalism 11 Basutoland 120, 286 Battle of. See specific battles

Baxter, Richard 120, 270 BBC. See British Broadcasting

Corporation Beardsley, Aubrey 120 Beatles 89, 90

Beaton, David 120, 279, 418 Beatty, David 120

Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal 12, 120, 228

Beaufort family 120–121 Beaverbrook, William Maxell Aitken

121 Bechuanaland 121

Becket, Thomas 6, 147

Beckford, William 121

Bede (monk of Northumbria) 4 Bedford, John, duke of 12–14 Bedlam 121

Belfast 121

Belize 122

Bell, Andrew 122, 198, 281

Bell, Clive and Vanessa 127 Benburb, Battle of (1646) 329 Benedictine order 309 Bengal 122, 165, 241, 257

528 Great Britain

Bentham, Jeremy 54, 56, 122, 135,	Blake, William 126, 359	Bosworth, Battle of (1485) 15, 130,
153, 252, 306, 351, 359, 403	Blenheim, Battle of (1704) 127, 299	357, 399
Berkeley, George 122	Bletchley Park (cryptographers and	Botany Bay 115, 130
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 70,	Enigma machine) 81, 401–402	Botha, Louis 130
122–123, 191	Bligh, William 127	Bothwell, James Hepburn, fourth
Bermuda 123	Blitz of London 79, 102, 103, 127,	earl of 130, 184, 301
Berwick, Treaty of (1586) 268, 291,	133, 160, 361, 423	Bothwell Bridge, Battle of 145
296	bloody assizes (1685) 127, 270, 310	Botswana 130–131
Besant, Annie 123	“Bloody Balfour” 117	Boulton, Matthew 131, 410, 416
Bessemer, Sir Henry 123	“Bloody Mackenzie” 294	Bounty, HMS 127
“Bess of Hardwick” (Elizabeth Talbot,	“Bloody Mary” 302	Bow Street Runners 131
countess of Shrewsbury) 123	Bloody Sunday (1887, 1820, 1972)	Boxer Rebellion (1900) 68, 131
Bethlem Royal Hospital (“Bedlam”)	127	Boycott, Charles 131
121	Bloomsbury Group 127, 217, 420	Boyle, Robert 131
between the world wars (1919–39)	blue book 128	Boyne, Battle of the (1690) 42–43,
75–79	Blunt, Anthony 128	131, 267, 330
Bevan, Aneurin 123, 316	Board of Agriculture 427	Boy Scouts 117, 131–132, 226
Beveridge, William 81, 123–124,	Board of Health 153	Bradlaugh, Charles 123, 132
315	Board of Trade 128, 140, 253, 342	Bray, Thomas 379
“Beveridge Report” (1942) 124, 411	Bodleian Library 128, 228	Breda, Declaration of (1660) 132,
Bevin, Ernest 124	Bodley, Sir Thomas 128	157, 355
Bible 24, 124, 164, 178, 209, 289,	Boer War (1899–1902) 64, 67–68,	Brest Litovsk, Treaty of (early 1918) 71
366, 379, 399, 425. See also King	70, 101, 128, 130, 137, 147, 269,	Bretton Woods Conference (1944)
James Version (1611) of Bible	288, 306, 329, 356, 366, 390, 397	82, 276
big bang theory 241	Boleyn, Anne (queen) 20, 22,	Bright, John 132, 298, 351
Big Three 81–82	128–129, 150, 178, 181, 203, 243,	Brindley, James 132
Bill of Rights 124, 217, 389	321, 371–372, 387, 419	Britain (the name) 132–133
dispensing power 190	Bolingbroke, Henry. See Henry IV	Britain, Battle of (1940) 79, 133, 193,
quasi-bill of rights 96, 124	Bolingbroke, Henry St. John 129	351, 361
U.S. Bill of Rights 124	“Bomber” Harris 240	British Airways 86
biological weapons 190	bombs/bombing. See also air raids;	British Broadcasting Corporation
Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith,	atom bomb; London Blitz	(BBC) 86, 133, 165, 316, 352, 355
first earl of 125	“area bombing” 240	British Commonwealth 134, 413
birth control 297	Dresden, bombing of (World	British Empire, the 56–68, 133–134,
bishop, office of 125, 208, 250, 338,	War II) 240	207
347	Bonaparte, Napoleon 45, 53, 146,	beginnings 56
cathedral, seat of 150	171, 288, 314–315, 410. See also	challenge to 65–68
injunction 259–260	Waterloo, Battle of (1815)	decline and devolution since 1945
Bishops’ Bible 334	“Bonnie Prince Charlie.” See Stuart,	83–96
Bishops’ Wars (1639, 1640) 125,	Charles Edward	Diaspora 61–62
163, 286	Book of Common Prayer 24, 129,	early growth 133
Bismarck, Otto von, German chan-	162, 165, 178, 357, 366, 414	end of 65, 68
cellor 122	Alternate Service Book 129	European Community involve-
Black and Tans 106, 125	“Book of Martyrs” by John Foxe 218	ment versus the Empire, post
Black Death (bubonic plague) 8, 49,	Booth, Charles 129	1945 89–92, 207
125, 337, 372	Booth, William (Salvation Army)	foreign affairs 64–65
Black Hand Society 70	129, 366	rebellions against empire 65–68
“black hole of Calcutta” 122	borough 129, 313, 350. See also burgh	free trade empire 133–134. See
black holes theory 241	rotten boroughs of 18th century	also free trade
Blackstone, Sir William 125–126	54, 233, 249, 354, 360	growth of 56–61
Blair, Anthony (prime minister) 85,	Boston 105, 130	height of 62–65
126, 126	Boston Massacre (1770) 130	loss of empire status (World
Blair, Eric. See Orwell, George	Boston Tea Party (1773) 130, 349	War II) 82
Blake, Robert 126	Boswell, James 130, 272	map (1930) 500

		Index 529
mercantile empire 133	Burghley, William Cecil, first baron	colonial expansion in 56
mid-1800s to 1914 56–68	138, 145, 152, 357	English and French in 146
monarchy 308	Burgoyne, John 138–139, 252	movement for Canadian federal
20th-century 69–95, 134	Burke, Edmund 139, 139, 277, 295,	government 294
British Expeditionary Force 134,	333, 345, 356, 359, 419	secession movement among
194, 219, 235, 421	Burke, Thomas 151	French Canadians 146
British Honduras 122	Burma 139, 291, 418	Canning, George (prime minister)
British Library 134–135	Burnet, Gilbert 139	146, 304
British Museum 134–135, 300	Burns, John 139–140	canons (church law) 169, 284
Elgin marbles 203	Burns, Robert 140, 359	Canterbury, province of Church of
Harleian collection 239	Burton, Sir Richard 140	England 108, 147, 171
British Museum Act (1753) 134	Bushell’s Case 140	archbishop 108–109, 147, 162,
British North American Act (1867)	Bute, John Stuart, third earl of (prime	337
146, 148, 294	minister) 140, 232, 318, 322, 416	Bancroft, Richard, archbishop
British South Africa Company 356	Butler. See Ormonde, dukes and	118
Briton, journal 322	earls of	cathedral 150
Britons 4, 5, 133, 368	Butler, Josephine 140, 385	“Capability” Brown 135
“Brittany” 231	Butler, R. A., 192	Cape Colony 147, 269, 329, 356,
Britten, Benjamin 135	Butler of Saffron Walden, Richard	381, 397
Bronowski, Jacob 135	Austen Butler, baron 140–141	capital punishment 147
Brontë family 135	Education Act 88, 141, 198	abolition of (1965) 89, 147
Brougham, Henry Peter 135, 303,	Butt, Isaac 141, 264–265	“Captain Kidd” 276
351, 377	by-election 141	Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell,
Brown, Lancelot (“Capability” Brown)	Byng, John 141	seventh earl of 147, 179
135	Byron, George Gordon Noel (Lord	Cardinal Wolsey. See Wolsey,
Browne, Robert 136, 169	Byron) 141, 246, 359	Thomas, Cardinal
Brownies 227	C	Cardwell, Edward 147
Browning, Robert 136	C	Carlyle, Thomas 147–148
Bruce, Robert 8, 368	cabinet 87, 142, 171, 173, 238, 248,	Carnarvon, Henry Howard
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 136	250, 290, 335, 338, 346, 406	Molyneux Herbert, fourth earl of
Brussels, Treaty of (1972) 92	Cabot, John 142, 146, 318	148
Bryce, James 136	Cade’s Rebellion (1450) 14, 142–143,	Caroline of Brunswick 148, 209,
B.S.E. (bovine spongiform encepha-	300	225
lopathy) (“mad cow disease”) 136	Cadwallader 5	Carroll, Lewis 148
bubonic plague (Black Death) 8, 49,	Cairns, Hugh 143	Carson, Sir Edward 148, 263
125, 337, 372	Calais, 143, 253, 385	Carte, Richard D’Oyly 148–149
Buchan, John (baron Tweedsmuir)	Calcutta 122, 143, 165, 257, 318	Carthusian monks 24
136–137	Callaghan, James (prime minister)	Cartwright, John 149, 351
Buchanan, George 137, 268	143	Cartwright, Thomas 149
Buckingham, George Villiers, fourth	Calvin’s Case 34	Casement, Sir Roger 149
duke of 137, 156, 247, 348	Cambridge University 87, 89,	castle 149
Buckingham Palace 137, 204, 315,	144–145, 191, 332, 403	Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, second
418	Camden, William 145	viscount 146, 149–150
budget 137, 249, 288, 398	Cameron, Richard 145	Catesby, Robert 234
Buller, Redvers 137	“Cameronians” 145	cathedral 150
Bunker Hill, Battle of (1775) 137,	Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament	Catherine of Aragon (queen) 16, 20,
165, 251	(CND) 145, 363	23, 128, 150, 162, 178, 242, 243,
Bunyan, John 137–138	Campbell family 145	302, 311, 354, 356, 387, 419
Burdett, Sir Francis 138	Campion, Edmund 145	Catherine the Great 411
bureaucracy in government (latter	Canada 146. See also specific provinces	Catholic Association 150–151
20th century) 86–87	autonomy of provinces (mid-	Catholic emancipation (1829) 150,
Burgess, Anthony 138	1800s) 58, 65, 83, 192	151, 190, 225, 230, 327, 352, 354,
burgesses 138, 308, 335	Charter of Rights and Freedoms	360, 373, 393, 412
burgh 138, 176, 335	146	Catholicism. See Roman church

530 Great Britain

Catholic Relief Act (1829) 151	Chartist movement 54, 158, 220,	Cinque Ports 162–163
Cato Street Conspiracy (1820) 148,	230, 291, 304, 314, 326, 328, 341,	“circulating schools” 199
151	359, 369	circumnavigation of globe, Anson’s
Cavalier Parliament 39, 151, 157	Chatham, first earl of. See Pitt,	107, 251
“cavaliers” 361	William	Cistercians 309
Cavell, Edith 151	chemical and biological weapons	Civilisation on BBC television 165
Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles	190	civil law 163, 169, 284
151–152, 217, 277	Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stan-	civil service 86–87, 163, 335, 342,
Cavendish, Henry 152	hope, fourth earl of 158–159	359
Cavendish, Thomas 152	Chiang Kai-shek 423	Civil Service Commission (1955) 163
Caxton, William 152	Chichester, Sir Arthur 159	Civil War (1642–50) 157, 163–164
Cecil, Sir Robert 152, 369	Child, Josiah 159	army, effect on 110
Cecil, William, Lord Salisbury 27,	Childers, Robert Erskine 159	map (1642–43) 496
369	China	monarchy, effect on 308
Celts 3, 4, 5, 152–153, 260–261	imperial action in 68	origins (1603–42) 33–37, 125
census 153, 167	People’s Republic of China, Hong	revolution and (1642–59) 37–38
Census Act (1800) 153	Kong returned to (1997) 247	Claim of Right (Scotland) 42, 164
central criminal court (Old Bailey)	Chippendale, Thomas 159	clan 164, 176, 228, 245, 282, 407
318, 328	chivalry 5, 159, 279	Clapham Sect 164, 415
Ceylon 153, 383	Cholera outbreak (1832) 55	Clarendon, Edward Hyde 39,
Chadwick, Edwin 153	Christian Socialist movement (mid-	164–165
Chalmers, Thomas 153, 191, 219	1900s) 245, 277, 379	Clarendon Code 39, 157, 165, 367,
Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville	chronological history of Great	394
(prime minister) 78, 108,	Britain 431–487	Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie 165
154–155, 160, 192, 197, 236, 406,	“church army” 366	Clarkson, Thomas 165, 351
423	Churchill, John. See Marlborough,	“class society” 89
Chamberlain, Joseph 63, 64, 154,	John Churchill, duke of	Clemenceau, Georges 76
155, 256, 269, 287	Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry	Clinton, Sir Henry 165
Chamberlain, (Joseph) Austen 155	Spencer 159	Clive, Robert 122, 165, 371
chancellor of the exchequer 137,	Churchill, Sir Winston (prime mini-	Cliveden 112, 166
143, 154, 155, 159, 160, 398	ster) 71–72, 77, 79, 80–82, 84, 102,	Clontarf, Battle of (1014) 261
Downing Street (No. 11) 193	113, 160–161, 161, 214, 222, 236,	CND. See Campaign for Nuclear
Chancery, Court of 26, 155, 169,	285, 378, 423, 426	Disarmament
175, 244, 250, 273, 290, 302, 324	Church of England 161–162	Cnut, king of Denmark 4, 307
Channel Islands 155–156	Anglican faith 106	coal mining, post–World War I
courts of law 177	archbishop 108–109	76–77
“charge of the light brigade” 147,	Book of Common Prayer 24, 129,	Cobbett, William 166, 238
179	162, 165, 178, 414	Cobden, Richard 166, 298, 351
Charity Commission 135	creation of 20	Cobden-Chevalier Treaty 166
charity schools 156, 198, 379, 389	doctrine statement. See Thirty-	Cobdenite liberalism 64
Charles, prince of Wales 85, 158,	nine Articles of Faith (1563)	Cockburn, Henry 166
188, 204	Elizabeth I and 22, 29, 32	Coercion Act 152
Charles I (king) 33, 35–38, 137,	Glorious Revolution, effect of	Coke, Sir Edward 166
156–157, 180, 192, 206, 217, 237,	41–44	Coke, Thomas 49, 166–167
240, 247, 276, 283, 286, 319,	liturgy and doctrine, legislation	Colchester, Charles Abbot, first
320–321, 340, 361, 374, 379	establishing. See uniformity, acts	baron 167
execution of 33, 38, 157, 213,	of	cold war 90–91
260, 324	move away from Catholicism 22	Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 167, 359,
Charles II (king) 38–41, 132, 142,	reformation of 23–25, 106	381
151, 157–158, 260, 326, 339, 344,	Church of Ireland 24–25, 162	Colet, John 167, 355
355, 364	Church of Scotland 24–25, 44, 162,	College of Justice 371
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)	208	Collins, Michael 167
21	disruption 153, 191, 219	Colonial Land and Emigration
Charles VII (king of France) 13, 242	General Assembly 223	Commission 61

		Index 531
colonial power. See also American	Congregational Union of England	Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, first
colonies, rebellion of; British	and Wales (1831) 169	marquis 173, 257, 427
Empire, the; imperialism; India,	“congress system” 150	coronation of monarch 307
colonial	Connolly, James 169–170, 196	Elizabeth II 85
beginnings 56	Conrad, Joseph 170	corporation 173
challenge to 65–68	conscription 74, 75, 90, 110–111,	Corporation Act (1661) 39, 165, 321
decline of 83, 91	170, 384, 422	Corporation Act (1828) 191
diaspora in 19th century, effect of	press gang 345	Cort, Henry 173
61–62	Conservative and Unionist Party	council 173, 174, 308, 330, 335,
dominion 192	170, 287	344, 345. See also privy council
growth of 56–58	Conservative Party 84, 89, 170	Council of Four 75
height of power (19th century)	Churchill, Winston 79	Council of the March 299
62–65	Disraeli, Benjamin 190	Council of Tribunals 175
policy development 58	emergence of 63	country party 174
colony 167	Heath, Sir Edward 241	county 173–174, 374
Combination Acts 55, 167–168, 341,	Macmillan, Harold 92, 295	county court 174, 175
396	Major, John 170	coupon election 76
commission 168	post-1945 status 84–85	court party 174
Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes	Tamworth Manifesto (1934)	courts of law 174–177. See also Ap-
42	391	peal, Court of; Augmentations,
commission of inquiry 168	Lord Salisbury 118	Court of; Chancery, Court of; Com-
Committee of Both Kingdoms 168,	Thatcher, Margaret 94, 143, 170,	mon Pleas, Court of; Criminal Ap-
404	393–394	peal, Court of; Exchequer, Court
common law 168–169, 206, 283–284	constable 131, 170, 300, 343	of; First Fruits and Tenths, Court
barrister 120	Constable, John 171	of; General Surveyors, Court of;
Blacksone, Sir William 125–126	constitution 171, 308	High Court of Justice; King’s
Coke, Sir Edward 166	Constitution, U.S., Bill of Rights in	Bench, Court of; Old Bailey; Re-
combinations acts 168	124	quests, Court of; Session, Court of;
courts 250, 277, 379	constitutional government, Magna	Star Chamber; Wards, Court of
“forms of action” 424	Carta as symbol of 296. See also	admiralty 101, 169, 244, 273
habeas corpus 235	Magna Carta (1215)	assize 112, 181
law reports 284, 285	Continental Congress of American	attorney 114
Common Market 91–92, 209. See	colonies 105, 185	bailiff 117
also European Economic Commu-	“Continental System” of Napoleon	barristers 114, 120, 176, 260
nity (EEC)	Bonaparte 171, 314	Channel Islands 177
Common Pleas, Court of 114, 169,	conventicle 171	common law 250, 277, 379
174, 244, 273, 321	Conventicle Act (1664) 40, 165, 171	ecclesiastical courts 196–197
Common Prayer, Book of. See Book	convention 171	England and Wales 174–175
of Common Prayer	Convention of London (1840) 388	eyre 210
Common Sense by Thomas Paine	convention parliament 38, 171, 186,	grand jury 231, 273
333	194, 290, 309, 355	House of Lords 250–251
Commonwealth of England 38, 132,	convocations 171	Ireland 176–177, 197, 262
169, 236, 362, 404	Cook, Captain James 115, 130,	Isle of Man 177
Commonwealth of Nations 134	171–172, 172	jury 273
Commonwealth Relations Office	cooperative movement 172, 259,	law reports 284, 285
217	291, 331, 359, 419	magistrates 175, 181, 231, 251,
communism 300	copyhold 172, 219, 281	295, 340, 347
Communist Party of Great Britain	copyright 172	Northern Ireland 177
84, 379	corn laws 107, 172–173, 228	petty sessions 175, 273, 340
community charge (1989) 343, 394	Anti-Corn Law League 55, 107,	quarter sessions 175, 340, 349
commutation 169, 394	166, 173, 304	rulings 171
comprehensive education 199	repeal of 51, 55, 63, 107, 170,	Scotland 175–176
comprehensive school 89	173, 230, 351, 363	solicitor 379–380
Congregationalists 169, 256	tariffs and 392	year books 285, 426

532 Great Britain

covenant 177	Daily Mail 322	Defense of the Seven Sacraments, The by
Covenanters (Scotland) 145, 157,	Daily Mirror 322–323	Martin Luther 23
177, 194, 237, 272, 310, 414	Daladier, Edouard 78, 108, 154	deficit spending 284
Coverdale, Miles 124, 178, 208	Dalhousie, James Ramsay, first mar-	Defoe, Daniel 186–187
Cranfield, Lionel 178	quis 183	de Gaulle, Charles. See Gaulle,
Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of	Dalrymple, James (Lord Stair). See	Charles de
Canterbury 24, 129, 178, 208,	Stair, James Dalrymple, first viscount	de heretico comburendo (1382, 1401)
302, 357	Danby, Thomas Osborne 183	187
cricket 178	Danelaw 4	De Lesseps, Ferdinand 202, 388
Crimean War (1854–56) 56–57,	Danes 4	democracy, British 84, 95
147, 178–179, 359, 363	genealogy 503	depression 187, 256, 268, 331, 397.
Criminal Appeal, Court of 107–108,	Darby, Abraham 183	See also Great Depression
179	Darien 184, 337	Derby, Edward Stanley, 14th earl of
Criminal Investigation Department	Darnley, Henry Stewart, earl of 184,	(prime minister) 187
343	268, 286, 300–301, 310, 312, 358	Desmond Rebellion (1579–83) 188,
criminal law 179, 284, 338, 360. See	darts 184	214, 330
also Old Bailey	Darwin, Charles 184, 184–185	de Valera, Eamon 76, 167, 188, 233,
Cripps, Sir Stafford 179, 221	Darwin, Erasmus 185	263, 264
crofter 176, 179–180, 245	Das Kapital by Karl Marx 300	Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex 166,
Crofter’s Act (1886) 180	Davies, John 185	209, 313, 324, 370
Cromer, Evelyn Baring, first earl 180	Davies, Richard 124, 185	Devereux, Walter, earl of Essex 209
Cromwell, Oliver 37–38, 39, 157, 169,	Davitt, Michael 185, 263	devolution 188, 342, 368–369
178, 180–181, 193, 194, 207, 260,	Davy, Sir Humphrey 185	Devonshire, William Cavendish,
262, 272, 276, 281, 286, 290, 291,	debt. See national debt	fourth duke of (prime minister)
296, 300, 317, 347, 355, 384, 404	Decartes, René 208	188
Cromwell, Thomas 24, 26–27, 162,	Declaration of Breda (1660) 38, 132,	Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria
178, 181, 192, 208, 222, 243, 346,	157	272–273
369	Declaration of Independence, U.S.	Diana, princess of Wales 86, 158,
crop rotation in 18th century 48–49	(1776) 185	188–189, 204
Crown. See monarchy; prerogative,	Declaration of Rights (1689) 186,	diaspora in 19th century 61–62
royal; specific monarchs	308, 350, 380, 414	Dickens, Charles 189
Crown Cases Reserved, Court of 179	declarations of indulgence 40, 41,	“Diggers” (1649) 418
crown colony 167	157, 186, 228, 352, 367, 371, 389	Dilke, Charles 189
Crown Court 181, 244	Declaratory Act (1977) 105	Dillon, John 189
Crown Jewels 396	declaratory acts (1720, 1766) 186,	“Diplock” courts 177
Crystal Palace (Great Exhibition of	231, 262, 344, 359, 384	disarmament 160, 189–190, 221,
1851) 58–59, 59, 181, 232	decline and devolution of Empire	241, 285, 363
Culloden, Battle of (1746) 52, 181,	since 1945 83–96, 207	disestablishment 190, 197, 207
182, 293, 313	domestic politics 83–87	dispensing power 190
Cumberland, William Augustus 182	economics 83–87, 90–91	Disraeli, Benjamin (prime minister)
Curragh mutiny (1914) 182, 219, 263	European Community involve-	63, 64, 170, 190–191, 191, 297,
Curzon of Kedleston, George	ment versus Empire 89–92, 207	306, 338, 359, 378, 388, 427
Nathaniel Curzon, first marquis	monarchy, decline of 85–86	disruption (Church of Scotland
182, 250	reviving nations 92–95	schism, 1843) 153, 191, 219
custom 283	social change 87–89	Dissenters 137–138, 191, 198, 365,
customs and excise 182	21st century 95–96	371, 379, 389, 394, 402
Cymmrodorion Society 202	decolonization 83, 91, 93–94	dissenting academies 191, 198
Cyprus 182	Dee, John 186	dissolution of Parliament 192, 347
D	defectors 306	dissolution of the monasteries (16th
D	Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 74,	century) 114, 181, 191–192, 309,
“Dáil” courts 176	186, 422	404
Dáil Éireann 167, 183, 233, 283,	defender of the faith (fidei defensor)	distribution of wealth 89
369, 391	23, 186	divine right 192

Index 533

divinity of kings 277 divorce

court 244, 273

by mutual consent (instituted 1969) 89

royal family (late 20th century) 86, 188, 204

“doctrine of lapse” 183

domestic politics since 1945 83–87 Dominicans 309

dominion 192, 195 Donne, John 192

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (prime minister) 85, 192–193, 250

Dover, Treaty of (1670) 40, 183, 193, 195, 209

Dowding, Hugh 193 Downing, Sir George 193 Downing Street 193

D’Oyly Carte Opera Company 149 Drake, Sir Francis 152, 193, 204,

220

“drawing and quartering” 398

Dreadnought 193

Dresden, bombing of (World War II) 240

Dreyfus case 212 Drogheda 38, 193, 400 Drury, Sir Thomas 193

Drury Lane Theatre 193–194, 222, 374

Dryden, John 194

Dual Alliance of 1893 (France/ Russia) 70

Dublin 73, 106, 194, 196

Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland. See Northumberland, John Dudley

Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan 427 duke, rank of 194, 196, 338 Dumbarton Oaks conference (1944)

Dunbar, Battle of (1650) 194 Duncan (king of Scotland) 5 Dundas, Henry. See Melville, Henry

Dundas

Dundee, John Graham 194, 277 Dunkirk 134, 194–195, 310 Durham, John George Lambton, first

earl of 195, 407 Durham Report 195, 407

Dutch Wars (1652–74) 40, 104, 126, 195, 363

duties on foreign and domestic products 182

Dyer, Reginald, Brigadier General 105 dynamite war 195, 382

E earl, rank of 196, 338 early Britain 3–10, 206

enclosure 205–206 feudalism 212 14th-century crises 8–10 land tenure 212, 282 monarchy 307–308 Normans and Angevins 4–8 origins 3–4

eastern front (World War I) 71 “Eastern Question” 178–179 Easter Rebellion (1916) 72, 106, 149, 167, 170, 188, 196, 263, 265–266, 352, 376. See Irish

Republican Brotherhood

East India Company 65, 110, 122, 139, 143, 159, 165, 183, 196, 240, 252, 257, 258, 329, 352

EC. See European Community ecclesiastical courts 196–197 economic planning agencies 86 economics. See also specific economists

British capital in 19th century 60 deficit spending (John Law) 284 depression. See depression; Great

Depression

18th-century Britain 49–52, 54–55

the Empire 56–58, 60

Enlightenment 47–48 15th-century Britain 17–18 finance since 1945 93

free trade. See free trade International Monetary Fund

276

Keynes, John Maynard 276 laissez faire economics 51, 63,

246, 281, 297

peacetime economy post–World War I 76–77

post-1945 years 83–87, 90–95 radicalism 351

reform, economical 197, 340 sterling, efforts to maintain 91 21st century 96

World Bank 276

World War II, effect of 82

Eden, Anthony (prime minister) 84, 197, 295

Edgar (king of Wessex and Northumbria) 4

Edgehill, Battle of (1642) 157, 163, 197, 209

Edgeworth, Maria 197 Edinburgh 175, 198

Edinburgh Philosophical Society 275 education 198–200. See also Cam-

bridge University; charity schools; grammar schools; Open University; Oxford University; Sunday schools; universities

comprehensive education 199 dissenting academies 191, 198 elementary education 217 Elizabethan age 31–32 history 198–200 20th-century reform 88–89 universities 403

Education Act (1870) 217, 227 Education Act (1944) 88, 141, 198 Edward I (king) 7–8, 28, 212, 346,

367

Edward II (king) 8, 9

Edward III (king) 8, 9, 194, 200, 398 Edward IV (king) 14, 19, 200–201,

360, 365, 393, 410

Edward V (king [uncrowned]) 201, 357

Edward VI (king) 22, 28, 201, 243, 372

Edward VIII (duke of Windsor [king]) 99, 201, 201–202, 225

abdication crisis 99, 204, 225 Edward the Confessor, (Anglo-

Saxon king) 4, 322, 389, 413 EEC. See European Economic Com-

munity Egypt 202, 334

imperial action in 67, 101, 227 withdrawal from 91

18th-century Britain 45–55, 207 argricultural revolution 48–49 Enlightenment 46–48 monarchy 308

social change 52–55 trade and industry 49–52

Eire 202 eisteddfodau 202

El Alamein. See Alamein, Battle of El (1942)

534 Great Britain

Eldon, John Scott 202	Equal Pay Act (1975) 420	factory acts 198, 211, 359, 372
Eldorado 351–352	Erasmus 23	Fairfax, Sir Thomas 211, 300, 319
Eleanor of Aquitaine 6	“erastian” reformation 207	Faisal, king of Iraq 305
electoral reform 354–355	Erskine, Thomas 208–209	Falklands War (1982) 85, 92, 394
electromagnetic waves, discovery of	esquires 223	Fascist movement in Italy (1922) 77
351–352	Essays Concerning Human Understand-	Fashoda incident (1898) 180, 211–212
“eleven plus” exam 88	ing (1690) by John Locke 46	Fawcett, Dame Millicent 212
Elgar, Sir Edward 202–203	Essex, earls of 166, 209, 313, 324	Fawkes, Guy 212
Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh earl of	euro 209	Fenian Brotherhood 141, 185, 196,
203	European Atomic Energy Commis-	212, 263, 264, 265
Elgin marbles 203	sion (EAEC) 209	Fenian Office 382
Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans) 203	European Coal and Steel Commu-	feudalism 212
Eliot, Sir John 203	nity (ECSC) 91, 209	Fianna Fáil party 188, 376
Eliot, T. S. 203	European Community (EC) 209	fief 212
Elizabethan age 29–32	Britain’s EC involvement versus	Fielding, Henry 131, 213
Elizabeth I (queen) 22, 29–32, 30,	the Empire, post-1945 89–92,	15th-century Britain 11–19
138, 203–204, 208, 243, 285, 296,	94, 207, 209	agriculture 17
300, 313, 323, 352, 357, 362, 366,	European Convention of Human	church in 16–17
372, 409, 413	Rights 124	class definitions 18
birth 20	European Court of Justice 209	economics of 17–18
Church of England and 22, 237	European Economic Community	gentry, rise of 18
English Renaissance under 29,	(EEC) 143, 207, 209, 241, 256,	intellectual development 18
31, 355	264, 296, 392, 394	literature 17
mother. See Anne Boleyn, queen	evangelical 164, 209, 366	lordship in 11–14
reign of 22–23, 29–32	evangelical reformers of early 1800s	monarchs in 14–16
Spanish Armada and 22, 29–31,	54, 164, 199, 311, 372, 415	new monarchy 15, 308
109–110	Clapham Sect 164, 415	nobility and peasantry 18
via media approach to the church	Evening News 322	political power, strengthening
22, 29	evolution, Darwin’s theory of	of 18–19
Elizabeth II (queen) 85–86, 158,	184–185	social and economic changes
204, 205, 273, 308–309, 418	exchange rate mechanism (ERM) of	16–19
emergency powers 300	EEC 296	towns and cities 17
emigration in 19th century, effect of	exchequer 209, 398, 409	trade 17
61–62	Exchequer, Court of 26, 175, 244,	war 11–16
Emmet, Robert 205	273	Fifth Monarchy Men 213
Empire, the. See British Empire, the	exclusion crisis 40, 157, 209–210,	Filmer, Sir Robert 213
enclosure 205–206, 414	269, 324, 364, 372, 414	finance since 1945 93
Engagement, the (Charles I/Scots	excommunication 210	Finch, Daniel. See Nottingham,
treaty) 206, 237, 283	explorers (16th century) 23	Daniel Finch
England, history of 206–207	Explosive Substances Act (1883) 195	Finch, Sir John 213
chronological history 431–487	exports. See imports and exports	Fire of London (1666) 213, 318,
English Bible 24, 124	extradition 210	339, 365, 424
English language 207	eyre 210	first Balkan War 70
English Reformation 23–29, 161,	F	First Fruits and Tenths, Court of
207–208, 243, 279, 354–355, 399	F	(1540) 26
English Renaissance 29, 31, 355	Fabian Society 211, 254, 333, 373,	“first past the post” system 84
Enigma machine 81, 401–402	379, 411, 412	Fisher, John, execution in 1535 24
Enlightenment 46–48, 208	factories. See also manufacturing;	Fisher, John Arbuthnot Fisher, first
entente 208, 233, 421	trade unions	baron 213–214
Entente Cordiale (1904) 65, 208,	growth during industrial revolu-	Fisher, St. John 208, 214, 222
212, 282	tion 50–52, 51	Fitzgerald, earls of Desmond 188,
Entente with Russia (1907) 208,	workplace reforms (early 1800s)	214
233	51, 351	Fitzgerald, earls of Kildare 214, 262

Index 535

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 214–215 FitzRoy, Henry 215

Five Knights’ case 217, 235, 340 Five-Mile Act (1665) 40, 165 Fleming, Sir Alexander 215 Fletcher, Andrew 215

flight of the earls (1607) 215, 328 Flodden, Battle of (1513) 21, 28,

215, 268, 399

Football Association 216 football (soccer) 216–217 Forbes, Duncan 217

forced loan 163, 217, 340, 370 foreign affairs

the Empire 64–68

World War I, British involvement in 70–71

Foreign and Commonwealth Office 306

Foreign Office 217, 247, 369 Forster, E. M. 127, 217 Forster, William E. 217 Fortescue, Sir John 217–218 Fourteen Points 74 14th-century Britain 8–10 “Fourth Party” 159

Fox, Charles James 218, 220, 232, 322, 340, 374

Fox, George 218

Foxe, John 218 fox hunting 218 France

Council of Four 75

Dual Alliance 70

entente. See Entente Cordiale (1904)

wars with 15th-century 11–14 Henry VIII 20–22 Middle Ages 6, 8–9

World War I 71, 73

World War II 79, 80

franchise 218–219, 228, 232–233, 249, 338, 351, 354, 425

Franciscans 309

Francis I (king of France) 21 Franco, Francisco 77

Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, assassination in 1914 70

Frederick V (elector of the Palatine) 34, 44

Free Church of Scotland 153, 191, 219

freehold 172, 219, 281, 425, 426 free tenants 298

free trade 50–51, 63, 133–134, 154, 160, 166, 182, 219, 253, 256, 287, 297, 305, 316, 331, 334, 338, 357, 374, 391

French, Sir John 219, 235

French Revolution of 1789 45, 46, 53

friendly societies 219–220, 311, 411 Friends of the People 220, 232 Frobisher, Martin 220, 324

Frost, John 220

Froude, R. H. 331

Fry, Elizabeth 220

Gaelic 153, 221

Irish Gaelic Bible 124 Ossian 331

Gainsborough, Thomas 221 Gaitskell, Hugh 221

Gallipoli campaign 71, 160, 214, 221–222, 422

Gambia, The 222

Gandhi, Mohandas K. 222, 236, 258, 317

Gardiner, Stephen 222, 302 “Garrett Og” 214

Garrick, David 194, 222 Gaulle, Charles de 92 gavelkind 222–223 Gay, John 344

genealogies of sovereigns 503–509 Lancaster, house of 506 Plantagenets 504 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor,

house of 509

Saxons, Danes, and Normans 503 Stuart and Hanover, houses of 508 Tudor, house of 507

York, house of 505 General Assembly 223, 345 general election 223 General Eyre 210 “General Ned Ludd” 291

General Strike (1926) 76–77, 160, 201, 223, 396

General Surveyors, Court of (1542) 26

general warrant 223, 322, 416 “Geneva” Bible 124

Geneva Protocol (1924) 77

gentlemen 223–224

gentry class 18, 31, 49, 223–224, 296, 340, 383

Geoffrey of Monmouth 5–6 George I (king) 52, 224 George II (king) 52, 224, 338

George III (king) 52–53, 140, 177, 185, 224–225, 273, 277, 341, 355, 361

mental incapacity 57, 224–225 George IV (king) 57, 225, 315 George V (king) 225

George VI (king) 204, 225 George, duke of Clarence 15 Germanic invaders 3 Germany

Hitler, Adolf 77–80, 108, 154–155, 160, 422–423

naval agreement with (1935) 78 Nazis 77, 78, 81, 160 pre–World War II actions 78–79 reparations 355

royal navy’s race with 69 Triple Alliance (1882) 70 World War I 71–75

World War II 78–80, 79–81 Ghana 226

Ghent, Treaty of (1814) 409 Gibbon, Edward 226, 356 Gibbons, Grinling 226 Gibraltar 226, 271, 359 Gilbert, Humphrey 226, 318

Gilbert and Sullivan 148–149, 226 Girl Guides 226–227

Gladstone, William Ewart (prime minister) 63, 147, 151–152, 170, 190, 227, 227, 239, 265, 277, 287, 303, 306, 337, 360

Glencoe Massacre (1692) 145, 228, 229

Glendower, Owen 12, 18, 228, 242, 324, 336, 339, 407

Glorious Revolution (1688–1707) 41–44, 46, 186, 228

Bill of Rights 124 Ireland, effect in 42–43

Gloucester, Humphrey (duke of) 12, 228, 355

Goderich, Frederick John Robinson, viscount (prime minister) 228–229

Godolphin, Sidney, first earl of (prime minister) 229

Godwin, William 229, 297, 419

536 Great Britain

Golden Act (1592) 296

Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria 272

Golding, William 229

Goldsmith, Oliver 229 Goodall, Jane 229

“Good Friday” peace agreement (1998) 333

Good Parliament 9, 200

Gorbachev, Mikhail 394

Gordon, Charles George, general 67, 180, 229–230, 276, 386, 388, 419

Gordon Riots (1780) 230, 318 Government of Ireland Act (1920)

76, 230, 263, 323 Graham, Sir James 230

grammar schools 156, 167, 191, 198, 230–231

grand jury 231, 273

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (1834) 331

Grand Remonstrance 156–157, 231 Grattan, Henry 231, 336

Grattan’s Parliament 231, 336, 359 Gravelines, Battle of (1588) 14 Graves, Robert Ranke 231

“Great Bible” 178 Great Britain

administrative boundaries, map 494

chronological history 431–487 the name 133, 231

Great Charter of 1215 295. See also Magna Carta

“Great Depression” 187, 256, 411 Greater London Council 173, 290 Great Exhibition (1851) 58–59, 59,

103, 181, 231–232, 406 Great Famine. See Irish Famine

Great Reform Act (1832) 195, 230, 351, 354. See also reform acts

great seal 155, 168, 232, 290, 346, 375, 398

Great War, The 70. See also World War I

Great Western Railway 136 Greene, (Henry) Graham 232 Green Party 84

Greenwich, Treaty of (1543) 22, 28, 201

Grenville, George (prime minister) 232, 359, 384

Gresham, Thomas 232

Grey, Charles, second earl (prime minister) 195, 220, 232–233, 304, 363

Grey, Sir Edward 233

Grey, Lady Jane (queen) 22, 201, 233, 285, 302, 324, 357, 424

Griffith, Arthur 233

Grindal, Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury 233

Grocyn, William 355 guild 234

Gunpowder Plot (1605) 33, 166, 212, 234, 268, 271

Gurkha 234 Gwynnedigion Society 202

habeas corpus 235, 341, 370 Habsburgs 71

Hadrian’s Wall 4

Haggard, H(enry) Rider 235 Haig, Douglas, general 235, 381 Hailsham, Quinton McGarel Hogg

235

Hakluyt, Richard 235–236 Haldane, Richard Burdon 236 Hale, Sir Matthew 236

Halifax, Charles Montagu, earl of 236 Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley

Wood, earl of 236 Halley, Edmond 236–237 Halley’s comet 237 Hamilton, Lady Emma 317 Hamilton, James 237 Hampden, John 237, 374

Hampden Club movement 149 Hampton Court Conference (1604)

237, 268

Hampton Court Palace 226, 237–238, 424

Handel, George Frederick 238 Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers 238 Hanover, house of 45, 206, 238,

318, 403, 408 genealogy 508

Hansard, T. C. 166 Hansard family 238 Hanway, Jonas 238–239 Harcourt, Sir William 239

Hardie, (James) Keir 239, 256, 280 Hardy, Thomas 208–209, 239

Hargreaves, James 239

Harley, Robert (prime minister) 129, 239

Harold (Anglo-Saxon king) 4–5, 321 Harrington, James 239–240

Harris, Arthur Travers 240 Harrison, John 240 Hartington, Spencer Cavendish,

marquis of 240, 287 Harvey, William 240 Haselrig, Sir Arthur 240 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 321

Hastings, Warren 173, 240–241, 255 Hawking, Stephen 241

Hawkins, Sir John 241 Hawksmoor, Nicholas 414 Hazlitt, William 241

Headmasters’ Conference (1869) 199 “Heads of the Proposals” 180 Health and Morals of Apprentices

Act (1802) 55, 211

Heath, Sir Edward (prime minister) 85, 92, 193, 241, 393, 406, 417

“hedge schools” 156, 199 Henderson, Arthur 241 Henry of Anjou 6

Henry (son of Charles, prince of Wales) 158, 188

Henry I (king) 6

Henry II (king) 6

Henry III (king) 6–7, 9, 414 Henry IV (king) 10, 12, 242, 281,

324, 339

Henry V (king) 12, 13, 101–102, 242, 252, 281, 398

Henry VI (king) 12–14, 242, 252, 281, 299, 360, 365

Henry VII (king) 15–16, 19, 20, 26, 29, 242–243, 308, 357, 360, 399 Henry VIII (king) 20–28, 21, 171, 181, 203, 215, 237, 243–244, 302,

340

defender of the faith 23, 186 France, wars with 20–22 Ireland during reign 262 monarchy under 308

reign of 20–29

Restraint of Appeals (1533) 27, 181, 356, 362

Roman Church, break with 20, 23–24, 29, 161–162, 192, 243, 311, 343, 354, 362, 387

		Index 537
royal supremacy 24, 162, 208,	House of Commons 87, 100, 142,	imperial conference 255
243, 343, 354, 356, 362	169, 223, 248–249, 249, 308, 335.	Conference of 1926 192, 255
wives 20, 128–129, 150, 178,	See also Parliament	Imperial Defense, Committee of
243, 337, 371–372, 419	backbencher 116	238, 255
heptarchy 4	baronet 119	imperialism 255–256. See also
hierarchy of society (16th century)	by-election 141	British Empire, the
96	size 250	beginnings of 55
High Commission, ecclesiastical	Speaker of the House 248, 382	challenge to 65–68
courts of 168, 197, 244, 356	House of Lords 38, 69–70, 86, 100,	decline and devolution since 1945
High Court of Justice 143, 169, 244,	126, 143, 175, 201, 249, 250–251,	83–96, 134
273, 277, 290	335. See also Parliament	governing class, effect on 69
High Court of Justiciary 175, 244,	Judicial Committee 250–251,	government’s management role
371	273, 346	57
higher education, expansion of 89	lord chancellor 155, 175, 232,	growth of 56–58
Highland clearances 164, 180, 244,	251, 290, 291, 302, 382	height of power (19th century)
245	peerage 338	62–65
Highlands and Islands Emigration	proposed abolishment of 250, 338	monarchy 308
Society (Australia) 61	size 251	new imperialism 64
Highlands of Scotland 164,	Howard, Catherine (queen) 20, 243,	two-power standard 62
244–245, 282	251, 321	imperial preference scheme 154,
Hill, Octavia 245, 316	Howard, Charles. See Nottingham,	155, 256, 392
Hill, Sir Rowland 245	Charles Howard	imports and exports
Hillary, Sir Edmund 245	Howard, John 251	customs and excise 182
Hiroshima, dropping atomic bomb	Howard, William 251	in 19th century 60, 166
on 80, 423	Howe, Richard 251	in 20th century 91
The History of the Kings of Britain (His-	Howe, William 251–252	in 21st century 96
toria Regum Britanniae) by Geof-	Hudson, Henry 324	Impress Service 345
frey of Monmouth 5	Hudson’s Bay Company 146	Inchiquin, Murrough O’Brien, earl
Hitchcock, Alfred 245–246, 328	Human Rights Act (1998) 96, 124	of 256
Hitler, Adolf 77–80, 108, 154–155,	quasi-bill of rights 96, 124	income tax 256
160, 422–423	Hume, David 208, 252	Independence, Wars of (Scotland/
Hoadly, Benjamin 246	Hume, Joseph 168, 252, 351	1308–28) 368
Hoare-Laval Pact (1935) 393	Humphrey, duke of Gloucester. See	Independent Broadcasting Authority
Hobbes, Thomas 246	Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of	352
Hobhouse, John Cam 246	Hundred Years’ War 8, 121, 206,	Independent Labour Party (ILP)
Hobson, John Atkinson 246	242, 252–253, 299, 426–427	256–257, 293, 333, 378, 379. See
Hogarth, William 246–247	Hunt, Henry 253, 339, 351, 382	also Labour Party
Hogarth Press 420	Huskisson, William 253	Independent Parliament (1653)
Holinshed, Raphael 247	Huxley, Aldous 253	169, 180
Holland, Henry Fox 247	Huxley, T(homas) H(enry) 253–254	independents 191, 256, 321
Holles, Denzil, baron 247	Hyndman, Henry 254, 300	Independent Television Authority
Holyoake, George 359	I	165
Holy Roman Emperor 6	I	India, colonial 56, 57–58, 65, 207,
Home Office 143, 247, 343, 369	Idi Amin Dada 401	257–258
Home Rule in Ireland. See Irish	immigration 255, 312, 319	Amritsar massacre (1919) 105,
Home Rule	from former colonies (latter 20th	222, 258
Home Rule League (1873) 265	century) 88	British army in 62
Hong Kong 247, 329	under home secretary 247	Calcutta. See Calcutta
Hood, Samuel 248	industrial revolution, effect on	culture 258
Hooke, Robert 248	259	decline of British rule 90, 91
Hooker, Richard 248	impeachment 137, 250, 255, 304,	Gandhi, Mohandas K. 222, 236,
“Hotspur.” See Percy, Sir Henry	348, 365, 371, 389, 404, 408	258, 317

538 Great Britain

India, colonial (continued)	Intermediate Education Act (1878)	IRA. See Irish Republican Army
Kipling, Rudyard 278	200	(IRA)
mutiny. See Indian Mutiny	international disarmament. See dis-	IRB. See Irish Republican Brother-
(1857–58)	armament	hood
nabob 314	International Monetary Fund 276	landholding in 265, 282
nationalism. See Indian national-	international trade of 18th-century	law and legal issues 284
ism	Britain 50	medieval Ireland 261–262
Nehru, Jawaharlal 317	International Working Men’s Associ-	modern Ireland 262–263
New Delhi 318	ation (1864–72) 300	monasticism 309
opium trade. See opium trade in	interregnum 246, 260, 387	Parliament 231, 336, 359
India; Opium Wars	Intolerable Acts (1774) 130, 260,	Parnell. See Parnell, Charles
politics 257	349	peerage 338
trade 257	the “Invincibles” 151, 263	provisional government (1919)
uprisings against British rule	IRA. See Irish Republican Army	76
65–66, 66, 68	IRB. See Irish Republican Brother-	Royal Irish Constabulary 125,
viceroy 182, 312, 352, 405, 411	hood	362
Victoria, “Empress of India” 207,	Ireland 260–264. See also Dáil Éire-	Sinn Féin. See Sinn Féin
257, 405	ann; Dublin; Government of Ire-	“surrender and regrant” 365
India Board 246	land Act; Irish Republic; Northern	Union, Acts of 402
Indian Mutiny (1857–58) 183, 258,	Ireland; Pale; Ulster	viceroy 291, 342, 405
358, 363	Act of Union (1801) 162, 173,	Whiteboys 414–415
Indian nationalism 90, 91, 105, 258,	250, 262, 327, 336, 344	Ireton, Henry 264
317	Anglo-Irish Treaty. See Anglo-	Irish Celtic church 4, 5, 309
“indirect rule” 292	Irish Treaty (1921)	Irish Famine 61, 173, 262, 264, 327
indulgence, declaration of. See decla-	Celtic Ireland 260–261	Irish Free State (1921) 76, 106, 167,
rations of indulgence	Church of England and 24–25	176, 183, 221, 233, 263, 264, 328,
industrial power in 1800s 58–60	Church of Ireland 24–25, 162	376, 402
competition, rise of 60–61	civil war and unrest, latter 20th-	Irish Gaelic Bible 124
Luddites 291	century 94, 95	Irish Home Rule 69, 94, 106, 112,
industrial power in post-1945 years,	“conquest” of 261–262	148, 177, 182, 185, 201, 227, 230,
diminishment 93	courts of law 176–177, 197, 262	240, 263, 265, 284, 287, 298, 330,
industrial revolution (18th century)	Cromwell-led invasions	336–337, 352, 366, 402, 427
50–52, 259	(1650–51) 38	Irish Land Acts 185, 263, 282, 401
innovations of early 1800s 51	diaspora in 19th century 61–62	Irish Land League 189, 326
Watt, James 410	dynamite war 195, 382	Irish Question 227
industry, nationalization of (late	early history 206–207	Irish Rebellion (1798) 173, 402, 403
20th century) 86	early Irish resistance 6–7, 8	Irish Republic 94–95, 188, 212, 264,
injunction 259–260	early modern Ireland 262	265, 329, 369, 391
Inns of Court 176, 260, 306, 324	Easter Rebellion. See Easter Re-	Irish Republican Army (IRA) 94,
inquest 260	bellion (1916)	106, 127, 264, 265–266, 312, 323,
Inquiry into the Causes of the Wealth of	education 199–200	376
Nations (1776) by Adam Smith 50	English Reformation, effect of	Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)
insane asylum (“Bedlam”) 121	24–25, 28	196, 337
Instrument of Government (1653)	famine in. See Irish Famine	Irish Socialist Federation 170
260, 281	15th-century struggles with	Irish terrorism 382. See also Irish Re-
intellectual development	England 11	publican Army (IRA)
Enlightenment 46–48	Gaelic 153, 221	Irish Transport and General Workers’
in 15th-century Britain 18	Glorious Revolution, effect of	Union 170, 282
intelligence services and spies 90, 113	42–43	Irish Volunteers 149, 265, 352. See
Blunt, Anthony 128	Grattan’s Parliament 231, 336,	also Irish Republican Brotherhood
defectors 306	359	Iron Age 3
MI 5 305–306, 382	history 206, 260–264	Isle of Man 266
MI 6 306	Home Rule. See Irish Home Rule	courts of law 177

		Index 539
isolation of early 20th-century	Johnson, Samuel 130, 158, 207,	kings. See monarchy; specific kings
Britain 69–71	222, 271, 271–272, 311, 356, 414	King’s Bench, Court of 169, 175,
Italy	Johnston, Archibald 272	244, 273, 277, 290
Council of Four 75	Jones, Inigo 272	king’s evil (scrofula) 277
Fascist movement (1922) 77	Jones, William 272	king’s friends 277
Mussolini. See Mussolini, Benito	Jonson, Ben 272, 342	Kingsley, Charles 277–278, 351, 379
pre–World War II actions 78–79	Jowett, Benjamin 272, 306	Kinsale, Battle of (1601) 278
Triple Alliance (1882) 70	Joyce, James 272	Kipling, Rudyard 258, 278
J	JPs. See justices of the peace	Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, first earl
J	jubilee	182, 276, 278, 278, 388
Jacobites 44, 45, 52, 115, 145, 164,	Queen Elizabeth II 273	knights and knighthood 18, 223,
181, 208, 224, 228, 245, 267, 277,	Queen Victoria 255, 272–273,	278–279, 308, 335, 383
282, 298, 299, 313, 330, 332, 338,	405	Knox, John 279, 418
357, 370, 384, 404, 407	Judicature Act (1873) 227, 244, 273	L
Jamaica 122, 267, 311, 359, 413	Judicial Committee 250–251, 273,	L
worker rebellions in 66	346	Labour Exchanges Act (1909) 124
James I (king). See James VI and I	Julius Caesar 3	Labour Party 84, 92, 170, 239, 280,
(king of Scots and king of England)	Junius 273, 298	287, 379
James II (king). See James VII and II	jury 273	Attlee, Clement 81, 84
(king of Scots and king of England)	Justice, High Court of. See High	Blair, Anthony 85, 126, 250
James III (king of Scots) 43, 267, 269	Court of Justice	comprehensive school, introduc-
James IV (king of Scots) 16, 28, 29,	justices of the peace (JPs) 173, 174,	tion of 89
198, 215, 267–268	175, 223, 273–274, 291, 295, 340,	first majority Labour government
James V (king of Scots) 22, 28, 268	343, 349, 374, 383, 409–410	(1929) 77, 83–84
James VI and I (king of Scots and king	Speenhamland system 382–383	formation of 63, 70, 241, 257
of England) 18, 23, 29, 33–35, 35,	Justiciary, High Court of. See High	nationalization, position on 316
99, 184, 204, 267, 268–269, 301,	Court of Justiciary	post-1945 status 84–85
354, 364, 368	Jutland, Battle of (1916) 71, 274,	post–World War I emergence 76
James VII and II (king of Scots, and	422	post–World War II elections 81,
king of England) 33, 41–42,	K	423–424
209–210, 269, 299, 344, 364,	K	“revolution” of 1945 (first land-
371, 395	Kames, Henry Home 275	slide victory) 83–84
Jameson Raid (1895) 130, 268, 356	Kay, John 275	trade unions 396
Japan	Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James 198,	welfare doctrine 88
pre–World War II actions 78–79	275	Labour Representation Committee
Russian-Japanese War (1905) 70	Keats, John 275, 359	254, 257, 280, 396
World War II 82	Kenya 276	Lady Jane Grey. See Grey, Lady Jane
Jarrow March (1936) 269–270	Keppel, Augustus Keppel 276	Lahore Conference (1940) 271
Jefferson, Thomas 185	Keynes, John Maynard 127, 276	laissez faire economics 51, 63, 246,
Jeffrey, Francis, Lord 270, 377	Khartoum 67, 180, 229, 276, 419	281, 297
Jeffreys of Wem (George Jeffreys)	Khilafat movement 271	Lambert, John 281
127, 270, 310	Kidd, William 276	Lancaster, house of (red rose) 14,
Jellicoe, John Rushworth 270, 274	Kilkenny, Confederation of 276	15, 281, 360
Jenkins’ Ear, War of (1739–48) 270,	Kilkenny, Statutes of (1366) 261,	genealogy 506
408	277	Lancaster, Joseph 198
Jenner, Edward 270–271, 404	Killiecrankie, Battle of (1689) 44,	land 281–282
Jervis, John, earl St. Vincent 271	194, 267, 277	copyhold 172, 219, 281
Jesuits 145, 271, 354	Kilmainham Treaty 151, 277	enclosure (medieval system of
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali 271	King, Gregory 48, 277	distribution) 205–206
Joan of Arc 13, 242, 253	King James Version (1611) of Bible	feudalism (medieval system of
John, king 6–7, 7, 9, 295	124, 207, 237	land tenure) 212
John of Gaunt 9, 10, 12, 15,	“kingmaker, the.” See Warwick,	freehold 172, 219, 281, 426
120–121, 242, 281, 357, 398	Richard Neville, earl of	gavelkind 222–223

540 Great Britain

land (continued)	leasehold 281	Livingstone, Ken 290
Highland clearances 164, 180,	Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of	Lloyd George, David (prime minis-
244, 245	285–286	ter) 72–74, 76, 112, 284, 287,
landholding in Ireland 265, 329	Leigh, Vivien 328	288–289, 289
leasehold 281	lend-lease 82, 286, 423	Local Government Act of 1888 173,
Land Act (1881) 265	Lend-Lease Act (1941) 80, 160, 286	174
land mines, banning of 190	Lennox, Esmé Stuart, duke of 286,	Locke, John 46, 47, 289
language. See English language;	364	Lollards 9, 124, 187, 289, 425
Gaelic	Leo X (pope) 186	London, history of 289–290
Lansbury, George 282	Leslie, Alexander 286, 300	London, Treaty of (1913) 70
Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmau-	Lesotho 286	London Blitz 79, 102, 103, 127, 133,
rice, marquis of 282	letter of marque 346	160, 361, 423
Larkin, James 282–283	Levant Company 286	London Corresponding Society 209,
Laski, Harold 283	Levellers 37, 180, 286	341
Latern Council (1215) 273	Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes 246	London dock strike (1889) 140
Latimer, Hugh 283, 357	Lewis, Richard (Dic Penderyn) 305	London Fire. See Fire of London
latitudinarian 283	Liberal Democrats 84	(1966)
Laud, William (archbishop of Can-	Liberal Party 63, 64, 69, 84, 249,	London School of Economics 236,
terbury) 156, 240, 283, 332, 347	256, 286–287, 414	283
Lauderdale, John Maitland 283	Asquith, Herbert 71, 76,	London Transport 86
Law, Andrew Bonar (prime minis-	111–112, 287	London Workingmen’s Association
ter) 284	Churchill, Winston 71, 160–161	(1836) 54, 158, 291
Law, John 284	Gladstone, William Ewart 227,	longitude, measurement of 240
Law, William 284	287	Long Parliament 156, 290, 319, 362
law and legal issues 283–284. See	Lloyd George, David 72–73, 76,	lord advocate 290
also courts of law	287, 288–289, 422	lord chancellor 155, 175, 232, 251,
bail 117	Palmerston, Henry Temple 63,	290, 291, 302, 382
canons (church law) 169, 284	334	lord chief justice 290
civil law 163, 169, 284	Samuel, Herbert Louis 366	lord lieutenant 173, 290–291
common law 168–169, 206,	World War I, effect on 422	“lord of the manor” 298
283–284. See also common law	Liberal Unionists 170, 240, 282,	Lords Appellant 10
court party 174	287, 337, 366	lordship, 14th-century ideas of
criminal law 179, 284	Liberick, Treaty of (1691) 287	11–14
custom 283	“Lib-Labs” 256	Lords of the Articles 335
habeas corpus 235, 341, 370	Licensing Act (1695) 48	lords of the congregation 291
Maitland Frederic William 296	Lilburne, John 37, 286, 287	lorry 291, 352
martial law 300, 340, 341	limited liability 287–288	Louis XIV (king of France) 40, 42,
military law 300	Linacre, Thomas 355	43, 269, 364
oyer and terminer 168, 332	Lister, Joseph 288	Lovett, William 158, 291, 351
poor law. See poor law	Literary Club 272, 356	Luddites 291
Romilly, Sir Samuel 359–360	literature. See also specific authors and	Ludendorff, General 74
statute law 168, 284, 346, 385	poets	Ludlow, Edmund 291
women’s status 419–420	copyright 172	Luftwaffe 78, 351
Lawn Tennis Championship (Wim-	Enlightenment 208	Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry, first
bledon). See Wimbledon	Shakespeare, William, literary ge-	baron 291–292
Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert) 285	nius and impact of 372–373	Luther, Martin 23
Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward)	in 16th-century Britain 31–32	M
(“Lawrence of Arabia”) 285	in 20th-century Britain 89	M
League of Nations 74, 77, 160, 189,	in 21st-century Britain 96	Macadam, John 293, 358
241, 285, 292, 334, 422, 424	“Little Britain” 231	MacAlpin, Kenneth 367, 368
League of Nations Union (1918) 233	Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, earl of	Macaulay, Thomas Babington 57,
“league table” of European states 92	(prime minister) 288	258, 293
Leakey, Louis 229	Livingstone, David 288, 385	Macbeth 5

Index 541

MacDonald, Flora 293, 387 MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (prime

minister) 77, 280, 293–294, 294, 378, 406

MacDonald, Sir John 294

Mackenzie, Sir George 294 Mackenzie, William Lyon 294 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie

294–295

Mackintosh, Sir James 295 Macmillan, Harold (prime minister)

84–85, 92, 192, 295 MacPherson, James 331 “mad cow disease” 136 Magdalen Hospital 238

magistrates 175, 181, 231, 251, 295, 340, 347, 358

Magna Carta (1215) 6–7, 7, 174, 295–296, 307

Mahdi, the (of Sudan) 67, 229–230, 276, 388

Maitland, Frederic William 296, 370 Maitland, John 296

Maitland, William 296

Major, John (prime minister) 85, 170, 280, 296

major generals, rule of the 296 Malawi 297

Malaysia 297

Malcolm (king of Scotland) 5 Malcolm III (king of Scotland) 5 Malplaquet, Battle of (1709) 299 Malta 297

Malthus, Thomas 297, 351 Malthusian League (1861) 297 Manchester, Edward Montagu, duke

of 297, 300, 370

Manchester school 297–298, 351 Mandela, Nelson 381 Manhattan Project 113

Manning, Henry, Cardinal 298, 386 manor 169, 281, 298

Mansbridge, Albert 421 Mansfield, William Murray 298 manufacturing. See also factories;

trade unions

Anti–Corn Law League 55 industrial revolution, advances of

50–52

post-1945 years 93

workplace reforms (early 1800s)

Maori people 320

maps of Great Britain 493–500 Mar, John Erskine, earl of 298 marches 298–299, 324, 339 Margaret, princess 204 Margaret of Anjou (Queen Mar-

garet) 13–14, 299, 360, 365, 393 Marine Society 238

maritime law. See admiralty Marlborough, John Churchill, duke

of 43, 127, 299, 352 Marlowe, Christopher 299 Marne 134

marprelate tracts (1588–89) 299 marquess (marquis), rank of 196,

299, 338

Married Women’s Property Acts 299–300

Marshall Plan 91

Marshalsea 300

Marston Moor, Battle of (1644) 37, 157, 163–164, 180, 211, 281, 286, 297, 300

martial law 300, 340, 341 Martineau, Harriet 300 Marx, Karl 254, 300, 378

Mary (queen of Scots) 22, 29, 123, 138, 162, 184, 201, 204, 243, 268, 271, 279, 296, 300–302, 301, 312, 323, 354, 357, 358, 409

Mary I (queen) 22, 28, 150, 203–204, 208, 243, 279, 302

Mary II (queen) 42, 302, 308, 321 Mary of Guise (queen of Scots) 268,

279, 291, 302

Massachusetts Bay Company 302 Master of the Rolls 302

Maugham, (William) Somerset 303 Mau Mau rebellion (1950s Kenya)

276

Maurice, John F. D. 303, 379 Maxwell, James Clerk 303, 351 Mayhew, Henry 303

Maynooth, St. Patrick’s College 303 mechanics institutes 303–304 medieval Britain. See early Britain medieval Ireland 261–262 Mediterranean Agreement of 1887

Melbourne, William Lamb, viscount (prime minister) 304, 405

Melville, Andrew 268, 304 Melville, Henry Dundas, viscount

255, 271, 304

member of parliament (MP) 175, 280, 304

Menzies, Sir Robert 304 mercantilism 133, 219, 257, 304–305 Merchant Venturers 305

Merlin 5

Merthyr Rising (1831) 305 Mesopotamia 305 Methodism 305, 321, 413 Methuen, John 305 Methuen Treaty 305

Metropolitan London Police 343 MI 5 305–306, 382

MI 6 306

Middle Ages 4–10 end of 11–19

middle classes Elizabethan age 31

rise of 45, 49–50, 55, 259 Middle East 90, 285 Middle English 207

Midlothian campaign (1879–80) 306

military law 300

militia 173, 306, 321, 426 Mill, James 306, 351

Mill, John Stuart 306, 351, 403 Milner, Alfred 306–307 Milton, John 307

Mines Act (1842) 372

Ministry of Defence 409 Ministry of Munitions 73, 74–75,

288

monarchy 307–309. See also prerogative, royal; specific monarchs

ceremonial/symbolic nature of, current 308, 405

chronological listing of English sovereigns 511–514

constitutional monarchy, formation of 33, 308

decline in power (20th century) 85–86, 308

diminished role in government, post–Queen Victoria 104, 201, 308, 405

dispensing power 190

divorces in royal family (late 20th century) 86

in 15th-century Britain monarchs in 14–16 new monarchy 15, 308

genealogies 503–509

542 Great Britain

monarchy (continued)	Mussolini, Benito 77, 78, 108, 154,	naval warfare, revolutionary effect
history 307–309	393	of ship Dreadnought 193
institution of 307–309	Mutiny Act 313, 384	navigation acts 40, 51, 157, 195,
loss of esteem after 1815 57	N	229, 316
medieval Britain 307–308	N	navy 316–317
public criticism in late 20th cen-	nabob 314	army’s relationship to 110
tury 85–86	NAFTA. See North American Free	continental system 171
in 16th-century Britain, reforma-	Trade Agreement	early development of 27, 243
tion of monarchy in 25–27, 308	Nagasaki, dropping atomic bomb on	19th-century power of 62
Tudor dynasty 16, 20–23	80, 423	press gang 345
in 21st century 95	Namibia 314	race with Germany 69
weddings of royal family (late	Nanking, Treaty of 329	Washington Naval Conference
20th century) 86, 204	Napier, John 314	(1921–22) 77, 190, 410
monasticism 309	Napier, Sir Charles 314	Navy Board 101
Monck, George 38, 309, 355	“Napier’s bones” 314	Nazis 77, 78, 81, 160
Monmouth, James Scott, duke of	Napoléon I (emperor of the French).	Nehru, Jawaharlal (prime minister
40, 41, 127, 299, 309–310	See Bonaparte, Napoleon	of India) 317
Monmouth’s Rebellion (1685) 127,	Napoleonic Wars 288, 314–315,	Nelson, Horatio Nelson, viscount
186, 270, 299, 309–310	367, 406, 409	(admiral) 53, 99, 314, 317–318,
Montgomery, Bernard 310	Naseby, Battle of (1645) 37, 157,	365, 397
Montrose, James Graham, general	164, 180, 211, 315, 319, 363	Nepal 234
310	Nasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian presi-	New Brunswick 318
Monty Python 89	dent) 91, 202	Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles,
Moore, Henry 310	Natal colony 315, 381	duke of (prime minister) 318,
Moore, Sir John 310	National Assistance 315	322
Moray, James Stewart, earl of	National Darts Association 184	Newcomen, Thomas 318, 367, 386,
310–311	national debt 236, 315, 371, 376	410
More, Hannah 311	National Eisteddfod Association 202	New Delhi 318
More, St. Thomas 17, 24, 25, 181,	National Front party 84	“new Elizabethan age” 85
208, 311, 355, 357	National Gallery 165, 315	Newfoundland 318
Morgan, Sir Henry 311	National Health Service 88, 123,	Newgate Prison 220, 318–319, 328,
Morley, John, viscount 311	280, 296, 315–316, 379	399
Morris, William 311	National Insurance 129, 280, 316,	new imperialism 64
Morrison, Herbert 311–312	344, 379, 411	Newman, John Henry 298, 319,
Mortimer family 312	National Insurance Act (1911) 124,	331
Morton, James Douglas 286, 312	344, 411	New Model Army (1645) 164, 168,
Mosley, Sir Oswald 312	nationalization 221, 316, 379	180, 211, 286, 319, 370, 384
Mountbatten, Philip. See Philip,	industry, late 20th century 86	new society (1707–1850) 45–55
Prince	Labour Party 280	Newton, Sir Isaac 208, 319, 362,
Mountbatten of Burma, Louis, first	National Liberal Federation (1877)	414
earl 312, 411	63	New Zealand 319–320
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, baron	National Liberal Union 287	autonomy of 65, 83, 319
278, 313	National Repeal Association (1841)	Nigeria 292, 320
MP. See member of parliament	327, 427	Nightingale, Florence 179, 320, 386,
Mt. Everest 245	National Secular Society 123	427
Munich Agreement (1938) 78, 108	National Service 90, 111, 170, 316	Nile, Battle of. See Aboukir Bay,
Municipal Corporation Act (1835)	National Service Act (1947) 316	Battle of (1798)
313	The National Reformer 123, 132	nineteen propositions (to Charles I)
municipal corporations 173, 313	National Trust (1895) 245, 316	157, 320–321
Murray, Lord George 313	National Union of Women’s Suffrage	19th-century Britain. See British
music. See also specific musicians and	Societies in 1897 212	Empire, the
composers	National Vigilance Association 140	Nine Years’ War (1689–97) 43,
20th-century Britain 89	NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty	364
21st-century Britain 96	Organization	nisi prius 321

		Index 543
Nobel Prize	nuclear energy 113, 145, 325. See	Orkney islands 330, 367, 368
chemistry (Ernest Rutherford/	also atom bomb	Ormonde, dukes and earls of 330
1908) 363	splitting of atom, discovery 364	Orwell, George 330
literature (William Butler Yeats/	nursing profession 320	Osborne Judgment (1909) 330–331
1923) 426	O	Ossian 331
“nomination” boroughs. See rotten	O	Ottawa Conference (1932) 331,
boroughs of 18th century	Oastler, Richard 326	378
nonaggression pact between Stalin	Oates, Titus 40–41, 270, 326, 344	Ottawa Convention (1997) 190
and Hitler (1939) 78, 108	O’Brien, James Bronterre 326	Ottoman Empire, 70, 286, 305
nonconformists 191, 321, 327	O’Brien, William 326	Oudenarde, Battle of (1708) 299
nonjurors 284, 321, 367	O’Brien, William Smith 326–327	“outdoor relief” 343
nonproliferation treaties 190	Observer 323	Overbury, Sir Thomas 380
nonresistance 321	O’Casey, Sean 327	Owen, Robert 172, 291, 331, 351,
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third duke	Occasional Conformity Act (1711)	359, 379
of 321, 357	327	Oxford movement 331
Norman Conquest (1066) 4–5, 206,	O’Connell, Daniel 150, 262, 327,	Oxford University 87, 89, 191, 199,
321–322, 368	327, 328, 427	331–332, 403
Normans 4–8	O’Connor, Feargus 291, 327–328,	oyer and terminer 168, 332
genealogy (showing union	351	P
of Saxon and Norman lines)	Oddfellows 220	P
503	O’Donnell, Hugh Roe 328	Pacific theater (World War II) 80
invasions by 4–5, 206, 321–322,	O’Donnell, Rory 328	Paine, Thomas 208, 333, 351, 420
368	Oglethorpe, James 328	Paisley, Ian 333
North, Frederick (prime minister)	O’Higgins, Kevin 328	Pakistan 222, 258, 271, 317, 333
322	oil	Pale 25, 28, 261–262, 329, 333
North African theater (World War II)	crisis concerning availability 325	Palestine 91, 333–334, 366, 418,
80, 423	North Sea oil 323, 330	428
North American Free Trade Agree-	OPEC oil embargo (1973) 241	Palmerston, Henry Temple, viscount
ment (NAFTA) (1987) 146	old-age pensions act (1908) 344	(prime minister) 63, 334
North American provinces,	Old Bailey 318, 328	Pankhurst, Christabel 333
mid-1800s. See also American	Oldcastle, Sir John 12	Pankhurst, Emmeline 333, 333
colonies	Old Vic theater 328	Pankhurst, Sylvia 334
autonomy of 58, 65, 83, 192	Olivier, Lawrence Kerr 328	Pankhurst family 334–335, 388
map of British North America in	O’Neill, Con 329, 400	“Pantisocracy” 381
1849 499	O’Neill, Hugh 29, 215, 278, 313,	papal infallibility 298
North Atlantic Treaty Organization	328, 329, 400	Paris, treaties of 179, 189, 371
(NATO) (1949) 91, 145, 310, 322	O’Neill, Owen Roe 329	parish 170, 334, 343, 394, 405
North Briton, journal 322	O’Neill, Shane 329	Paris Peace Conference (1919) 75,
Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth	O’Neill, Terence (prime minister of	276, 378, 405
322–323, 360	Northern Ireland) 323, 329	Parker, Matthew, archbishop of
Northern Ireland 94–95, 121, 127,	OPEC oil embargo (1973) 241	Canterbury 334
143, 177, 188, 266, 323, 362, 368,	Open University 89, 329, 421	Parliament 335–336
376, 386, 402	opium trade in India 68, 257, 329	act of Parliament. See act of Par-
Northern Rebellion (1569) 323	Opium Wars 329	liament
North Sea oil 323, 330	Orange Free State 67, 147, 329, 381	backbencher 116
Northumberland, Henry Percy	Orange Order 329–330	blue book 128
323–324	order in council 330	Cavalier Parliament 39, 151, 157
Northumberland, John Dudley 22,	Order of the Garter 9, 159	Charles I and coming of Civil War
194, 285, 324	Ordnance Survey 330	35–37
Northwest Passage 220, 226, 324	Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species	Civil War and revolution 37–38
Norwegian invasions 4–5	by Means of Natural Selection, or the	convention parliament 38, 171,
Nottingham, Charles Howard 324	Preservation of Favoured Races in the	186, 194, 290, 309, 355
Nottingham, Daniel Finch 324	Struggle for Life [Darwin]) 184, 253	the Crown and 27, 100
Nova Scotia 146, 318, 324–325	origins of Britain 3–4	dissolution of 192

544 Great Britain

Parliament (continued)	Paterson, William 337	philosophic radicals 351
in 18th century	patronage 31, 197, 318, 337, 343,	phony war 79
criticism of parliamentary rep-	357	Picts 5, 262, 368
resentation 54	Pax Britannica 62–65. See also	Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) 24, 324,
land management in 49	British Empire, the	340, 388
England 335	end of 65, 68	Pilgrim’s Progress (1684) by John
first Parliament of the United	Paxton, Joseph 58	Bunyan 138
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707)	Peace of London 21	piracy 276, 311
44	peace of Ryswick (1697) 43, 364	Pitt, William (first earl of Chatham;
Glorious Revolution, effect of	Peace Preservation Force 362	prime minister) 52, 224, 232, 304,
43–44	Pearl Harbor, attack on (1941) 78,	318, 322, 341, 360, 414, 416
Good Parliament 9, 200	80, 160, 423	Pitt, William (the younger; prime
governing power gained in 1800s	Pearse, Patrick 337	minister) 53, 151, 218, 308,
57	Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 9–10, 300,	340–341, 346
Grattan’s Parliament 231, 336,	337–338, 343, 357	Place, Francis 168, 291, 341
359	Peel, Sir Robert (prime minister) 55,	placemen 197, 341–342
Gunpowder Plot. See Gunpowder	107, 170, 230, 286, 303, 327, 338,	plague, bubonic 8, 49, 125, 337, 372
Plot (1605)	343, 362, 363, 427	Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalists)
history 206–207, 335–336	peerage 119, 338	84, 342
Houses of 248–251, 249, 335. See	baron, rank of 119, 338, 406	Plantagenets 6–10
also House of Commons; House	baronet, rank of 119, 223	genealogy 504
of Lords	duke, rank of 194, 196, 338	plantation 215, 262, 342, 401
Independent Parliament (1653)	earl, rank of 196, 338	Plunkett, St. Oliver 326, 342, 344
169	House of Lords 338	pluralism 342
institution of 6, 7	marquess (marquis), rank of 196,	“pocket” boroughs. See rotten bor-
Ireland 336	299, 338	oughs of 18th century
James I and coming of Civil War	Speaker of the House 382	poet laureate 342
33–35	viscount, rank of 338, 406	Dryden, John 194
“king in parliament” 345	Pelham, Henry 52, 318, 338	Jonson, Ben 342
Lancastrian parliaments 16	penal laws 150, 186, 199, 262, 287,	Southey, Robert 381
Long Parliament 156, 290, 319,	338–339, 354	Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 342, 393
362	penicillin, discovery of 215	Wordsworth, William 342
model Parliament 7	Penn, William 140, 339	poison gas 190
political parties, post-1945 84–85	“People’s Budget” of Lloyd George	Poland, Hitler’s invasion of (1939)
prorogation 192, 347	288	78, 79, 108, 422
reform 69–70, 335, 354	People’s Charter 54, 63, 158, 291,	Pole, Reginald, archbishop of Can-
Rump Parliament 38, 180, 206,	328, 359, 369. See also Chartist	terbury 342–343
244, 290, 362	movement	Pole, William de la 142, 343
Scotland 44, 198, 335–336, 368,	Pepys, Samuel 339	police, 170, 247, 338, 343. See also
369	Perceval, Spencer (prime minister)	Scotland Yard
Short Parliament 156, 374	339	Police Act (1964) 343
16th-century reformations 26, 27	Percy, Sir Henry (“Hotspur”) 324, 339	political parties 84. See also Conser-
taxation power 248, 315, 335,	Peterloo Massacre (1819) 138, 148,	vative Party; Labour Party; Liberal
340	253, 288, 339–340, 376	Party; Tory Party; Whig Party
20th-century changes 94	Petition of Right (1628) 35, 156,	poll tax 9, 296, 337, 338, 343, 369,
Wales 336, 407	166, 203, 215, 217, 235, 340	394
whip 414	Petty, Sir William 48, 340	polytechnics 89, 343
World War I, effect of 74	petty sessions 175, 273, 340	poor law 54, 275, 315, 326, 340,
Parliament Act (1911) 69–70, 225,	Philip, Prince 85, 204	343, 359, 383, 411
249	Philip II (king of France) 6	Pope, Alexander 158, 344
Parnell, Charles 148, 151–152, 185,	Philip II (king of Spain) 22, 29, 109,	pope, authority of 6, 9, 16–17
217, 277, 336, 336–337, 352	302	Popish plot 40, 157, 183, 209, 342,
Parr, Catherine, queen 20, 243, 337	Philip of Anjou (1701) 382	344

Index 545

population

early 20th century, decline in 49 18th century, growth in 49

latter 20th century, increase in 88 urban population in 18th century

50, 55

Porteous riots (1736) 344 Potsdam conference 81

Poynings’ laws (1494) 262, 336, 344 praemunire 17, 344

prerogative, royal 156, 163, 168, 307, 330, 344–345, 389

Presbyterians/Presbyterian system 118, 125, 145, 149, 162, 176, 191, 223, 296, 304, 321, 345, 354, 414

Church of Scotland 208 press gang 345

Price, Richard 345

Pride’s Purge (1648) 290, 362 Priestley, J. B. 145

Priestley, Joseph 345, 402 prime minister 345–346. See also

specific prime ministers chronological listing of ministers

515–516

development of position 142, 248 Downing Street (No. 10) 193 election of 346

history of post 345–346 post-1945 years 84–85 post–World War I years 87 power of 87, 223, 346 prorogation of Parliament 347 vote of confidence 406

World War II years 73, 76, 77, 80–82

prince of Wales 158, 346, 407 princes. See monarchy; specific princes

“Princess Di” 188. See also Diana, princess of Wales

printing press, emergence of 18 private education 89

private enclosure acts (agricultural revolution) 48

privateers 23, 204, 346 privatizing efforts under Margaret

Thatcher 316

privy council 128, 142, 173, 250, 330, 346

privy seal 346, 375 probate 244

court 273

proclamation 232, 346–347

proprietary colony 167 prorogation 192, 347 protectorate 169, 202, 240, 347,

375, 380, 384, 401, 428 Protestant Association 230 Protestantism. See also Congrega-

tionalists; Knox, John Elizabethan age 23, 208 Enlightenment 46–47 Glorious Revolution 43 Ulster Protestants 43

Protestant Union 373

Prynne, William 347 public corporation 316

Public Health Act (1848) 153 public health in early 1800s 55,

153

Public Order Act (1936) 312 Public Order Act (1986) 217 public order under home secretary

247

public schools 89, 156

pubs (public houses) 184, 347 Purcell, Henry 347

Puritans 136, 149, 156, 163, 237, 240, 256, 268, 287, 302, 321, 347, 347–348, 361, 413, 418

Pusey, E. B. 331 Pym, John 231, 348

Quadruple Alliance (1718) 384 Quakers 140, 191, 218, 281, 287,

321, 339, 349

quarter sessions 175, 340, 349 quasi-bill of rights 96, 124 Quebec Act (1774) 349 Queen Anne’s Bounty 349

queens. See monarchy; specific queens

Queen’s Bench 277, 290 Queensberry, John Sholto Douglas,

marquis of 349 Queensberry Rules 349 quo warranto 349–350

racial mixing 88 radar 351, 394

radicalism 311, 351, 381 “Radical Jack” 195

Radical Programme (1885) 311 radio 351–352

RAF. See Royal Air Force

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 352, 376

Raikes, Robert 389

railways 136, 352, 386, 391, 397, 398

Raleigh, Sir Walter 166, 236, 352, 352–353

Ramillies, Battle of (1706) 299, 352 Reading, Rufus Isaacs, marquis of

352

“reading the Riot Act” 358 Reagan, Ronald 394 Rebecca riots (1838–44) 352 recusants 338, 352 Redmond, John 352 “reeve” 374

reform acts 352–353, 363 act of 1867 187

acts of 1832 55, 135, 158, 195, 230, 232–233, 252

Association Movement 112, 197, 425

radicalism 351 Reformation 23–29, 207, 308,

354–355

regency 225, 341, 355 Reith, John 355

religion. See also Church of England; Church of Ireland; Church of Scotland; evangelical reformers of early 1800s; independents; Methodism; Presbyterians/Presbyterian system; Protestantism; Puritans; Quakers; Roman church; test act

canons (church law). See criminal law

measurements of religious observance (1851) 55

monasticism 309 Renaissance 207, 355

Reparation Commission (1921) 355 reparations 276, 355, 405

Repeal Movement 327 Representation of the People Act

(1918) 75, 388

Republic of Ireland Act (1948) 264 Requests, Court of 26

Restoration 46, 169, 355–356 cabinet council 173 covenant 177

revolution and (1660–88) 38–41 Restraint of Appeals (1533) 27, 181,

356, 362

546 Great Britain

Revolutionary War in American	Rolle, Richard 17	royal warrant 168
colonies (1776–81) 45, 53, 105,	Rolling Stones 89	rugby 362
186, 333	Roman Catholic Church (Roman	Rump Parliament 38, 180, 206, 244,
revolutions, British. See also Ameri-	Church) 4, 16–17	290, 362
can colonies, rebellion of; French	Charles II and Catholicism 40	Rupert, Prince 300, 315, 363
Revolution of 1789	Glorious Revolution 42	Ruskin, John 363
agricultural revolution 48–49	Henry VIII’s break with 20,	Russell, Bertrand 145, 363, 415
bad revolution (1649)/good revo-	23–24, 29, 161–162, 192	Russell, Lord John (prime minister)
lution (1689) 46	James I’s attempt at reconciliation	220, 363
Civil War and revolution	34	Russell, William 363
(1642–59) 37–38, 163–164	Roman occupation 3–4	Russia. See also Union of Soviet
18th-century 48–55	romanticism 141, 167, 275, 359, 421	Socialist Republics (USSR)
Glorious Revolution (1688–1707)	Rome, Treaty of (1957) 91	Dual Alliance 70
41–44	Romilly, Sir Samuel 359–360	entente. See Entente with Russia
origins of Civil War (1603–42)	Roosevelt, Franklin D., U.S. presi-	(1907)
33–37	dent 80, 82, 113, 423, 426	nonagression pact with Hitler
restoration and revolution	Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, earl of	(1939) 78
(1660–88) 38–41	(prime minister) 360	pre–World War II actions 79
17th-century turmoils 33–44	Rosebuds 227	World War I 70–71
social change following late 18th-	Roses, Wars of the 12, 14, 119, 121,	Russian-Japanese War (1905) 70
century political revolution	143, 200, 242, 281, 299, 360, 398,	Rutherford, Ernest 363–364
52–55	426	Ruthven Raid (1582) 286, 364
Reynolds, Sir Joshua 356	Rota Club 240	Rye House plot (1683) 158, 364,
Rhodes, Cecil John 269, 356	Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth,	375
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 356	viscount 322–323, 360	Ryswick, Treaty of (1697) 43, 364
Ricardo, David 281, 351, 356–357	Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, baron de	S
Richard, duke of York, imposter	360	S
Perkin Warbeck posing as 15. See	rotten boroughs of 18th century 54,	Sacheverell, Dr. Henry 365, 389
Warbeck, Perkin	233, 249, 354, 360	St. Albans, battles of 365, 380
Richard I (the Lion Heart), king 6	Roundheads 361	St. Leger, Sir Anthony 365
Richard II (king) 9–10, 12, 252, 338,	Round Table Conferences (1930–32)	St. Patrick 260–261
357	222	St. Paul’s Cathedral (London) 150,
Richard III (king) 15, 130, 200, 242,	Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 297	167, 192, 213, 226, 273, 318, 365,
357, 360, 399	Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm 361	377, 424
Richard of York 12, 121, 200	Royal Academy 221, 356, 361, 399	St. Thomas More. See More, St.
Ridley, Nicholas 302, 357	Royal African Company 361	Thomas
Ridolfi plot (1571) 357, 409	Royal Air Force (RAF) 79, 103, 133,	Salesbury, William 124, 185, 366
Righteous and Harmonious Fists	160, 240, 313, 361	Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne Cecil,
(Boxers) 68	royal commission 128, 198, 361–362	marquis of (prime minister) 64,
The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine	Royal English Opera House 148	70, 117, 250, 366
333	Royal Exchange 232, 362	Salvation Army 129, 366
Riot Act (1715) 357–358	Royal Irish Constabulary 125, 362	Samuel, Herbert Louis Samuel, first
Rizzio, David 184, 301, 312, 358	royalists 361, 363	viscount 366
roads, construction of 293, 358, 392	Royal Lancasterian Society (1808)	Sancroft, William, archbishop of
turnpike 399	281	Canterbury 321, 366–367
Roberts, Frederick Sleigh 358	Royal Library 134	Sandhurst 367
Robin Hood 358–359	Royal Military College 367	Sandwich, John Montagu, fourth
Rochdale Pioneers 359	royal navy. See navy	earl of 367
Rochford, Lady 251	royal proclamation. See proclama-	Savery, Thomas 318, 367, 385–386
Rockingham, Charles Wentworth,	tion	Savoy Conference (1661) 345, 367
(prime minister) 359	Royal Society 362, 408, 424	Saxe-Coburg, house of 225, 405,
Rodney, George 359	royal supremacy 24, 162, 208, 243,	418
Roebuck, John Arthur 359	343, 356, 362, 413	genealogy 509

		Index 547
Saxons. See also Anglo-Saxon	Mary (queen). See Mary (queen	Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley
kingdoms	of Scots)	Cooper, first earl 289, 372
genealogy (showing union of	Parliament 44, 198, 335–336,	Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley
Saxon and Norman lines) 503	368, 369	Cooper, seventh earl 372, 427
Scapa Flow 367	peerage 338	Shakespeare, William 31, 116, 272,
science and scientists. See specific sci-	stone of Scone (“stone of des-	328, 357, 372–373, 373
entists	tiny”) 367	literary genius and impact of
Scone (site of “stone of destiny”)	teind 394	372–373
367	Union, Acts of 402	Sharp, Granville 164, 373, 381
“Scotia”/”scot” (terms) 367	unitary authorities 174	Shaw, George Bernard 211, 373
Scotland 367–368	Scotland Yard 306	Shelburne, William Petty (prime
burgh 138, 176, 335	Scott, Sir Walter 368	minister) 373–374
Calvin’s Case 34	Scottish Enlightenment 46, 252	Shelley, Percy Bysshe 229, 359, 374,
Campbell family 145	Scottish National Covenant (1638)	419
Church of England and 24–25	36, 125, 177, 272, 283, 368	shell scandal (1915) 72, 422
Church of Scotland. See Church	Scottish Nationalists 84	Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 194, 374
of Scotland; Free Church of	Scottish National Party (SNP) 368	sheriff 173–174, 196, 210, 231, 235,
Scotland	scrofula (king’s evil) 277	251, 374, 383
Civil War in 17th century, origins	SDF. See Social Democratic Federa-	Sherwood Forest, Nottingham
of 36, 163–164	tion	358–359
Claim of Right 42, 164	Seanad Éireann 369, 426	ship money 36, 213, 317, 374
clan 164, 176, 228, 245, 282, 407	Second Balkan War (1913) 70	shire. See county
community charge (1989) 343,	secretary of state 291, 369	Short Parliament 156, 374
394	secret ballot 158, 354, 369	Shrewsbury, Battle of 339
conflicts with Britain, latter 20th-	sedition 369	Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot, count-
century 94–95	Selborne, Roundell Palmer 143,	ess of. See “Bess of Hardwick”
courts of law 175–176, 197	369–370	Sidney, Algernon 270, 364, 375
Covenanters 157, 177, 194, 237,	Selden, John 370	Sidney, Sir Philip 31, 375, 383
272, 414	Selden Society 296, 370	Sierra Leone 373, 375
crofter 176, 179–180, 245	select committees 168, 370	signet 375
Cromwell-led invasion (1649) 38	self-acting engine (Thomas New-	“Silken Thomas” 214
diaspora in 19th century 61	comen) 318, 367, 386	Simnel, Lambert (pretender) 214,
early history 5, 6, 8, 206–207	self-denying ordinance (1645) 180,	242, 375
Edinburgh 175, 198	209, 297, 319, 370, 408	Simon, Sir John 375–376
education 199	Senegal 370	Simpson, Wallis 99, 201
English Reformation, effect of	Septennial Act (1716) 370	Singapore 376
24–25, 28–29	Serbia, pre–World War I events in	sinking fund 376
Enlightenment 46	70–71	Sinn Féin 43, 76, 196, 233, 266,
15th-century struggles with En-	serf 298	328, 352, 376
gland 11	services and finance since 1945 93	Six Acts (1819) 340, 376
Gaelic 221	session 175, 250	Six Articles of Religion (1539) 283
Glorious Revolution, effect of 44	Session, Court of 370–371	16th-century Britain 20–32
High Court of Justiciary 175, 244	Settlement, Act of (1701) 44, 52,	arts and literature 31–32
Highlands 164, 244–245, 282.	106, 192, 371, 417	British state, reformation of
See also Highland clearances	Seven Bishops’ case 186, 228, 367,	27–29
history 367–368	371, 380	Church of England
“home rule” 368	17th-century revolutions 33–44.	creation of 20
kings of 308	See also revolutions, British	Elizabeth I and 22, 237
land tenure 282. See also High-	Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 52,	move away from Catholicism
land clearances	105, 224, 251, 276, 341, 359, 371	22
law and legal issues 284	Seymour, Jane (queen) 20,	reformation of 23–25
lord advocate 290	371–372, 380	courts, reformation of 25–27
marches 298, 324, 339	Seymour, Thomas 372, 380	education in 31–32

548 Great Britain

16th-century Britain (continued)	socialism 123, 245, 351, 373, 379.	creation of 75
Elizabethan age 29–32	See also Christian Socialist move-	Eastern Germany, post–World
monarchy, reformation of 25–27,	ment; cooperative movement	War II 355
308	Marx, Karl 300	Hitler’s invasion of 80, 423
Reformation 23–29	nationalization 221	MI 6 intelligence 306
social ranks, hierarchy of 31	Socialist League (1885) 311	NATO formed to oppose 322
Tudor dynasty 20–23	Society for the Abolition of the Slave	as superpower 91, 92
slave trade and slavery 376–377	Trade (1787) 373, 415	World War II 80–81, 424
abolishment of 54, 107, 218, 351,	Society for the Conversion of the	Spa Fields Riot (1816) 288, 382
360	Jews (1808) 373	Spain’s National Front led by Fran-
Africa 101, 107	Society for the Diffusion of Useful	cisco Franco (1930s) 77
antislavery movement 54, 107,	Knowledge 135	Spanish Armada 22, 29–31, 109,
135, 164, 165, 373, 377, 378	Society for the Promotion of Chris-	109–110, 204, 268, 317, 324
institution of slave trade (Sir John	tian Knowledge (SPCK) 156, 198,	Spanish flu pandemic (1918–19)
Hawkins) 241	379, 389	75
Royal African Company 361	Society for the Propagation of the	Spanish Succession, War of
South Sea Company 361	Gospel in Foreign Parts 379	(1702–13) 43, 52, 127, 352, 364,
West Indies 66, 267, 377	Society for the Supporters of the Bill	382, 403,	407
white slave traffic 140	of Rights 416	SPCK. See Society for the Promotion
Slim, William Joseph 377	Society of Antiquaries 145	of Christian Knowledge
smallpox 271, 404	Solemn League and Covenant	Speaker of the House 248, 382
Smiles, Samuel 359, 377	(1643) 163, 168, 177, 272, 283,	Special Branch (Scotland Yard) 248,
Smith, Adam 50, 56, 219, 281, 351,	287, 345, 379	306, 343
356, 377	solicitor 379–380	Spectator 100, 386
Smith, Reverend Sydney 377–378	Solway Moss Battle of (1542) 268	Speenhamland system 382–383
Smith, W(illiam) H(enry) 378	Somaliland, British 380	Spence, Thomas 351
Smollett, Tobias 322	Somers, John 380	Spencer, Herbert 383
Smuts, Jan Christian 378	Somerset, Edward Beaufort, second	Spenser, Edmund 31, 383, 414
Snowden, Philip 378	duke of 380	Spithead Mutiny (1797) 251, 383
SNP. See Scottish National Party	Somerset, Edward Seymour, earl of	“splendid isolation” 70, 78
Soane, Sir John 378	Hertford and duke of 22, 380	sports. See cricket; darts; football
soccer. See football	Somerset, Robert Carr, earl of 380	(soccer); fox hunting; Queensberry
social changes	Somerset case (1772) 373, 380–381	Rules; rugby; Wimbledon
appreciation of social class and	Somme, Battle of the (1916) 71,	spy programs. See intelligence ser-
social justice (1707–1850)	235, 381	vices and spies
45–46	South Africa 64, 66–67, 101, 128,	squire (esquire) 383
18th-century political revolu-	227, 235, 314, 329, 356, 381, 397	Sri Lanka 153, 383–384
tions, social change following	apartheid 381, 390	Stair, James Dalrymple, first viscount
52–55	Cape Colony. See Cape Colony	384
Enlightenment 47–48	Southey, Robert 381	Stalin 78, 80, 108, 411, 423, 426
15th-century Britain 16–19	South Sea Bubble 47–48, 381–382,	Stamp Act (1765) 105, 186, 232,
industrial revolution, social re-	389	359, 384
sponse to 51–52	South Sea Company 361	Stamp Tax (1765) in colonial Amer-
middle classes, rise of 45, 49–50	South Wales 305	ica 53
post-1945 changes 87–89	sovereigns. See also monarchy; spe-	standing army 384
radicalism 351	cific monarchs	standing committees 370
16th-century Britain, hierarchy of	chronological listing of English	Stanhope, James Stanhope, first earl
social ranks in 31	sovereigns 511–514	384
working class 52, 55, 89	genealogies 503–509. See also ge-	Stanley, Sir Henry Morton 288, 385
Social Democratic Federation (SDF)	nealogies of sovereigns	staple 385, 420
139, 254, 300, 311, 378–379	Soviet Union	Star Chamber 26, 235, 283, 347,
Social Democratic Party 84	Big Three 81–82	356, 385
social insurance 124, 411	Blunt, Anthony (spy) 128	Stationers Company 385

		Index 549
statute law 168, 284, 346, 385	superpowers	Temple, Sir William 392
Statute of Labourers 8, 337	Britain as superpower. See British	Templewood, Samuel John Gurney
Statute of Praemunire (1392) 17	Empire, the	Hoare, first viscount 393
Statute of Provisors (1351) 17	post-1945 (United States and So-	“ten hours movement” 211, 372
Stead, William Thomas 140, 385	viet Union) 91, 92–95	Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson, first
steam engine 131, 318, 367,	Supremacy, Act of (1534) 181, 362	baron 342, 393
385–386, 398, 410	Surrey, Henry Howard 389	ten year rule 77, 78, 160
Steele, Richard 386	suspending power 371, 389	Territorial Army 306, 426
Stephens, James 212	Swaziland 390	terrorism 195, 382. See also Irish Re-
Stephenson, George 386	Swift, Jonathan 344, 390, 392	publican Army (IRA)
sterilization in surgery 288	syphilis, treatment of 215	test act 40–41, 186, 190, 191, 195,
sterling, efforts to maintain 91	T	269, 342, 384, 393
Stewarts of Scotland 103	T	Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471) 14, 15,
stipendiary magistrates 295	Taff Vale case 256, 391	299, 360, 393
Stoke, Battle of (1487) 15, 375	Taiping rebellion (1850–64) 329	Thackeray, William Makepeace 393
stone of Scone (“stone of destiny”)	Talbot, Elizabeth. See “Bess of	Thatcher, Margaret (prime minister)
367	Hardwick”	85, 85, 87, 92, 94, 96, 143, 170,
Stop of the Exchequer 40, 157	Tamil/Sinhalese conflict 384	241, 280, 316, 343, 369, 393–394,
Stormont 386	Tamworth Manifesto (1934) 338,	397
Stow, John 386	391	The Economist 383
Strachey, (Giles) Lytton 127, 386	Tanganyika 391, 428	third parties 170
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth 36,	tanistry 5	Thirty-nine Articles of faith (1563)
156, 348, 386–387, 404	tank, first use in World War I 71	29, 162, 334, 394
Stratford-upon-Avon 372, 373	Tanzania 391, 428	Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 34,
Stuart, Charles Edward (“Bonnie	Taoiseach 391	156–157, 408
Prince Charlie”) 52, 181, 267, 293,	tariffs 154, 219, 229, 256, 281, 331,	Three Kingdoms, War of the 157.
313, 387	338, 391–392	See also Civil War (1642–50)
Stuart, house of 23, 142, 190,	colonial America 53, 105	Throckmorton, Job 299
206–207, 338, 344, 354, 371, 387	grain. See corn laws	throne, the. See monarchy; specific
genealogy 508	Tasmania 392, 397	monarchs
submarines	Tate Gallery, London 399	Times, The 323
first use in World War I 71	Tatler 100, 386	Titanic 394
German U-boats 80, 160, 422	taxation 392	tithe 343, 394, 405, 414
Submission of the Clergy (1532) 24,	Civil War, origins of 34–36	Tizard, Sir Henry 394
162, 362, 387	county unit for 173	Toleration Act (1689) 46, 171, 191,
Succession, Acts of 215, 387	heavy taxation of 18th century	348, 352, 394–395
Sudan 67, 180, 227, 229–230, 235,	53–54	Tone, (Theobald) Wolfe 395
276, 291, 387–388, 418	House of Commons approval	Tonge, Israel 40
Suez Canal 64, 67, 84–85, 91, 123,	248	“Tory Democracy” 159, 190
190, 197, 202, 388	income tax 256	Tory Party 41, 42, 43, 45, 52, 63, 69,
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, duke of	laissez faire position 281	85, 151, 170, 174, 395, 408
388	land 282	totalitarian states in Europe, post–
suffrage and suffragettes 70, 106,	land taxes in 18th century 49	World War I 77
212, 226, 282, 334–335, 351,	monarchy endorsement 308	appeasement policy 78, 79
388–389, 420. See also women’s	national debt and 315	Tower of London 15, 201, 214, 222,
movement	Parliament consent 248, 315,	240, 251, 270, 293, 304, 347, 353,
Sullivan, Arthur. See Gilbert and	335, 340, 374	389, 395–396, 409, 424
Sullivan	window tax, 417–418	Townshend, Charles 396
Sunday schools 198, 239, 311, 389	Tay Bridge 392	Townshend, Charles, second vis-
Sunderland, Charles Spencer, earl of	tea 392	count 396
389	televised debated in House of Com-	trade
Sunderland, Charles Spencer, second	mons 87	18th-century growth in 49–52
earl of 389	Telford, Thomas 358, 392	the Empire 56, 59–60

550 Great Britain

trade (continued)

English trading companies (1550– 1770), map 495

15th-century Britain 17

Great Exhibition of 1851 58–59, 103

India 257

Merchant Venturers 305

opium trade in India 68, 257, 329 Trade and Plantations committee

346

trades disputes acts 77, 391 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 396,

397

Trade Union Act (1871) 396

trade unions 63, 75, 167–168, 234, 254, 256, 331, 341, 359, 394, 396–397, 411, 417, 422

Trafalgar, Battle of (1805) 53, 314, 318, 397

tram 397

transportation, punishment by 339, 397

transportation improvements (roads, etc.) 50, 293, 358

transubstantiation 9

Transvaal 67, 130, 147, 269, 381, 397

treason 369, 372, 395, 397–398, 419, 424

Treasonable Practices Act (1795) 398

treasury 398

Treatises on Government (1689) by John Locke 46

Treaty of. See specific treaties

Trenchard, Hugh 398 Trevithick, Richard, 352, 398 Trinity College (University of

Dublin) 200

Triple Alliance 70, 384, 398 Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 12, 242,

252, 398

TUC. See Trades Union Congress Tudor, house of 16, 20–23, 130, 138,

142, 206–207, 344, 354, 360, 387, 398–399. See also Elizabeth I; Henry VII; Henry VIII

genealogy 507

Tudor, Margaret, queen of Scots 399 Tull, Jethro 48

Turner, J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) 399

turnpike 399

20th-century Britain 69–95, 134 isolation of early 20th century

69–71

monarchy 308–309 between the wars (1919–39)

75–79

world power (1899–1945) 69–82 World War I (1914–18) 71–75 World War II (1939–45) 79–82

21st-century Britain 95–96 two-party system 170 Tyburn 399

Tyler, Wat 9

Tyndale, William 24, 124, 178, 399 Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot 400 Tyrone, Con O’Neill, earl of. See

O’Neill, Con

Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, earl of. See O’Neill, Hugh

U-boats 80, 160, 422 Uganda 291, 401

Ulster 29, 148, 159, 163, 182, 263, 309, 323, 329, 330, 333, 342, 376, 386, 401. See also O’Neill, Hugh

British occupation 94, 121 Ulster Covenant (1911–12) 148,

177, 263, 401 Ulster custom 401 Ulster Protestants 43

Ulster Volunteers 148, 263, 352, 401 Ultra secret (Enigma machine) 81,

401–402

unemployment benefits 344 unemployment levels, post–World

War I 76, 77

uniformity, acts of 29, 39–40, 162, 165, 171, 402

uniformity, oaths of 338, 352, 371 Union, Acts of 162, 173, 215, 250,

254, 262, 299, 402 Ireland 402 Scotland 402 Wales 402

Unionists 148, 323, 329, 336, 402 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR). See Soviet Union unions. See trade unions Unitarians 321, 345, 394, 402 unitary authorities in Wales and

Scotland 174

United Irishmen 205, 262, 265, 327, 395, 402

United Kingdom 207, 368, 402–403 English sovereigns, chronological

listing 511–514 map 493

prime ministers, chronological listing 515–516

United National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1943) 82

United Nations, establishment of 424

United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1944) 82

United Scotsmen 403

United States. See also American colonies

Big Three 81–82 Council of Four 75

as creditor following World War II 82, 286

post-1945 relationship with Britain 90, 91, 424

as superpower 91, 92

trade ties with Britain following colonial rebellion 56

World War I 73–74

World War II 80–82

universities 403, 421. See also Cambridge University; Open University; Oxford University

University Grants Committee 403 urban population growth in 18th

century 50, 55

utilitarianism 54, 122, 153, 306, 403 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 43, 52,

129, 299, 325, 382, 403

V vaccination 271, 404 vagrancy laws 343 valor ecclesiasticus 24, 404 Van Dieman’s Land 392

Vane, Sir Henry, the elder 404 Vane, Sir Henry, the younger 404 Vaughan Williams, Ralph 404 Vauxhall Gardens 404

Venner, Thomas 213

Verdun, Battle of (1916) 71, 421 Vernon, Edward 404–405 Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 75, 160,

285, 355, 367, 405, 422 vicar 405

		Index 551
viceroy 405	Walsingham, Sir Francis 409	Westminster Assembly (1643) 168,
India 182, 312, 352, 405, 411	Warbeck, Perkin 15, 214, 242, 268,	188, 272, 345, 367, 379, 414
Ireland 291, 342, 405	409	Westminster Confession (1646) 379,
Vichy regime 370	war cabinet 74, 80–81, 422	414
Victoria (queen/empress) 57, 58, 64,	wardrobe 409	Whig Party 41, 42, 43, 52, 135, 174,
103–104, 190, 201, 304, 405, 405	Wards, Court of 26, 409	232–233, 414
“Empress of India” 207, 257, 405	war guilt clause (Treaty of Versailles)	early 18th-century Whig oli-
jubilee 255, 272–273, 405	75	garchy 45
monarchy, effect of reign on	Warham, William 178	whip 414
power of 57, 104, 201, 308, 405	War of. See specific wars	Whiteboys 414–415
monarchy under 308	War of 1812 171, 409	Whitefield, George 328, 415
Victoria and Albert Museum 226,	War Office 409	Whitehall 193, 415
232, 406	warrant 168, 223, 232, 322, 346,	Whitehead, Alfred North 363, 415
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15) 150,	409–410	white slave traffic 140
406, 410, 412	quo warranto 349–350	White Tower 395
Viking invasions 4, 5, 262	Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of	Whitgift, John, archbishop of Can-
villein status 9, 298	(“the kingmaker”) 14, 15, 200, 410	terbury 29, 415
viscount, rank of 338, 406	Washington, George 53, 427	Wilberforce, William 164, 254, 351,
vote of confidence 143, 171, 406	Washington Naval Conference	415
v-weapons, German 406	(1921–22) 77, 190, 410	Wilde, Oscar 349, 415–416, 416
W	Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 53, 315,	Wilkes, John 140
W	339, 406, 410	Wilkinson, Ellen 270
Wade, George 407	Watt, James 386, 410	Wilkinson, John 416
Wakefield Edward Gibbon 407	Watt, Sir Robert 351, 416	William, Prince (son of Charles,
Wales 407–408	Waugh, Evelyn 410	prince of Wales) 158, 188
conflicts with Britain, latter 20th-	Wavell, Archibald Percival, first earl	William II (king) 414
century 94–95	410–411	William III (William of Orange)
courts of law 174–175	Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 211, 411	(king) 42–43, 164, 210, 228, 277,
early history 5, 6, 8, 206–207	Wedgwood, Josiah 411	302, 308, 321, 329–330, 364, 367,
education 198–199	welfare state 84, 87–88, 96, 170,	382, 416–417
15th-century struggles with En-	256, 280, 315, 344, 411	William IV (king) 57, 417
gland 11–12	Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke	William and Mary. See Mary II; Wil-
history 407–408	of (prime minister) 150, 327, 365,	liam III (William of Orange)
law and legal issues 284	411–412, 412	William the Conqueror 5, 6, 395
marches 298	Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 53,	Wilson, Sir Harold (prime minister)
Parliament 336, 407	315, 410, 412	85, 90, 143, 417
Plaid Cymru 84, 342	Wells, H. G. 211, 412	Wilson, Woodrow (U.S. president)
Rebecca riots (1838–44) 352	Welsh Assembly 342, 408, 412–413	74, 76
16th-century annexation of	Wentworth, Peter and Paul 413	Wimbledon 417
24–25, 28	Wentworth, Thomas. See Strafford,	window tax 417–418
Union, Acts of 402	Thomas Wentworth	Windsor, duke of (formerly King Ed-
unitary authorities 174	Wesley, Charles 413, 415	ward VIII) 99, 201–202
Welsh Assembly 342, 408,	Wesley, John 305, 328, 413, 415	Windsor, house of 225, 418
412–413	western front (World War I) 71, 421	genealogy 509
Welsh rebellion 12	West Indies 271, 337, 377, 413. See	Windsor Castle, 226, 418
Wallace, William 8	also Jamaica	fire (1992) 86, 204, 418
Waller, Sir William 408	Drake, Sir Francis 193	Wingate, Orde 418
Wallis, John 408	Jenkins’ Ear, War of 270	Winstanley Gerrard 418
Walpole, Horace (fourth earl of Or-	slave trade 66, 267	Winthrop, John 418
ford) 408	worker rebellions in 66	Wishart, George 120, 279, 418
Walpole, Robert, first earl of Orford	Westminster, Statute of 255, 413	Wodehouse, P. G. 418–419
(prime minister) 52, 115, 224,	Westminster Abbey 148, 272, 322,	Wolfe, James 419
318, 338, 344, 346, 376, 396, 408	413–414	Wolfe, James, general 146, 271

552 Great Britain

Wollstonecraft, Mary 229, 419, 420	consequences 422	Wycliffe, John 9, 187, 289, 332, 425
Wolseley, Garnet Joseph 419	destruction levels and losses 71	Wyvill, Christopher 112, 197, 425
Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal 21,	disarmament 189–190	Y
23–24, 26, 181, 191, 237, 243, 415,	Gallipoli campaign 71, 160, 214,	Y
419	221–222, 422	Yalta Conference 426
women’s movement 70, 106, 112,	Jutland, Battle of (1916) 71, 274,	year books 285, 426
300, 333–334, 419–420. See also	422	Yeats, William Butler 426
suffrage and suffragettes	politics 422	yeoman 330, 340, 426
Women’s Social and Political Union	western front 71, 421	York, house of (white rose) 14, 360,
333, 334, 388	years between World War II and	426–427
wool 385, 420	75–79	genealogy 505
Woolf, Leonard 127, 420	World War II (1939–45) 79–82,	York, province of Church of England
Woolf, Virginia 127, 420–421	422–424	108, 171
Wordsworth, William 342, 359,	army 110–111	archbishop 108–109
421	atom bomb 80, 113	cathedral 150
Workers’ Educational Association	Battle of Britain. See Britain,	Yorktown, Battle of (1781) 105, 427
421	Battle of Britain (1940)	Young, Arthur 427
workhouses 343	beginning of 78	Young England 427
working class 52, 55, 89	Blitz 79, 102, 103, 127, 133,	Young Ireland 212, 263, 264, 427
workplace reforms (early 1800s) 51,	160, 361, 423	Young Men’s Christian Association
51–52, 351	British Empire, loss of 82	(YMCA) 427
World Bank 276	campaigns 423	“Young Pretender” (aka “Bonnie
World Disarmament Conference	causes 422–423	Prince Charlie”). See Stuart,
241	consequences 424	Charles Edward
world power, Britain as	decoding top-secret transmis-	Young Wales 427
British Empire, the 56–68	sions. See Ultra secret (Enigma	Young Women’s Christian Associa-
early 20th-century conflicts	machine)	tion (YWCA) 427
(1899–	destruction levels and losses 79	Ypres, Battle of (1917) 235
1945) 69–82	phony war 79	Z
loss of power 83–96	politics 423–424	Z
World Trade Organization 392	Royal Air Force. See Royal Air	Zambia 356, 428
World War I (1914–18) 71–75,	Force (RAF)	Zanzibar 391, 428
421–422	years between World War I and	zeppelins 102, 428
armistice of 1918 74, 110	75–79	Zimbabwe 356
army 110–111	Wren, Sir Christopher 238, 362,	Zinoviev letter 428
British involvement 70–71	365, 424	Zionism 334, 428
campaigns 421–422	writ 155, 232, 424	Zoological Society 352
causes 421	Wyatt, Sir Thomas 251, 302, 424	Zulus 67, 130, 137, 363, 428

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