- •(P.V) Preface
- •(P.XV) Abbreviations
- •Introduction Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Comparative Law Approach
- •2. Delimitation of the Study
- •Overview of State Liability in English and French Law Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The Historical Evolution of State Liability
- •2.1. The Early Period of State Liability
- •(P.9) 2.2. The Pre-modern Era
- •2.3. The Inception of Modern State Liability
- •(P.14) 2.4. Conclusion: Vestiges of Immunity?
- •3. Overview of Modern State Liability
- •4. State and Servant
- •(P.20) 4.1. France
- •4.2. England
- •4.3. Elements of Convergence
- •Public Law Unlawfulness and Liability in Damages Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The Illegality–Fault Equation in French Law
- •2.1. Illegality as a Necessary Condition of Liability
- •2.2. Illegality as a Sufficient Condition of Fault
- •2.2.1. Traditional Theory
- •(P.33) 2.2.2. Modern Theory
- •(P.36) 3. The Role of Ultra Vires in English Tort Liability
- •3.1. Civil Action for Breach of Statutory Duty
- •3.2. Ultra Vires and Negligence Liability
- •3.2.1. The Status Quo Ante: Unlawfulness as a Precondition of Liability
- •3.2.2. The Barrett and Phelps Cases: Re-evaluating the Role of Public Law Unlawfulness
- •3.3. Public Law Unlawfulness and Other English Torts
- •3.3.1. Community Law
- •3.3.2. Damages under the Human Rights Act 1998
- •4. Conclusion
- •Beyond Illegality: Liability For Fault in English and French Law Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. English Law
- •(P.59) 2.1. Breach and Duty in the English Law of Negligence
- •2.1.2. The Notion of Proximity and the Test of Fairness, Justice, and Reasonableness
- •(P.64) 2.1.2.1. The Restrictive Approach to Duties of Care of Public Authorities
- •2.1.2.2. Recent Cases on Public Authority Liability: a Shift in Emphasis?
- •2.1.2.3. The House of Lords' Decisions in Barrett and Phelps
- •2.1.2.4. The Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights
- •2.1.2.5. The New Approach to Public Authority Liability
- •2.1.2.6. Move Away from Duty: a More Nuanced Approach to Policy Considerations
- •2.1.2.7. Move Away from Duty: a Shift to Breach
- •2.2. Beyond Negligence: Public Authority Liability in Tort
- •2.2.1. Misfeasance in Public Office
- •2.2.1.1. Introduction
- •2.2.1.2. Constituent Elements of Misfeasance in Public Office
- •2.2.1.3. The Place of Misfeasance in State Liability
- •2.2.2. Nuisance
- •2.2.3. Conclusion
- •3. French Law
- •3.1. The Notion of Faute de Service
- •(P.106) 3.2. Graded Standards of Fault in French Administrative Law
- •3.2.1. The Notion of Faute Lourde in French Administrative Law
- •3.2.1.1. Medical Sphere
- •3.2.1.2. Regulatory Authorities
- •3.2.1.3. Administrative Police
- •3.2.1.4. Emergency Services
- •3.2.1.5. Conclusion
- •3.2.2. Defining Faute Lourde
- •3.2.3. Theoretical Foundations of Faute Lourde
- •3.2.4. The Future of Graded Standards of Fault in French Administrative Law
- •3.3. Presumptions of Fault
- •3.4. Procedural Impact
- •4. Comparative Law Remarks
- •(P.125) 4.1. Signs of Similarity?
- •4.2. Comparative Lessons for the Application of Policy Concerns
- •Lawfully Caused Loss Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. French Law
- •2.1. Risk-based No-fault Liability
- •2.1.1. Risks Arising from Dangerous Operations
- •2.1.2. Risks of Assisting in Public Service Activities
- •2.2. Egalité devant les Charges Publiques
- •2.2.1. Legislation and Compensation
- •2.2.2. Liability Arising from Treaties
- •2.2.3. Liability for Lawful Administrative Acts
- •2.2.4. Conditions of Actions for Breach of Egalité
- •2.3. Miscellaneous Categories of No-fault Liability
- •2.3.1. Loss Arising From Public Works
- •2.3.2. Facilitating Reparation in the Medical Sphere
- •2.3.3. Statutory Regime
- •2.4. Conclusion
- •3. English Law
- •(P.155) 3.1. Nuisance
- •3.2. Rylands V Fletcher
- •(P.159) 3.3. The Influence of Human Rights Law
- •3.4. Other Regimes of No-fault Liability
- •(P.162) 4. Conclusion
- •Assessing the Causal Link Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. An Overview of the Tests of Causation in English and French Law
- •2.1. English Law
- •2.2. French Law
- •2.2.1. Orthodox Approach
- •2.2.2. Nuanced Approach
- •3. Comparing Approaches to Causal Problems
- •3.1. Multiple Causes
- •3.1.1. Act of a Third Party
- •(P.177) 3.1.2. Contributory Fault of the Injured Party
- •3.1.3. Act of Nature
- •3.2. Causation and Unlawful Administrative Acts
- •4. Conclusion
- •Damage and Compensation Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •1.1. French Administrative Law
- •(P.192) 1.2. English Law
- •2. Economic Loss30
- •2.1. Contrasting Stances Regarding Pure Economic Loss
- •2.1.1. English Law
- •2.1.2. French Law
- •2.2. Signs of Convergence
- •2.2.1. French Law: Limitations on Recovery?
- •2.2.2. Alternative Remedies in English Law
- •2.3. Conclusion
- •3. Loss of a Chance
- •3.1. The Lost Chance Doctrine in English Law
- •3.2. Damages for Lost Chances in French Law
- •3.3. Doctrinal Debate
- •(P.210) 3.4. Conclusion
- •4. Moral Damage in English and French Law
- •(P.211) 4.1. Préjudice Moral in French Law
- •4.1.1. Reluctance in Awarding Damages for Préjudice Moral
- •(P.213) 4.1.2. Status Quo
- •(P.214) 4.2. Non-pecuniary Loss in English Law
- •4.3. Comparative Law Comments
- •5. Damages for Injury to the Person
- •5.1. Basic Principles
- •(P.222) 5.2. Points of Divergence
- •5.2.1. General Comparative Remarks
- •(P.225) 5.2.2. Comparing the Treatment of Collateral Benefits348
- •6. Death and Damages Liability
- •6.1. Death Extinguishing a Right of Action
- •6.2. Right of Action Deriving From Death: Compensating Secondary Victims
- •6.2.1. French Law
- •6.2.2. English Law
- •6.2.3. Comparative Law Remarks
- •7. Property Damage
- •8. Conclusion
- •Alternative Means of Redress Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Introduction
- •2. France
- •3. England
- •3.1. Investigation by Ombudsman
- •(P.250) 3.2. Internal Procedures Providing Redress for Maladministration
- •4. Compensation Schemes in England and France
- •(P.254) 5. The French Medical Compensation System
- •6. Conclusion
- •Conclusion Duncan Fairgrieve
- •Abstract and Keywords
- •1. Similarities and Differences
- •(P.265) 2. Accounting for the Differences
- •2.1. Introduction
- •2.2. Difference in Philosophy
- •2.3. Procedural Factors
- •3. Learning from Comparative Law
- •3.1. Comparative Law and the Courts
- •3.2. Comparative Law and State Liability
- •3.2.1. Public Law Unlawfulness and Liability
- •(P.275) 3.2.2. Alternative Methods of Redress
- •3.2.3. Challenging Policy Concerns
- •3.2.4. Establishing a Balanced Approach to State Liability
- •(P.279) 3.2.4.1. Breach of Duty
- •3.2.4.2. Quantum of Damages
- •3.2.4.3. Causation
- •4. Conclusion
- •(P.285) Appendix
- •Illegality entails fault.
- •(P.287) 1. Tc 8 February 1873, Blanco, d.1873.3.17
- •1. Decision in French
- •(P.288) 2. Translation
- •(P.289) 2. Ce 21 June 1895, Cames [1895] Rec 509
- •1. Translation
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •1. Translation
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •(P.297) 6. Ce 26 January 1973, Driancourt [1973] Rec 78
- •Illegality entails fault
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •(P.301) 7. Ce 27 January 1988, Giraud [1988] Rec 39
- •1. Decision in French
- •(P.303) 2. Translation
- •(P.304) 8. Ce 29 December 1999, Communauté Urbaine de Lille [1999] Rec 436
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •(P.310) 9. Ce 28 June 2002, Magiera, Req 239575
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •1. Decision in French
- •2. Translation
- •(P.325) Bibliography
1. Translation
[…]
Whereas it transpires from the instruction 1 that from 1915 onwards, the military authorities had accumulated a large quantity of grenades in the bunkers of the Fort of Double-Courronne which is situated close to the suburbs of a large urban area; that moreover the military authorities were constantly handling these dangerous devices in order to provide rapid supplies to the army in the field; that these operations, undertaken with only minimal organization, and subject to the pressures of military necessities, involved risks exceeding those which normally apply to a neighbourhood, and that other than in the case of an accident deriving from an act of war, such risks were capable of incurring the liability of the state, without the [proof of] fault.
Whereas it is not disputed that the explosion which occurred on 4 March 1916 at the Fort of Double-Courronne was the consequence of the operations described above; that consequently the claimant is justified in arguing that the state must pay damages for the loss caused by this accident.
[…]
Translator's Notes
1. The full elements of the case against the defendant as established by the inquisitorial procedure. For further analysis of the inquisitorial procedure before the French administrative courts see Chapter 4, section 3.4.
Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved.
Privacy policy and legal notice
Credits
Log out
Access brought to you by: Higher School of Economics
(p.294) 5. CE 4 October 1978, Société Linie [1978] Rec 355
No-fault liability for decision-making which is lawful (in public law terms)
Summary: ship owners could recover damages for loss they suffered when port authorities refused to tackle blockaders who had physically prevented a ferry from entering Saint Malo port.
For further discussion of this case, see Chapter 5, at page 147.
1. Decision in French
Conseil d'Etat
Ministre de l' Equipement c/ Société T.T. Linie
4 octobre 1978
Req 4.471
Vu le recours du Ministre de l'Equipement, ledit recours enregistré au secrétariat du Contentieux du Conseil d'Etat le 31 août 1976 et tendant à ce qu'il plaise au Conseil d'annuler le jugement, en date du 30 juin 1976 par lequel le Tribunal administratif de Rennes a déclaré l'Etat français (ministre de l'Equipement) responsable du préjudice causé à la Société T.T. Linie et, avant-dire-droit sur l'évaluation du préjudice subi par ladite société, a ordonné une expertise afin d'évaluer le préjudice causé a cette société par le voyage infructueux du navire « Mary-Poppins » le 30 mai 1975, de déterminer en fonction de l'activité de ce bateau jusqu'au 19 juin 1975 si la société a subi un préjudice au cours de la période prenant fin a cette date et, d'une manière générate, de fournir au Tribunal tous éléments d'appréciation des prétentions respectives des parties;
Vu l'ordonnance du 31 juillet 1945 et le décret du 30 septembre 1953;
Vu la loi du 30 décembre 1977;
Considérant que le navire « Mary-Poppins » appartenant à la Société T.T. Linie et destine à desservir une ligne commerciale de transport de passagers et de véhicules de Saint Malo a Southampton, n'a pu pénétrer dans le port de Saint Malo le 30 mai 1975, jour de son voyage inaugural, (p.295) l'acces lui en ayant été interdit par des bâtiments et divers obstacles délibérément disposés en travers du chenal; que les autorités respons-ables ayant renoncé à briser par la force ce barrage pour éviter un risque de trouble grave à l'ordre public, le « Mary-Poppins » a du lever l'ancre après dix heures d'attente; que si le barrage a été spontanément leve le 31 mai 1975, ce n'est que le 19 juin 1975 que la Société T.T. Linie a pu obtenir des autorités françaises l'assurance que désormais le « Mary-Poppins » pourrait librement entrer dans le port;
Considérant que si les autorités responsables de la police n'ont pas, en s'abstenant de rompre le barrage, commis dans les circonstances susindiquées, une faute lourde de nature à engager la responsabilité de l'Etat, il résulte de l'instruction que l'impossibilité dans laquelle la Société T.T. Linie s'est trouvée, du fait de cette abstention, de faire pénétrer le navire « Mary-Poppins » dans le port de Saint Malo a créé à la charge de ladite société un préjudice anormal et spécial dont celle-ci est fondée à demander réparation à l'Etat jusqu'à la date du 19 juin 1975 où l'administration française lui a donne l'assurance susindiquée; que dans ces conditions et alors même qu'entre la date de dégagement du chenal, le 31 mai 1975, et celle du 19 juin suivant, le « Mary-Poppins » ne s'est plus présenté au port de Saint Malo, le ministre de l'Equipement n'est pas fondé à soutenir que c'est à tort que, par le jugement attaqué, le Tribunal administratif de Rennes à reconnu à la Société T.T. Linie droit à indemnité pour le préjudice dont elle pourra, le cas échéant, justifier jusqu'à la date du 19 juin 1975 à laquelle elle doit être regardée comme ayant volontairement renoncé à l'exploitation de la ligne Saint Malo-Southampton.
DECIDE
Article 1er—Le recours du ministre de l'Equipement est rejeté.
