
- •Preface
- •Objectives of the Book
- •Style
- •Prerequisites
- •The Big Picture
- •Contents
- •1.1 Review of Complex Numbers
- •1.2 Complex Numbers in Polar Form
- •1.3 Four Equivalent Forms to Represent Harmonic Waves
- •1.4 Mathematical Identity
- •1.5 Derivation of Four Equivalent Forms
- •1.5.1 Obtain Form 2 from Form 1
- •1.5.2 Obtain Form 3 from Form 2
- •1.5.3 Obtain Form 4 from Form 3
- •1.6 Visualization and Numerical Validation of Form 1 and Form 2
- •1.8 Homework Exercises
- •1.9 References of Trigonometric Identities
- •1.9.1 Trigonometric Identities of a Single Angle
- •1.9.2 Trigonometric Identities of Two Angles
- •1.10 A MATLAB Code for Visualization of Form 1 and Form 2
- •2.2 Equation of Continuity
- •2.3 Equation of State
- •2.3.1 Energy Increase due to Work Done
- •2.3.2 Pressure due to Colliding of Gases
- •2.3.3 Derivation of Equation of State
- •2.4 Derivation of Acoustic Wave Equation
- •2.5 Formulas for the Speed of Sound
- •2.5.1 Formula Using Pressure
- •2.5.2 Formula Using Bulk Modulus
- •2.5.3 Formula Using Temperature
- •2.5.4 Formula Using Colliding Speed
- •2.6 Homework Exercises
- •3.1 Review of Partial Differential Equations
- •3.1.1 Complex Solutions of a Partial Differential Equation
- •3.1.2 Trigonometric Solutions of a Partial Differential Equation
- •3.2 Four Basic Complex Solutions
- •3.3 Four Basic Traveling Waves
- •3.4 Four Basic Standing Waves
- •3.5 Conversion Between Traveling and Standing Waves
- •3.6 Wavenumber, Angular Frequency, and Wave Speed
- •3.7 Visualization of Acoustic Waves
- •3.7.1 Plotting Traveling Wave
- •3.7.2 Plotting Standing Wave
- •3.8 Homework Exercises
- •4.2 RMS Pressure
- •4.2.1 RMS Pressure of BTW
- •4.2.2 RMS Pressure of BSW
- •4.3 Acoustic Intensity
- •4.3.1 Acoustic Intensity of BTW
- •4.3.2 Acoustic Intensity of BSW
- •4.5.1 Issues with Real Impedance
- •4.6 Computer Program
- •4.7 Homework Exercises
- •4.8 References
- •4.8.1 Derivatives of Trigonometric and Complex Exponential Functions
- •4.8.2 Trigonometric Integrals
- •5.1 Spherical Coordinate System
- •5.2 Wave Equation in Spherical Coordinate System
- •5.3 Pressure Solutions of Wave Equation in Spherical Coordinate System
- •5.4 Flow Velocity
- •5.4.1 Flow Velocity in Real Format
- •5.4.2 Flow Velocity in Complex Format
- •5.5 RMS Pressure and Acoustic Intensity
- •5.7 Homework Exercises
- •6.1 Review of Pressure and Velocity Formulas for Spherical Waves
- •6.2 Acoustic Waves from a Pulsating Sphere
- •6.3 Acoustic Waves from a Small Pulsating Sphere
- •6.4 Acoustic Waves from a Point Source
- •6.4.1 Point Sources Formulated with Source Strength
- •6.4.2 Flow Rate as Source Strength
- •6.5 Acoustic Intensity and Sound Power
- •6.6 Computer Program
- •6.7 Project
- •6.8 Objective
- •6.9 Homework Exercises
- •7.1 1D Standing Waves Between Two Walls
- •7.2 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes in a Pipe
- •7.3 2D Boundary Conditions Between Four Walls
- •7.3.1 2D Standing Wave Solutions of the Wave Equation
- •7.3.2 2D Nature Frequencies Between Four Walls
- •7.3.3 2D Mode Shapes Between Four Walls
- •7.4 3D Boundary Conditions of Rectangular Cavities
- •7.4.1 3D Standing Wave Solutions of the Wave Equation
- •7.4.2 3D Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes
- •7.5 Homework Exercises
- •8.1 2D Traveling Wave Solutions
- •8.1.2 Wavenumber Vectors in 2D Traveling Wave Solutions
- •8.2 Wavenumber Vectors in Resonant Cavities
- •8.3 Traveling Waves in Resonant Cavities
- •8.4 Wavenumber Vectors in Acoustic Waveguides
- •8.5 Traveling Waves in Acoustic Waveguides
- •8.6 Homework Exercises
- •9.1 Decibel Scale
- •9.1.1 Review of Logarithm Rules
- •9.1.2 Levels and Decibel Scale
- •9.1.3 Decibel Arithmetic
- •9.2 Sound Pressure Levels
- •9.2.2 Sound Power Levels and Decibel Scale
- •9.2.3 Sound Pressure Levels and Decibel Scale
- •9.2.4 Sound Pressure Levels Calculated in Time Domain
- •9.2.5 Sound Pressure Level Calculated in Frequency Domain
- •9.3 Octave Bands
- •9.3.1 Center Frequencies and Upper and Lower Bounds of Octave Bands
- •9.3.2 Lower and Upper Bounds of Octave Band and 1/3 Octave Band
- •9.3.3 Preferred Speech Interference Level (PSIL)
- •9.4 Weighted Sound Pressure Level
- •9.4.1 Logarithm of Weighting
- •9.5 Homework Exercises
- •10.1 Sound Power, Acoustic Intensity, and Energy Density
- •10.2.2 Room Constant
- •10.2.3 Reverberation Time
- •10.3 Room Acoustics
- •10.3.1 Energy Density due to an Acoustic Source
- •10.3.2 Sound Pressure Level due to an Acoustic Source
- •10.4 Transmission Loss due to Acoustical Partitions
- •10.4.2 Transmission Loss (TL)
- •10.5 Noise Reduction due to Acoustical Partitions
- •10.5.1 Energy Density due to a Partition Wall
- •10.5.2 Sound Pressure Level due to a Partition Wall
- •10.5.3 Noise Reduction (NR)
- •10.6 Homework Exercises
- •11.1 Complex Amplitude of Pressure and Acoustic Impedance
- •11.1.3 Transfer Pressure
- •11.2 Complex Acoustic Impedance
- •11.3 Balancing Pressure and Conservation of Mass
- •11.4 Transformation of Pressures
- •11.5 Transformation of Acoustic Impedance
- •11.7 Numerical Method for Molding of Pipelines
- •11.8 Computer Program
- •11.9 Project
- •11.10 Homework Exercises
- •12.1.1 Equivalent Acoustic Impedance of a One-to-Two Pipe
- •12.2 Power Transmission of a One-to-Two Pipe
- •12.3 Low-Pass Filters
- •12.4 High-Pass Filters
- •12.5 Band-Stop Resonator
- •12.6 Numerical Method for Modeling of Pipelines with Side Branches
- •12.7 Project
- •12.8 Homework Exercises
- •Nomenclature
- •Appendices
- •Appendix 1: Discrete Fourier Transform
- •Discrete Fourier Transform
- •Fourier Series for Periodical Time Function
- •Formulas of Discrete Fourier Series
- •Appendix 2: Power Spectral Density
- •Power Spectral Density
- •Accumulated Sound Pressure Square
- •Sound Pressure Level in Each Band
- •References
- •Index

11.2 |
Complex Acoustic Impedance |
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283 |
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P |
c2L |
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P |
f 2L and |
Pc2L e |
jkL2 |
e |
jkL2 |
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jkL2 |
e |
jkL2 |
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f 2R |
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Pc2R |
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Pb2L |
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Pc2R |
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Pb2R |
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Inverse the 2x2 matrix to get: |
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jkL2 |
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P f 2L |
¼ |
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Pc2L |
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ejkL2 |
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jkL2 |
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b2L |
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c2R |
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P f 2R |
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e jkL2 |
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Pc2L |
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ejkL2 |
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b2R |
ejkL2 |
e jkL2 |
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c2R |
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Proof of Formula 2G
Based on Formulas 1E and 1A–1B, Uc2L ¼ Uf2L + Ub2L ¼ (Pf2L Pb2L)/Zf2 and Uc2R ¼ Uf2R + Ub2R ¼ (Pf2R Pb2R)/Zf2, and using Formula 2A–2B gets:
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Uc2L |
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2ejkL2 |
e jkL2 |
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P f 2R |
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Pb2R |
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Uc2R |
Z f 2 |
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e jkL2 |
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¼ Z1f 2 |
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e jkL2 |
1 e jkL2 |
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e jkL2 |
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e jkL2 |
Pc2L |
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c2R |
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jkL2 |
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jkL2 |
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Pc2L |
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Z f 2 |
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jkL2 |
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þ e |
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c2R |
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Using Euler’s formula, the equation above arrives at:
Uc2R |
¼ Z f 2sinðkL2Þ |
1 |
Þ |
cosðkL2Þ |
Pc2R |
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Uc2L |
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cosðkL2 |
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Pc2L |
Proof of Formulas 2B and 2D
(Homework Exercise 11.1 Part a)
11.2Complex Acoustic Impedance
Formulas 3A–3B

284 |
11 Power Transmission in Pipelines |
Pipe 2
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The acoustic impedance Zc2L at LHS of Pipe 2 is related to the acoustic impedance Zf2 as shown in Formula 3A. The acoustic impedance Zc2R at RHS of Pipe 2 is related to the acoustic impedance Zf2 as shown in Formula 3B:
Z |
c2L ¼ |
Z |
P f 2L þ Pb2L |
¼ |
Z |
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f 2 P f 2L |
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Pb2L |
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Z |
c2R ¼ |
Z |
P f 2R þ Pb2R |
¼ |
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f 2 P f 2R |
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Pb2R |
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where Z f 2 ¼ |
ρoc |
is a real number. |
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P f 2RejkL2 |
þ Pb2Re jkL2 |
Formula 3A |
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P f 2RejkL2 |
Pb2Re jkL2 |
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f 2 |
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f 2 |
P f 2Le jkL2 |
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ð |
Formula 3B |
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Pb2LejkL2 |
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Proof of Formula 3B
In Pipe 2 as shown in the figure above, the pressure pf2(x, t) of a forward wave and the pressure pb2(x, t) of a backward wave are formulated in terms of complex amplitudes of the pressures Pf2L and Pb2L at LHS of Pipe 2 (x ¼ x1) as:
p f 2ðx, tÞ ¼ |
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nP f 2Le jkðx x1Þejωt þ cco |
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pb2ðx, tÞ ¼ |
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nPb2Lejkðx x1Þejωt þ cco |
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Based on Formula 3B, the acoustic impedance Zc2R at the RHS of Pipe 2 is: |
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c2R |
¼ |
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P f 2R þ Pb2R |
ð |
Formula 3B |
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f 2 P f 2R |
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Based on Formulas 2C and 2D, the pressures Pf2R and Pb2R at RHS of Pipe 2 are related to the pressures Pf2L and Pb2L at LHS of Pipe 2 as:
P f 2R ¼ P f 2Le jkL2 |
ðFormula 2CÞ |

11.3Balancing Pressure and Conservation of Mass
Pb2R ¼ Pb2LejkL2
Substituting Formulas 2C and 2D to Formula 3B yields:
Z |
c2R ¼ |
Z |
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P f 2R þ Pb2R |
¼ |
Z |
P f 2Le jkL2 |
þ Pb2LejkL2 |
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f 2 |
P f 2R Pb2R |
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f 2 |
P f 2Le jkL2 |
Pb2LejkL2 |
where:
Z f 2 ¼ ρoc
S2
Proof of Formula 3A
(Homework Exercise 11.1 Part b)
285
ðFormula 2DÞ
ðFormula 3BÞ
11.3Balancing Pressure and Conservation of Mass
The cross-sectional areas of Pipe 1 and Pipe 2 are S1 and S2, respectively, as shown in the figure below. The pressures of the forward wave and the backward wave in Pipe 1 at RHS of Pipe 1 (x ¼ x2) are Pf1R and Pb1R, respectively. The pressures of the forward wave and backward wave in Pipe 2 at LHS of Pipe 2 (x ¼ x2) are Pf2L and Pb2L, respectively:
Pipe 1 |
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Pipe 2 |
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The following conditions must be satisfied at the intersection between the two pipes:
I.All pressures are balanced at the intersection according to Newton’s third law of motion:
P f 1R þ Pb1R =P f 2L þ Pb2L |
ðstate of equilibriumÞ |

286 |
11 Power Transmission in Pipelines |
II.The volume flow rate (U = VS) inward is equal to the volume flow rate outward according the conservation of mass, assuming that the air has a constant density:
U f 1R þ Ub1R ¼ U f 2L þ Ub2L |
ðconservation of massÞ |
11.4Transformation of Pressures
Formulas 4A–4D
The cross-sectional areas of Pipe 1 and Pipe 2 are S1 and S2, respectively, as shown in the figure below. The pressures of the forward wave and the backward wave in Pipe 1 at RHS of Pipe 1 (x ¼ x2) are Pf1R and Pb1R, respectively. The pressures of the forward wave and the backward wave in Pipe 2 at LHS of Pipe 2 (x ¼ x2) are Pf2L and Pb2L, respectively:
Pipe 2
,
The pressures Pf1R and Pb1R (RHS of Pipe 1) can be formulated in terms of the
pressures Pf2L and Pb2L (LHS in Pipe 2) as: |
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Z f 1 |
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P f 1R ¼ |
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P f 2L þ |
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Z f 2 |
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Pb1R ¼ |
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Z f 1 |
Pb2L |
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1 þ |
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P f 1R ¼ |
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Zc2L |
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Pb1R ¼ |
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Z f 1 |
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Pb1R |
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Zc2L Z f 1 |
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Formula 4C |
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P f 1R |
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11.4 Transformation of Pressures |
287 |
where: |
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Pc2L ¼ P f 2L þ Pb2L |
ðFormula 1DÞ |
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Z |
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P f 2L þ Pb2L |
ð |
Formula 3A |
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c2L ¼ |
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Z f 2 ¼ ρoc
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Proof of Formulas 4A–4D
Based on Newton’s third law of motion (state of equilibrium) and conservation of mass:
P f 1R þ Pb1R =P f 2L þ Pb2L |
ðstate of equilibriumÞ |
ð1Þ |
U f 1R þ Ub1R =U f 2L þ U f 2L |
ðconservation of massÞ |
ð2Þ |
Based on Formulas 1A and 1B, changing the volume flow rate U to P/Z and changing Zb1 and Zb2 to 2Zf1 and 2Zf2, respectively, yield:
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Pb1R |
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P f 2L |
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Pb2L |
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Pb1R |
= |
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Pb2L |
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Z f 1 |
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Z f 2 |
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Solve Pf1R and Pb1R from Eq.(1) and Eq.(3) to get:
P f 1R ¼ 2 |
1 þ Z f 2 |
P f 2L þ 2 |
1 Z f 2 |
Pb2L |
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ð3Þ
ðFormula 4A’Þ
ðFormula 4B’Þ
Based |
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Formula |
1D, Pc2L ¼ Pf2L |
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Pb2L, |
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P f 2L þPb2L |
, rearrange Eq.(3) to get: |
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P f 2L Pb2L |
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! |
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Z f 1 |
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þ |
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Z f 2 |
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P f 2L þPb2L |
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P f 1R 2Pb1R = |
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P f 2L Pb2L |
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P f 2L |
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Pb2L |
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! P f 1R 2Pb1R = |
Z f 1 |
Pc2L |
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Zc2L |
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Solve Pf1R and Pb1R from Eq.(1) and Eq.(4) to get:
on Formula,
ð4Þ