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Table 10.6 |
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Functions |
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Functions |
Examples |
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Attribute |
A written letter was on the table. |
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The device used is very reliable. |
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Part of predicate |
This problem remains unsolved. |
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The article was translated by my colleague. |
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Adverbial modifier |
(When) given some time to think he always |
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(Participle |
answered well. |
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construction) |
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10.13. Substitute the attribute clause by the participle II, as in the model.
Model: – the data which have been obtained
–the data obtained
1.the effect which has been predicted
2.the question which has been examined
3.the theory which has been advanced
4.the method which has been suggested
5.the relation which has been demonstrated
6.the experiments which have been described
7.the papers which have been referred to
8.the problem which has been considered
9.the information which has been collected
10.the studies which have been undertaken
10.14.Translate the following sentences.
1.The new materials recommended for car construction were described in the article written by Professor Bright.
2.The data obtained at our laboratory are in full agreement with the theory.
3.The papers given during the morning session were concerned with general problems of physics.
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4.In the two chapters which follow the introduction we shall try to survey the problems listed above.
5.The results presented here add to our knowledge of the ion transport mechanism.
6.For details the reader is referred to the paper by Brown and co-workers published in 2006.
7.The characteristics of the components so far considered can be presented by the following scheme.
8.The recent talks resulted in the agreement just signed.
9.The results obtained are of particular importance for our research.
10.15.Change the time clause into the participle II construction, as in the model.
Model: – When computers are properly programmed, they don’t make computational errors.
–When properly programmed, computers don’t make computational errors.
1.When programs are written in a symbolic language, they require the translation into the machine code.
2.When his article was translated, it was sent to the International Congress.
3.When this substance is exposed to X-rays, it emits light.
4.When this liquid is heated, it occupies a larger volume.
5.When these particles are bombarded by electrons, they become ions.
6.When a particle beam is passed through the gas, it ionizes it.
Table 10.7
Complex Object
to want, to wish, to watch,
to hear, to see, to find, to feel,
to observe, to notice
I heard my name mentioned several times. I want to have the device tested.
We have the device tested. (but: We have tested the device.)
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10.16. Change the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – I have failed to carry out this experiment.
–I want to have this experiment carried out.
1.I have failed to resolve this difficulty.
2.He has failed to confirm this result.
3.They have failed to complete the work in time.
4.She has failed to understand the theory.
5.We have failed to calculate the energy losses.
6.You have failed to bring the results into agreement.
10.17.Translate the following sentences. Point out the complex object.
1.We have performed a thorough study of the mechanism.
2.We have the program debugged.
3.They have found an interpretation of this effect.
4.He wants to have this article translated.
5.We have approximate calculations made.
6.I want to have this work done.
Table 10.8
Absolute Participle II Construction
(When) the project finished, we stopped the experiment.
10.18.Translate the following sentences. Point out the absolute participle II construction.
1.The results obtained, we informed the manager of this fact.
2.The data coded, we finished our work.
3.All the delegations met, the conference began.
4.The article translated, he returned the dictionary.
5.The research finished, the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained.
6.The session was over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved.
7.All factors considered, we believed that the mechanism is the most likely.
8.All the equipment removed, the explorers stopped working.
9.All things considered, the meeting may be declared closed.
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Unit 11. THE LASER TECHNOLOGY TODAY
AND TOMORROW
11.1.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.
to invent |
изобретать, делать открытие |
a solution (of the problem) |
решение (проблемы) |
a multipurpose tool |
универсальное (комплексное) |
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устройство |
to cause (a problem) |
являться причиной |
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(проблемы) |
therefore |
поэтому, следовательно |
great distances |
большие расстояния |
to occupy a special place |
занимать особое место |
density of radiation |
плотность радиации |
as compared to smth. |
по сравнению с чем-л. |
new possibilities |
новые возможности |
to allow |
позволять, разрешать |
the speed of light |
скорость света |
to determine |
определять |
to perform operations |
проводить операции (мед.) |
eye surgery |
хирургия глаз |
an application |
применение |
to forsee |
предвидеть, предсказывать заранее |
simultaneously |
одновременно |
11.2. Work in pairs and discuss the answers to the following questions.
1.When were lasers invented?
2.Was the invention of lasers a real revolution in technology?
3.What types of lasers do you know?
4.What spheres of science and technology are lasers used in?
5.What will the laser technologies be like in future? Where will they be used?
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11.3. Read the text “The Laser Technology Today and Tomorrow” and check your answers.
THE LASER TECHNOLOGY TODAY AND TOMORROW
Lasers are devices which produce pure, intense beams of light and radiation. When they were first invented in 1960, nobody knew what to do with them. Though they seem likely to be useful, they were for a while called “a solution waiting for a problem”.
Nowadays the laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology. Atoms emit rays of different length which prevent the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to traveling in the same direction. The result of light that spreads out is very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.
Since the invention of the laser, scientists have developed several types of it which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors. A CO2 gas laser can cut through brick and granite at a temperature of 1500 °C.
Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.
But the most interesting thing about the semiconductor laser is that it is able to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one. With an efficiency approaching 100 percent as compared to a maximum of about 1 percent of other types, the semiconductor laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.
The beam of a laser can be focused very precisely. Its accuracy as a means of measurement has allowed the scientists to calculate the speed of light more precisely than ever before and with the use of laser reflectors, placed on the Moon by American astronauts, to determine its exact distance from the Earth.
Surgeons performing operations have found the laser as a surgical knife, able to make bloodless incisions and it is proving invaluable in delicate eye surgery.
But it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programs. It will serve for fast communications across continents, under the sea, between the Earth and spaceships and between men traveling in space.
The potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate new developments in laser technology.
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11.4. Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.
1.Lasers are
2.Atoms emit
3.A CO2 gas laser can
4.The semiconductor laser is
5.The most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that
6.The semiconductor laser opens up
7.The beam of a laser
8.In the field of communication the laser will find
9.Laser will serve
10.The potential importance
of laser application continues
a)it is able to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.
b)devices which produce pure, intense beams of light and radiation.
c)to stimulate new developments in the laser field.
d)for fast communications across continents.
e)cut through brick and granite at
a temperature of 1500 °C.
f)new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.
g)rays of different length which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light.
h)a few tens of a millimeter long.
i)can be focused very precisely.
j)its most extensive application in future.
11.5.Choose the correct variant and complete the following sentences.
1.When lasers were first invented in 1960, …
a)the thought of completely new applications has generated the excitement over the laser.
b)nobody knew the limits to which these devices would be used.
c)nobody knew quite well what to do with them.
2.The first lasers were called …
a)“a solution waiting for a problem”.
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b)“a problem waiting for a solution”.
c)“a solution of all the problems”.
3.The laser forces its atoms to emit …
a)rays having different length and traveling in the same direction.
b)rays having the same length and traveling in the same direction.
c)rays having the same length traveling in different direction.
4.Since the invention of the laser scientists …
a)have developed several types of it.
b)have developed CO2 gas laser only.
c)have developed semiconductor laser only.
5.The semiconductor laser is …
a)a few hundreds of a millimeter long.
b)a few thousands of a millimeter long.
c)a few tens of a millimeter long.
6.The most interesting thing about the laser is that it is able …
a)to transform light wave energy directly into the electrical one.
b)to transform electrical energy directly into the light wave one.
c)to transform light energy directly into the electrical one.
7.The invention of the laser has helped the scientists …
a)to calculate the speed of light more precisely than ever before.
b)to calculate the distance between all the planets of solar system.
c)to calculate the speed of space shuttles from the Earth to the moon.
11.6.Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).
1.A CO2 gas laser can cut through brick and granite at a temperature of 1500 °C.
2.Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators.
3.The gas laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.
4.With the help of laser reflectors, which were placed on the Moon by American astronauts, scientists determined the exact distance from the Earth.
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