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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ МУРМАНСКИЙ АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

М. Хубер, Г. В. Жигунова, Р. Дебиски, Л. Лата

PLASTERS ANALYSIS FROM SELECTED CITIES IN MURMANSK OBLAST (RUSSIA) AS AN INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Монография

МУРМАНСК

2018

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УДК 502.175(470.21) ББК 20.1

П38

Печатается по решению Совета по научно-исследовательской работе и редакционно-издательской деятельности Мурманского арктического государственного университета

Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой философии и социальных наук МАГУ (протокол № 1 от 14 сентября 2017 г.)

Авторы: М. Хубер, Г.В. Жигунова, Р. Дебиски, Л. Лата

Рецензенты: M. Ю. Меньшакова, кандидат биологических наук, заведующая кафедрой естественных наук Мурманского арктического государственного университета; Г. Г. Гогоберидзе, доктор экономических наук, доцент Россий-

ского государственного гидрометеорологического университета, г. Санкт-Петербург

Коллектив авторов

Plasters analysis from selected cities in Murmansk Oblast (Russia) as an indicator of environmental pollution = Анализ штукатурки отдельных городов Мурманской области как индикатор загрязнения окружающей среды : монография / М. Хубер, Г.В. Жигунова, Р. Дебиски, Л. Лата. – Мурманск : МАГУ, 2018. – 170 с.

Коллективная научная монография носит междисциплинарный характер и отражает результаты комплексного исследования загрязнения окружающей среды в отдельных городах Мурманской области (Россия). Она может быть полезной как для магистрантов и аспирантов, так и всех, кто интересуется вопросами экологии и охраны окружающей среды.

Печатается в авторской редакции.

ФГБОУ ВО «Мурманский арктический государственный университет», 2018

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THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MURMAN STATE ARCTIC UNIVERSITY

M. Huber, G.V. Zhigunova, R. Dębicki, L. Lata

PLASTERS ANALYSIS FROM SELECTED CITIES IN MURMANSK OBLAST (RUSSIA) AS AN INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Monograph

MURMANSK 2018

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Printed according to the decision of the Council for Scientific Research and Editorial Activities of the Murmansk Arctic State University

Printed according to the decision of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences on September 14, 2017.

Reviewers: M. Y. Menshakova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of Department of Natural Sciences MASU;

G. G. Gogoberidze, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor of Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg

Plasters analysis from selected cities in Murmansk Oblast (Russia) as an indicator of environmental pollution : monograph / Miłosz Huber, Galina V. Zhigunova, Ryszard Dębicki, Lesia Lata. – Murmansk : МАSU, 2018. – 170 с.

The monograph is an interdisciplinary and reflects the results of research of the environmental pollution in selected cities in Murmansk Oblast (N Russia).

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A. Introduction

The Murmansk Oblast is located in the north-western part of Russia. Kolski, which is the northernmost part of Scandinavia, practically entirely located behind the northern polar circle. It is occupied by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea from the east and south. Due to its location it is characterized by a moderately cold climate passing through the subpolar. This climate is mitigated by sea currents, which causes that the Murmansk port does not freeze the winter and at the same time it significantly increases the humidity of the air. In Murmansk, the number of cloudless days rarely exceeds 20 a year! This area is located in the northern part of the Baltic Shield, which in this region is exposed on the surface of the terrain exposing many very old igneous and metamorphic rocks, rich in numerous deposits. On these works there are numerous Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary deposits. This contributes to the attractiveness of this region through the large industry that is the source of labor and income of the inhabitants of the region. The study was conducted in seven selected cities of the region such as Murmansk, Apatity, Oleniegorsk, Rievda, Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Polrnye Zori. The research was aimed at analyzing the condition of these cities, taking into account the character of their elevation and the degree of corrosion. The plaster surface components in micro area and the content of selected metals as a result of geochemical analyzes were also studied. The lists of these analyzes were grouped in the individual chapters of the study and finally the cities were compared. The research, although of a pilot nature, allows in many cases to draw interesting proposals for individual cities. They are part of environmental studies, indicating the content and distribution of metals in the immediate environment of man. The authors hope that this paper will contribute to the discussion on environmental issues in the context of the analysis of the human environment.

Lublin, Murmansk 2017 r.

Miłosz Huber

Galina V. Zhigunova

Ryszard Dębicki

Lesia Lata

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B. Characteristics of research methods used in the study

of plaster samples

B1. Electron microscopy

The Scanning Electron Microscope is one of the most modern instruments with which many biomedical and environmental analyzes can be performed. In modern times, it is also one of the most popular facilities in many centers of various specializations, which deal with research from natural specimens through archaeological, biomedical, and medical research on physical, material and mechanical analyzes. Scanning technology consists in the fact that the electrons that get out of the so – the electron guns are collimated and beamed by means of electro-lenses. This is a microscopic method known from the middle of the twentieth century [1, 7, 11, 13, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 38–40]. Current electron microscope designs are fully computerized with some kind of autonomy in the analysis procedure, which reduces errors resulting from incorrect use of them. In addition, this software is designed to provide the best possible conditions for observing and measuring the samples so that they are reproducible and reliable. With the development of computers and software, the processing of information obtained through this kind of microscopy has increased, allowing for easier and faster and more accurate analysis of the various materials. This also allows for a variety of processing of results and visualizations of data streams which allow for the transformation of both the image (artificial coloring of phases, for example) and the report itself using the office tools in the longer perspective. Further transformations of these data allow for procedures to be further simulated, additional calculations such as shape and particle size taking into account such tools as fractal analysis and planimetry [2, 3, 11, 20, 22, 23, 30, 33].

Observations with this type of microscope allow you to zoom in up to 100 times. The analyzed sample is not destroyed and in new microscopes, large sample sizes allow for the study of cellular size materials (14 cm, fig. В1). Additionally, in the standard of the microscope is a special diaphragm allowing to study in the so-called. Low vacuum. Thanks to everything and samples of the preparations do not need to be sprayed with a conductive element, and the role of the conductor is a small amount of air. This makes it possible to obtain morphology images of samples particularly those that contain a lot of water and would be difficult to study under high vacuum conditions (fig. Analyzes of samples not sprayed in turn are not burdened with systematic errors resulting from the introduction of additional elements, guides.

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considerably broaden the research capabilities achieved by electron microscopy [8, 9, 15, 16, 31].

Fig. B2. Typical content map (gold on the background of a copper bar)

Fig. B3. Analysis of grain surface

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