M1_12
.pdf
)-<
p
= 2 h= 5mkT :
? ! 8 ! 23 9 !-* @ 3 ! 23 ( ,
2 h = 6:62 10 34 9!% k = 1:38 10 23 9 '% m = 6:14 10 27 7%T = 300 '% ?
< 8-
6:62 10 34
= p
5 6:64 10 27 1:38 10 23 3 102
= 5:65 10 11 = 0:565 A:
FD
@
@ @
@ N
@ Q
@
A! !-
23 ! <, . " !-*S-0 2S , 08 ! ! "$7 "6D 5:? 0 ,, (
! ", 7 , 2)-. '1 A
? +- B 7 B$200 S 7$. " (
! ' 2B & !<2 5 " '8<-*-2) 5
" ; . -*J 7 * %3-* -9 6!.@ <B (-'!3 &8-< 14 ?c /7c ! ! < ! 1%.26 7
2) (N " ,! "0:45 A5
? < 23")8 ; 7 ! ) 68 < # 7-! " 8- -7 < "'@ <*)A (
" = 0:1 5&P <8 $! ! < , % ! 0 % ! @ + '@ , !! L = 0:75 %A 4 < 7 ' ! &- x = 8 & 35
P <, 8 !-* 7 *S % 8 * @$ # 7- -! & & @ & &%! ! %- 3 %
! @ 3 # 7 20 !!L = 0:75 3% !! 9'-$!$ - x 0 & 9-,@ &d 2 7:5 25 % ! 5
@ ?-'! ! "$7 "T = 180 )8 < 8 ! < ! &5 B 8 (
&% ! * @ ;7- = 55 !' <* B8 ! &%
. *3 ! , ! + 9- 7 8 5 " 9'8 ! ! 0 !! % ! !-* @ 0 &-9 () * 5
FF
@ ?-! ! "$7 "T = 10 68 (
-*B8 !-*6# <7- .- ! (-#,4 23 , 4$' % ! @ 6 # <7$
!!L = 0:1 35 "$9'8 ! ! !! % 7 !&$-9 < 7 8 ! !-
<4-!- r = 1:6 ! 35
@ ? < 23")8 ; % ! 23"; ! <*- 8 ( 4U = 25 %&8$<$, # 7-0!'-(
& 0@ & &%: !!$- ' & 9-$2 &d = 50 & 5 P <3 !! & 9 8-! & ! # (-
4 " 2B 3 % !8 9 3 !! L = 1 + '@ "&5
@ ")8- ; 7 ! ) B8 +8 )7(-
)! <9 = 30 ' ! !-*S7 <, ! ( * & &5!! & 9-'! ' ! !
35
@ N
@ Q
@ @
1u (k) = ak1=2 % p
.1u ( ) = a 1 + b2 2 % 1u (!) = !2=!2 b2 5
? < % B7-88 7 ;#u ! ! ;! 2 ! A 7= u ddu 5
! ! 4 ! 7 "E = mc2 + m 2
2 8 (
< %: 0# 0! ! <,u( ) = h2 + mc2 5& "
m 2 h
7-88-*C! ! <' 7 8 '!= 0 5
? < % ! " ! 42+7-88 ! ! < ! 8 '! ! ! <*C 9 &5
,!- :% 7 ! ! <' 9$! . 7 ' 8 ! ! ! ! ! .c% " ' ! & ! < 7
# ",! !u ' 2; 2 % 5 5u = u( )5
@
@
$ < 23" & 3 &t = 0 " 8 3 & 8 (
n o5& "0-. ,# 8
--a (k) = exp (k k0)2 = 2
'8 < "8 ! ! 8t = 0 B< 23" & & " 8n . # "o5 " 7-!! " ",! &8-"a (k) = exp (k k0)2
2
13#-8 < 23", & ' '8t > 0%
.1 !8 ! "&% 13! * *R! ! <' ! 42 %
71 & A 2;8 ! & 35
@ |
P < 8 !-*) 7 *6 %8 ' " ( |
|
. " ! ' 2C! 8 ! 8 ! "&5 |
F
|
|
|
|
|
N ! M - - |
||||
|
! A! 2 |
|
||
4 45"!4P;#" '&(4,&"!#/!#"&"!4$!# |
/ ( 9&4'&"!65B' '!+-H |
|||
, /. 0216 |
I |
|
I |
I |
|
|
|
|
|
x px h; y py h; z pz h;
I/&(8E"!#$ %' '8'*:#" $'
E t h:
$ ' &+ # ! 7T 3 ! ! -810 5 !8 <-! A 8 (
! "&% 4 < & < 23 " 23 & 2C 54 " 23& 3 !3 7 (
<! 0 !! & )8 4 "+# !$ +-$
23 0 ! "&%: 8 &%x5 A 0 8 ! " ,!
!-%3 ) + 8 ! ;8 9 + ! 42 )8 ( ! ! % 6 8 2. )! !$&8-<!%: ! ( < %$7$ ! 42 5:? ! <, 6 & " 23 &-
l %& 7 , 6$! + 08 + . ! B!' 8 ( ! <* x = l=25
A ' 8 ! "B 9$8 ! <$, C!- |
||||||
'l |
px |
|
h%- l |
2h |
5 |
|
|
|
|
||||
2 |
|
|||||
|
px |
|||||
|
|
! 0-&$8 ! < 8-! |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
px ! |
|
!- 0 + 9 B8 23A' <6;! & 7 B &8-<!px %3 53
px px 5
? 4 , &8-<!px ! ! ! "0 7 "T ! ( A p2x + p2y + p2z = 2mT 5 7 + 9 + 8 ! <+! :-* @
FG
23 9 |
p |
|
|
px |
|
2mT : |
|
&px px /$'- l)5 ?
! ' ! %8- +!-* @ 3 4 (! |
||||
A |
lmin |
p |
2h |
: |
|
|
|||
|
2mT |
|||
? ! 0 ,8 ! ' 23 9 ' ! 23 '0 @ ' 7 &%
l |
|
= |
|
2 1:054 10 34 |
= 1:24 |
|
10 10 = 124 8: |
|||||
min |
p2 0:91 10 30 1:6 10 19 10 |
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
$' + #& R !8-)# = 0:55 & R$& |
|||||||||||
10 8 ! &5 P <)4 |
-; ! < "; 8 ! C 7 |
|||||||||||
2; 2 = 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
7 ! '! A *C 8 ! " |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E t h |
|
|
|
||
8 ! <B 7 ;#E 8 ! ) S 7 |
||||||||||||
- |
|
|
|
E h= : |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
!8 <-! < 7$#E ! 7 ", 2 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E = 2 hc= ; |
|
|
|||
8- 6!-* @ 23 9 E |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
= 2 hc |
+ |
2 hc = 2: |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
P !*3<! 3!2 3%3 ! < 8 ! < 2; 2; !8-& 7 - '
|
= |
|
|
|
h |
= |
|
|
: |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
2 h |
2 hc |
2 c |
||||||||
F
? ! ' ! 23 ' @ ' &%8- B!-( * @ ",-<
|
|
0:55 10 6 |
3 |
|
10 8 |
: |
||
|
|
|
2 3:14 10 8 3 108 |
|
||||
|
|
|
||||||
FH
A! !-
N
N @
N N
N Q
N
N
? % C & < C 7 C-6 )Emin =
10 O, 4 < & 2; 5%
P< 8 ! < ! ! 4 & 3 ( %8 7 ' 7 ' ,80:5 10 10 35
P<4 % 7 3 3 . !l
1 < 6 9'-*J !-* 7 * % !l =
10 10 V
.1 ! <-*R 8 ! <$! ! = % !T = 10 6l = 1 5
K 0! ! "$7 "T = 15 ; !$(
! ";823 + & d = 1 5 P34 <B (
! <-*R! < % ! "$9 '23 <' 8 ! (. ! <' 5
! ' 8-! < %8 ! < 26 9'@ "(- ! , ! 42; . " ! ", % '-.
! <! < p=p &8-<! ", ! 42R/ 7 (
<! " 2 6!- 1
!8 <-! A 8 ! "&% " 23 9 %
8 * @ 4 <, <-*S 7 * Emin % @ 7 ! ' ' & +8 4 < + @ A "l 5
N O, 7 ! "68- 6E = 10 S80 @ <0A "a5 O, 9' 0!< %& 0 ! B B8 A @ < %& 0 7$ , ! 0!' ! <* x =
a5 P < 84 - &*C8 B ! <- -*;! <' 8 , 8-<! p=p -,!-
1a = 100 A%.1a = 1 A5
F
N
N
. 9 @' !- $! 0 ! 4 & , ( ! <-*+ 8 ! <3 ! " 7 81:6
10 4 5 P < % +! < 0 8 ! <+ 24
. <A." ! " 2; 2 5
!8 <-,! A 8 ! " , 7 , ( &% 4 < A 7- ! 7 ' ' (- % @ 7 ! 1 ! 6! &%.1 .-9' (
B!$! ' +9'
N P ' ! < '4A ,!8 < "+- !=! % ! + !$& +9 B ,.$-9' ;!
/ 10 8 ! 1 2+- 7 #= 0:6 & 5
N
N @
! ' ! A 8 ! "$M . 7 % " <-* 7 * " 7 07 & ! 7 0 !4 ( 5
" ,8 x2 p2x n '7 ! ,7 & ( ! 7 !4 5
N N
N Q
N
, "! <*6 & 9 3 8 <3 2+-( ,8 0$8 6 9 0 ,7 8 + "+ &8 (-
M % ! @ ",-, % * , !#-,! (
1:5 ! 35 & < ' 7 , &-,! 7 ! ! A *C 8 ! "
? < % ! 42) 8 ! <' & ! 8 9
" x = =2 % 7 + , . " ! B 0 2 %
8 ! < ! ! , 8 8-, 2R! " ! ! , ! 4&5
N .-9' 23"$6! ! B +9' 10 8 !
!8-! 6# B!' "+ 2 = 5000 A5 P <8 $(
FE
-+ 8 ! &% !' "B 9$! <- $(-0# ' , 8 0 7 , 9 :%& 9 ' ! ( <-*C 8 ! < 7 ' 2; 2 5
T