Front Matter

1 Introduction

2 Overview of State Liability in English and French Law

3 Public Law Unlawfulness and Liability in Damages

4 Beyond Illegality: Liability For Fault in English and French Law

5 Lawfully Caused Loss

6 Assessing the Causal Link

7 Damage and Compensation

8 Alternative Means of Redress

9 Conclusion

End Matter

Title Pages

State Liability in Tort State Liability in Tort

(p.iv) This book has been printed digitally and produced in a standard specification in order to ensure its continuing availability

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(P.V) Preface

In completing this book, I have benefited greatly from constructive and encouraging comments from others. I would therefore like to thank Jean-Bernard Auby, John Bell, John Davies, Roger Errera, Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel QC, Jeroen Kortmann, Mark Lunney, Basil Markesinis, Etienne Picard, Bernard Rudden, and Bernard Stirn.

I am greatly indebted to Professor Paul Craig for his supervision of my doctoral research, and his continuing encouragement of my work. Special thanks must also go to Dr Mads Andenas who, as my undergraduate tutor at King's College London, first fired my interest in comparative law, and since then has constantly encouraged and assisted me in my academic work.

I am also indebted to The Queen's College, Oxford, and the Engelhorn Centre of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law for funding Research Fellowships which enabled me to write this book. Thanks also to all those at Oxford University Press who have been thoroughly efficient and helpful in steering the text towards publication.

Finally, I would like to thank my family, and especially Kristell, for their support during my studies and the writing of this book.

Duncan Fairgrieve

8 August 2002 (p.vi)

(P.XV) Abbreviations

In addition to the standard abbreviations used for the citation of reported cases and journals, the following abbreviations are also used in the text.

• Admin. LR

Administrative Law Reports

• AJDA

Actualité Juridique, Droit Administratif

• AJICL

African Journal of International and Comparative Law

• Allison

J.W.F. Allison, A Continental Distinction in the Common Law (Oxford, 1996)

• ALR

Australian Law Reports

• Arrowsmith

S. Arrowsmith, Civil Liability and Public Authorities (Winteringham, 1992)

• BGB

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

• BLR

Building Law Reports

• BMLR

Butterworths Medico-Legal Reports

• B & S

Best & Smith's Queen's Bench Reports

• Brown and Bell

L.N. Brown and J. Bell, French Administrative Law (5th edn, Oxford, 1998)

• CA

Court of Appeal

• CAA

Cour Administrative d'Appel

• Can. Bar Rev.

Canadian Bar Review

• Cass civ 1st

First civil Chamber of the Cour de Cassation

• Cass civ 2nd

Second civil Chamber of the Cour de Cassation

• CC

Conseil Constitutionnel

• CE

Conseil d'Etat

• CFLQ

Child and Family Law Quarterly

• CG

Commissaire du Gouvernement

• Chapus

R. Chapus, Droit Administratif Général, (15th edn, Paris, 2001)

• Clerk & Lindsell

M. Brazier et al. (eds.), Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (17th edn, London, 1995)

• Craig

P.P. Craig, Administrative Law (4th edn, London, 1999)

• CLR

Commonwealth Law Reports

• Const. LJ

Construction Law Journal

• D

Recueil Dalloz

• (p.xvi) Deguergue

M. Deguergue, Jurisprudence et Doctrine dans l'Elaboration du Droit de la Responsabilité Administrative (Paris, 1994).

• E & B

Ellis & Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports

• ECHR

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention of Human Rights)

• ECtHR

European Court of Human Rights

• ECJ

European Court of Justice

• EDCE

Etudes et Documents du Conseil d'Etat

• EGLR

Estates Gazette Law Reports

• EHRLR

European Human Rights Law Review

• ELR

Education Law Reports

• EPL

European Public Law

• EuLR

European Law Reports

• Gaz. Pal.

Gazette du Palais

• Guettier

C. Guettier, La Responsabilité Administrative (Paris, 1996)

• Harlow

C. Harlow, Compensation and Government Torts (London, 1982)

• HL

House of Lords

• HLC

Clark's House of Lords Cases

• H & N

Hurlstone & Norman's Exchequer Reports

• HRA

Human Rights Act 1998

• Imm. AR

Immigration Appeal Reports

• JCP

Jurisclasseur Périodique (Semaine Juridique)

• JPL

Journal of Planning and Environment Law

• KIR

Knight's Industrial Reports

• LGO

Local Government Ombudsman

• LGR

Local Government Reports

• Lloyd's Rep.

Lloyd's Law Reports

• Lloyd's Rep. Med.

Lloyd's Medical Law Reports

• LR CP

Law Reports, Common Pleas Cases

• LR Ex.

Law Reports, Exchequer Cases

• LR HL

Law Reports, English and Irish Appeals

• LS

Legal Studies

• Markesinis, Auby et al.

B.S. Markesinis, J-B. Auby, D. Coester-Waltjen, and S.F. Deakin, Tortious Liability of Statutory Bodies: A Comparative and Economic Analysis of Five English Cases (Oxford, 1999)

• (p.xvii) Markesinis and Deakin

B.S. Markesinis and S. Deakin, Tort Law (4th edn, Oxford, 1999)

• Med. LR

Medical Law Reports

• NI

Northern Ireland Reports

• NJCL

National Journal of Constitutional Law

• OJLS

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

• Paillet

M. Paillet, La Responsabilité Administrative (Paris, 1996).

• PCA

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration

• PH

Phillips, Chancery Reports

• PIQR

Personal Injury Quarterly Reports

• PL

Public Law

• PLR

Planning Law Reports

• PN

Professional Negligence

• RDP

Revue du Droit Public et de la Science Politique

• Rec.

Recueil des Décisions du Conseil d'Etat

• Rec CC

Recueil des Décisions du Conseil Constitutionnel

• Régler autrement les conflits

Conseil d'Etat, Régler autrement les conflits: conciliation, transaction, arbitrage en matière administrative (Paris, 1993).

• Req.

Requête

• RFDA

Revue FranÇaise de Droit Administratif

• RHDI

Revue Hellénique de Droit International

• RIDC

Revue International de Droit Comparé

• RSC

Rules of the Supreme Court

• RTDC

Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Civil

• RTDSS

Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Sanitaire et Social

• RTR

Road Traffic Reports

• RVR

Rating and Valuation Reporter

• SA

Société Anonyme

• SARL

Société à Responsabilité Limitée

• SCI

Société Civile Immobilière

• SLT

Scots Law Times

• TA

Tribunal Administratif

• TC

Tribunal des Conflits

• TR

Term Reports

• Tort L Rev.

Tort Law Review

• VR

Victorian Reports (Australia)

• (p.xviii) Wade and Forsyth

H.W.R. Wade and C. Forsyth, Administrative Law (8th edn, Oxford, 2000)

• Winfield and Jolowicz

W.V.H. Rogers, Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort (16th edn, London, 2002)

• YEL

Yearbook of European Law

(p.xix) Table of Cases

Commonwealth and UK

• A v National Blood Authority [2001] 3 All ER 289 (QBD) 270

• AB v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507 (CA) 189

• Abbott v Sullivan [1952] 1 KB 189 (CA) 41

• Abdul Rauf Qazi v London Borough of Waltham Forest (QBD, 3 August 1999) 94, 194

• Adams v Naylor [1946] AC 54 (HL) 11

• A-G v Geothermal Produce Ltd [1987] 2 NZLR 348 158

• A-G v Nissan [1970] AC 179 (HL) 15 14

• A-G v Prince and Gardner [1998] 1 NZLR 262 131

• A-G v PYA Quarries Ltd [1957] 2 QB 169 (CA) 95

• Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 (HL) 215

• Alexandrou v Oxford [1993] 4 All ER 328 (CA) 65

• Allen v Gulf Oil Ltd [1981] AC 1001 (HL) 87, 155, 157, 266

• Allied and Leicester Building Society v Edgestop [1994] 2 All ER 38 (CA) 177

• Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons [1995] 1 WLR 1602 (CA) 166, 177, 186, 205, 206

• Allin v City & Hackney Health Authority [1996] 7 Med. LR 167 (County Court) 215

• Angus v Glasgow Corporation 1977 SLT 206 25

• Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728 (HL) 17, 42, 59, 268

• Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 (CA) 43, 44, 49, 50

• Atkinson v Newcastle and Gateshead Waterworks Company (1877) 2 Ex. D 441 36

• Attia v British Gas Plc [1988] QB 304 (CA) 215

• Bacon v Cooper Ltd [1982] 1 All ER 397 236

• Baggaley v McEntire [1974] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 528 (CA) 220

• Ballantyne v City of Glasgow District Licensing Board 1987 SLT 745 195

• Barnard v Restormel Borough Council [1998] 3 PLR 27 (CA) 94

• Barnes v Nayer (CA, The Times, 19 December 1986) 177

• Barnett v Chelsea [1969] 1 QB 428 (QBD) 165

• Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550 (HL) 41, 42, 43, 46–51, 60–86, 128–32, 135, 162, 268, 279, 281

• (p.xx) Barry v British Transport Commission [1954] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 372 (QBD) 224

• Beaudesert Shire Council v Smith (1966) 120 CLR 145 51, 186

• Berry v Humm [1915] 1 KB 627 (KBD) 232

• Billings v Riden [1958] AC 240 (HL) 178

• Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 (QBD) 50, 84, 85, 279

• Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 (HL) 84, 165

• Bonthorne v Secretary of State for Scotland 1987 SLT 34 42

• Bourgoin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1986] QB 716 (CA) 89, 94

• Bradford v Robinson Rentals [1967] 1 All ER 267 167

• Bradford-Smart v West Sussex CC [2001] ELR 138 (QBD), upheld in [2002] EWCA Civ. 07 (CA) 85

• Brennan v Gale [1949] NI 178 (CA) 232

• Brighton and South Coast Railway Co v Truman (1886) 11 App. Cas. 45 (CA) 97

• Brooks v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2002] EWCA Civ. 407 (CA) 81

• Burgoine v Waltham Forest London Borough Council (1996) 95 LGR 520 (Ch.D) 23, 26

• Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1964] 2 All ER 348 (HL) 161, 266

• Calveley v Chief Constable of Merseyside [1989] AC 1228 (HL) 39, 65

• Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather Plc [1994] 2 AC 264 (HL) 95, 96, 155–9, 167

• Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL) 17, 46, 47, 63, 193

• Capital & Counties Plc v Hampshire County Council [1997] QB 1004 (CA) 12, 37, 39, 63, 67, 82

• Carslogie Steamship v Royal Norwegian Government [1952] AC 292 (HL) 128–33, 182

• Carstars v Taylor (1871) LT 6 Ex. 217 157

• Caswell v Powell Duffryn Collieries [1940] AC 152 (HL) 177

• Chadwick v British Transport Commission [1967] 2 All ER 945 (QBD 215

• Chan Yee Kin v Minister for Immigration (1991) 103 ALR 499 41

• Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786 (CA) 203

• Charing Cross Electricity Supply Company v Hydraulic Power [1914] 3 KB 772 (CA) 157

• Clough v Bussan [1990] 1 All ER 431 (QBD) 64, 65

• Clunis v Camden & Islington Health Authority [1998] QB 978 (CA) 39

• (p.xxi) Coats Patons v Birmingham Corporation [1971] LGR 356 (QBD) 194

• Cook v Kier [1970] 1 WLR 774 (CA) 220

• Cookson v Knowles [1979] AC 556 (HL) 233

• Corbett v Barking [1991] 2 QB 408 (CA) 232

• Costello v Chief Constable of Northumbria [1999] 1 All ER 550 81, 84

• Couch v Steel (1854) 3 E&B 402 36

• Cowan v Chief Constable for Avon and Somerset Constabulary [2001] EWCA Civ. 1699 (CA) 81

• Cowl v Plymouth City Council [2001] EWCA Civ 1935 276–7

• Croke v Wiseman [1981] 3 All ER 852 (CA) 224

• Crown River Cruises Ltd v Kimbolton Fireworks Ltd [1996] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 533 (QBD) 96

• Culford Metal Industries Ltd v Export Credits Guarantee Department, The Times, 25 March 1981 (QBD) 194

• Cullen v Morris (1891) 2 Stark 577 87

• Cunningham v Harrison [1973] QB 942 (CA) 225

• Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ltd [1949] AC 398 (HL) 37–8, 40

• Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos [1969] 1 AC 350 (HL)z 167

• Daly v General Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1980] 3 All ER 696 (CA) 224

• Danns v Department of Health [1996] PIQR 69 (QBD) 37, 59

• Darbishire v Warran [1963] 3 All ER 310 (CA) 235

• Darker v Chief Constable of West Midlands [2001] 1 AC 435 (HL) 74, 81, 84, 94, 130

• Dart v Isle of Wight Council (QBD, 14 February 2002) 86, 194

• David v Abdul Cader [1963] 3 All ER 579 (PC) 195

• Davies v Taylor [1974] AC 207 (HL) 232

• Davis v Radcliffe [1990] 2 All ER 536 (PC) 65, 195

• Davis v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 (CA) 180

• Dawson & Co v Bingley Urban District Council [1911] 2 KB 149 (CA) 37

• Department of Health and Social Security v Kinnear, The Times, 7 July 1984 (QBD) 62

• Department of Transport v North West Water Authority [1984] AC 336 (HL) 16, 98, 156

• Director of Buildings v Shun Tung Ironworks Ltd [1995] 2 AC 111 (PC) 161

• Dixon v Home Office (CA, 30 November 1998) 64, 65

• Dodd Properties v Canterbury CC [1980] 1 WLR 433 (CA) 235, 236

• Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (HL) 16

• Dorset Yacht v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 (HL) 17, 41, 42, 43, 44, 59, 128, 130, 141, 142, 174, 267, 268

• Dunlop v Woollahra Municipal Council [1982] AC 158 (PC) 41, 89, 186

• (p.xxii) Dunne v North Western Gas Board [1964] 2 QB 806 (CA) 157, 158, 160, 266

• East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent [1941] AC 74 (HL) 11

• Edginton v Swindon Corp. [1939] 1 KB (KBD) 97

• Edney v Hertsmere BC [1997] RVR 251 (Lands Tribunal) 202

• Edwards v Metropolitan Water Board [1922] 1 KB 291 (CA) 11

• Edwards v NCB [1949] 1 KB 704 (CA) 39

• Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police [1995] QB 335 (CA) 65

• Elliott v Chief Constable of Wiltshire, The Times, 5 December 1996 (ChD) 94

• Excel Ltd v Gravesend Borough Council [1968] RVR 631 (Lands Tribunal) 202

• Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22 269–70

• Feakins Ltd v Dover Harbour Board, The Times, 9 September 1998 (QBD) 37–8, 195

• Feather v R. (1865) 6 B & S 257 10

• Fisher v Oldham Corporation [1930] 2 KB 364 (KBD) 12

• Flynn v Department of Social Security (CA, 16 November 1994) 195

• Forster v Pugh [1955] CLY 741 218

• Franklin v South Eastern Railway Co (1958) 3 H&N 211 232

• Gaisford v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, The Times, 19 July 1996 (QBD) 64, 67, 133, 195

• Galashiels Gas Co v Millar [1949] AC 275 (HL) 167

• Gallagher v Roland Stanley Morris (QBD, 20 November 2001) 235

• Gaynor v Allen [1959] 2 QB 403 45, 66

• Geddis v Proprietors of Bann Reservoir (1878) 3 App. Cas. 430 11

• Gervais de Clifton's case of 1349, recorded in Year Book 22 Ed III. pl 12 8

• Gibson v Chief Constable Strathclyde Police 1999 SC 420 75, 130

• Glossop v Heston & Isleworth Local Board (1879) 12 Ch.D 102 99

• Gold v Essex County Council [1942] 2 KB 293 (CA) 23, 25

• Goldman v Hargrave [1967] 1 AC 645 (PC) 99

• Gower v London Borough of Bromley [1999] ELR 356 (CA) 69–71

• Graham v Dodds [1983] 1 WLR 808 (HL) 232

• Grant v National Coal Board [1956] AC 649 (HL) 38

• Greenock Corp. v Caledonian Railways [1917] AC 556 (HL) 182

• Gregory v Kelly [1978] RTR 426 (QBD) 178

• Greville v Sprake [2001] EWCA Civ 234 (CA) 93, 94

• H v Norfolk County Council [1997] 1 FLR 384 (CA) 131

• H v Isle of Wight Council (QBD, 23 February 2001) 85

• Haddow v Tendring District Council (CA, 9 July 1998), affirming Haddow v Secretary of State for the Environment [1998] NPC 10 66, 194

• (p.xxiii) Hall v Bank of England (CA, 19 April 2000) 94

• Hall v Simons [2002] 1 AC 615 (HL) 278

• Hammersmith and City Railway Co v Brand (1869) LR 4 HL 171 (HL) 97

• Harman v Tappenden (1802) 1 East 555 87

• Harmon Façades Ltd v The Corporate Officer of the House of Commons (1999) 67 Con.LR 1 95, 210

• Harmon CFEM Façades (UK) Ltd v Corporate Officer of the House of Commons (No 2) (2000) 72 Con.LR 21 95, 210

• Harris v Empress Motors Ltd [1983] 3 All ER 561 (CA) 232

• Harris v Evans [1998] 3 All ER 522 (CA) 64, 65, 94, 194, 195

• Hay v Hughes [1975] QB 790 (CA) 232

• Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners [1964] AC 465 (HL) 180, 193

• Heil v Rankin [2001] QB 272 (CA) 222

• Henderson v Merrett Syndicates [1995] AC 145 (HL) 193, 194, 269

• Henly v Lyme Corporation (1858) 5 Bing. 91 87

• Hesketh v Birmingham Corp. [1924] 1 KB 260 (CA) 99

• Hicks v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police [1992] 2 All ER 65 (HL) 214, 228

• Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 (HL) 61, 64, 65, 71–2, 268

• Hinz v Berry [1970] 2 QB 40 (CA) 214

• Hobbs v Somerset CC [1975] RVR 219 (Lands Tribunal) 202

• Hodgson v Trapp [1989] AC 807 (HL) 233

• Hoffman-La Roche v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 (HL) 274

• Hollebone v Midhurst [1968] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 38 (QBD) 236

• Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] AC 750 (HL) 166, 203–6, 207–9

• Housecroft v Burnett [1986] 1 All ER 332 (CA) 214, 220

• Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837 (HL) 166

• Hughes v National Union of Mineworks [1991] 4 All ER 278 (HL) 64

• Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655 95, 155

• Hussain v Lancaster City Council [2000] QB 1 64, 95, 100

• Itchin Bridge Company v The Southampton Board of Health, 8 E&B 811 (1858) 11

• Jarvis v Hampshire County Council [2000] ELR 36 (CA) 69, 74

• Jayne v National Coal Board [1963] 2 All ER 220 39

• Johnston v Great Western Railway Co [1904] 2 KB 250 (CA) 219

• Jolley v Sutton LBC [2000] 1 WLR 1082 (HL) 166, 167

• (p.xxiv) Jones v Department of Employment [1989] QB 1 (CA) 64, 131, 195

• Jones v Livox Quarries Ltd [1952] 2 QB 608 (CA) 177, 187

• Joyce v Yeoman [1981] 2 All ER 21 (CA) 224

• Kandalla v British Airways Board [1981] QB 158 (QBD) 232

• Kane v New Forest District Council [2002] 1 WLR 312 (CA) 81–2, 86

• Kent v Griffiths [2001] QB 36 (CA) 74, 75, 81, 82, 128, 268

• Keppel Bus Co Ltd v Sa'ad bin Ahmad [1974] 2 All ER 700 (PC) 24

• Kirkham v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [1990] 2 QB 283 (CA), affirming [1989] 3 All ER 882 (QBD) 65, 66, 182

• Kitchen v Royal Air Force Association [1958] 1 WLR 563 (CA) 205

• Knight v Home Office [1990] 3 All ER 237 (QBD) 127

• Knightley v Johns [1982] 1 WLR 349 (CA) 65, 174

• Koonjul v Thameslink Healthcare Services [2000] PIQR 123 39

• Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire Constabulary [2001] 2 WLR 1789 87, 94, 190

• L (A Child) v Reading Borough Council [2001] 1 WLR 1575 74, 83–4, 94

• Lam v Brennan [1997] PIQR P488 (CA) 39, 65, 195, 248

• Lamb v Camden London Borough Council [1981] QB 625 (CA) 174

• Lambert v West Devon Borough Council [1997] JPL 735 (QBD) 66, 195

• Larner v Solihull MBC [2001] RTR 32 (CA) 82, 128, 281

• Lavis v Kent County Council (1992) 90 LGR 416 (CA) 60

• Leakey v National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty [1980] QB 485 (CA) 97, 99

• Lee v Sheard [1956] 1 QB 192 (CA) 219

• Liennard v Slough Borough Council [2002] EWNC 398 (QBD) 85

• Liesbosch Dredger v SS Edison [1933] AC 449 (HL) 235

• Lim Poh Choo v Camden & Islington Area Health Authority [1980] AC 174 (HL) 218

• Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 (HL) 24

• Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co [1957] AC 555 (HL) 26

• Livingston v Rawyards Coal Co (1880) 5 App. Cas. 25 (HL) 189

• Longden v British Coal Corporation [1998] AC 653 (HL) 225

• Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd (No 2) [1982] AC 173 (HL) 37, 51

• Lonrho Plc v Tebbit [1992] 4 All ER 280 (CA), affirming [1991] 4 All ER 973 (Ch.D) 41, 42

• Lord Advocate v Dumbarton DC [1990] 2 AC 580 (HL) 14

• Malyon v Plummer [1964] 1 QB 330 (CA) 230

• Manchester Corporation v Farnworth [1930] AC 171 (HL) 16, 97

• Marchiori v The Environment Agency [2002] EWCA Civ. 3 (CA) 62

• (p.xxv) Marcic v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2002] 2 WLR 932 54, 97, 98, 159–60, 264, 280

• Marcic v Thames Water Utilities Ltd (No 2) [2002] 2 WLR 1000 98, 159

• Marshall v Osmond [1983] QB 1034 (CA) 45, 66

• Marti v Smith (QBD, 22 May 1981) 141

• Matthews v Ministry of Defence [2002] EWCA Civ. 773 (CA) 15

• McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [2000] 2 AC 59 (HL) 269

• McFarlane v Wilkinson [1997] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 259 (CA) 216

• McGhee v National Coal Board [1972] 3 All ER 1008 (HL) 166

• McLoughlin v O'Brian [1983] 1 AC 410 (HL) 214, 215

• Mersey Docks & Harbour Board v Gibbs (1866) LR 1 HL 93 (HL) 11

• Metropolitan Asylum District v Hill (1881) 6 App. Cas. 193 (HL) 97

• Ministry of Defence v Blue Circle Industries Plc [1998] 3 All ER 385 (CA) 39

• Ministry of Housing v Sharp [1970] 2 QB 223 (CA) 25–6

• Minories Finance Ltd v Arthur Young [1989] 2 All ER 105 (QBD) 195

• Moeliker v Reyrolle & Co Ltd [1977] 1 All ER 9 (CA) 220

• Moore v DER Ltd [1971] 1 WLR 1476 (CA) 235

• Morris v Ford Motor Co Ltd [1973] QB 792 (CA) 26

• Mulcahy v Ministry of Defence [1996] QB 732 (CA) 11, 15

• Mullard v Ben Line Steamers Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 1414 (CA) 178

• Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398 (HL) 17, 59, 66, 193, 195

• Murphy v Culhane [1977] QB 94 (CA) 177

• Nichols v Marsland (1876) 2 Ex. D 1 (CA) 182

• Northwestern Utilities v London [1936] AC 108 (PC) 156

• OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1997] 3 All ER 897 (QBD) 128

• Olotu v Home Office [1997] 1 All ER 385 (CA 39

• O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council [1998] AC 188 (HL) 37–8

• Osman v Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 (CA) 71, 72

• Overseas Tankship Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388 (PC) 166, 167

• Overseas Tankship Ltd v Miller Steamship Co Pty Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 2) [1967] AC 617 (PC) 166, 167

• Owens v Brimmell [1977] QB 859 (QBD) 178

• Owens v Liverpool Corporation [1939] 1 KB 394 (CA) 215

• Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 (HL) 167, 214

• Palmer v Tees Health Authority [1999] Lloyd's Rep. Med. 351 74

• Parry v Cleaver [1970] AC 1 (HL) 225

• (p.xxvi) Parsons v Uttley [1978] QB 791 (CA) 167

• Partridge v General Medical Council (1890) 25 QB 90 (CA) 195

• Perrett v Collins [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255 (CA) 65, 66, 130, 135

• Phelan v East Cumbria Health Authority [1991] 3 Med. LR 419 (QBD) 220

• Phelps v Hillingdon LBC [1999] 1 All ER 421 (CA) 66, 69, 194

• Phelps v Hillingdon LBC [2001] 2 AC 619 (HL) 25, 39, 41, 46–51, 60–86, 130–4, 215–16, 279, 280, 281

• Philcox v Civil Aviation Authority, The Times, 8 June 1995 (CA) 195

• Phillips v Britannia Hygienic Laundry Co [1923] 2 KB 832 (CA) 37

• Pickering v James (1873) LR 8 CP 489 36

• Pickering v Liverpool Dail Post [1991] 2 AC 370 (HL) 38

• Pidduck v Eastern Scottish Omnibuses Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 993 (CA) 234

• Polemis and Furness, Withy & Co, Re [1921] 3 KB 560 (CA) 166

• Pride of Derby Angling v British Celanese [1953] Ch. 149 (CA) 158

• R. v Cambridge Health Authority, ex p B [1995] 2 All ER 129 (CA) 49

• R. v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader's Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 (HL) 50

• R. v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison, ex p Hague [1992] 1 AC 58 (HL) 37, 39

• R. v Hillingdon LBC, ex p Royco Homes Ltd [1974] QB 720 50

• R. v Home Secretary, ex p Dew [1987] 1 WLR 881 (QBD) 41

• R. v Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex p Maguire, The Time, 26 June 1992 (QBD) 41, 274

• R. v London Borough of Ealing, ex p Parkinson (QBD, 19 October 1995) 50

• R. v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 5) [2000] 1 AC 524 52, 101, 196, 272

• R. v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame (No 7) [2001] 1 WLR 942 52, 54

• R. (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 1 AC 532 50

• R. (Isik) v London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham (CA, 19 September 2000) 41

• Racz v Home Office [1994] 2 AC 45 (HL) 24, 94, 216

• Ratnasingham v Kow Ah Dek [1983] 1 WLR 1235 (PC) 219

• Read v Croydon Corporation [1938] 4 All ER 631 (KBD) 37

• Read v Lyons [1947] AC 156 (HL) 37, 156

• Reeman v Department of Transport [1997] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 648 (CA) 63, 65, 67, 194, 248–9, 275

• Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1999] 3 All ER 897 (HL) 65, 66, 181

• Regan v Williamson [1976] 2 All ER 241 (QBD) 232

• (p.xxvii) Richardson v Pitt-Stanley [1995] QB 123 (CA) 37–8

• Rickards v Lothian [1913] AC 263 (PC) 156, 157, 175

• Rickless v United Artists Corporation [1988] QB 40 (CA) 38

• Rigby v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire [1985] 1 WLR 1242 (QBD) 65, 139, 156

• Robinson v Kilvert (1889) 41 Ch. D 88 (CA) 96

• Robinson v Mayor and Corp. of the Borough of Workington [1897] 1 QB 619 99

• Robinson v St Helens MBC [2002] EWCA Civ. 1099 (CA) 216, 281

• Roncarelli v Duplessis (1959) 16 DLR (2d) 689 94

• Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129 (HL) 189

• Ross v Secretary of State for Scotland 1990 SLT 13 62

• Rowling v Takaro Properties Ltd [1988] 1 AC 473 (PC) 44, 60, 64, 194, 195

• Royster v Cavey [1947] KB 204 (CA) 11

• Ryeford Homes Ltd v Sevenoaks District Council [1989] 2 EGLR 281 (QBD) 64–7, 133, 195

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• S v Gloucestershire CC [2001] Fam. 313 (CA) 60, 62, 74, 81, 82–3, 86, 268, 279

• Satnam and Kewal S (1984) 78 Cr. App. R 141 91

• Schinotti v Bumsted (1796) 6 TR 646 36

• Sedleigh-Denfield v O'Callaghan [1940] AC 880 (HL) 95–7, 175

• Skinner v Secretary of State for Transport, The Times, 3 January 1994 (QBD) 64, 131

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• Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241 (HL) 128

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• Spring v Guardian Assurance [1995] 2 AC 296 (HL) 205, 206

• St Helen's Smelting Co v Tipping (1865) 11 HLC 642 96, 216

• Stanbury v Exeter Corpn. [1905] 2 KB 838 26

• Stanley v Saddique [1992] QB 1 (CA) 233

• Stansbie v Troman [1948] 2 KB 48 (CA) 174

• Stapley v Gypsum Mines Ltd [1953] AC 663 (HL) 177

• Stark v The Post Office [2000] ICR 1013 (CA) 39

• (p.xxviii) Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 (HL) 17, 50, 60, 61, 62, 63, 82, 127, 128, 132, 271, 282

• Strable v Dartford Borough Council [1984] JPL 329 (CA) 66, 195

• Swinney v Chief Constable of Northumbria Police (No 1) [1997] AC 464 65, 85

• Swinney v Chief Constable of Northumbria Police (No 2), The Times, 25 May 1999 85

• T v Surrey County Council [1994] 4 All ER 577 (QBD) 66

• Taff Vale Railway Co v Jenkins [1913] AC 1 (HL) 232

• Tate & Lyle Industries Ltd v Greater London Council [1983] 2 AC 509 (HL) 96

• Tesco Stores v Wards Constructions Ltd (1995) 76 BLR 94 (QBD) 66

• Thatcher v Littlejohn [1978] RTR 369 (CA) 235

• Thomas v Chief Constable of Cleveland [2001] EWCA Civ. 1552 (CA) 93, 94

• Thompson v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1998] QB 498 (CA) 101

• Thompson v Smiths Shiprepairs Ltd [1984] QB 405 (QBD) 220

• Three Rivers District Council and Others v Governor and Company of the Bank of England [1999] EuLR 211 (CA) 87–95

• Three Rivers District Council and Others v Governor and Company of the Bank of England [2000] 2 WLR 1220 (House of Lords' first decision) 51, 87–95, 267, 270, 282

• Three Rivers District Council and Others v Governor and Company of the Bank of England [2001] UKHL 16 (House of Lords' second decision) 51, 87–95, 267, 270, 282

• Tidman v Reading Borough Council [1994] 3 PLR 72 (QBD) 67, 194, 248

• Tobin v R. (1864) 16 CB (NS) 310 10

• Toumia v Evans, The Times, 1 April 1999 (CA) 94

• Tozer v Child (1857) 7 E & B 377 87

• Tremain v Pike [1969] 1 WLR 1556 167

• Trevett v Lee [1955] 1 All ER 406 (CA) 177

• Vacwell Engineering v BDH Chemicals [1971] 1 QB 88 (QBD) 167

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• Viscount Canterbury v Attorney-General (1842) 1 PH 306 10

• W v Essex CC [2001] 2 AC 592 (HL), partly reversing [1998] 3 All ER 111 (CA) 77, 81, 215

• W v Home Office [1997] Imm. AR 302 (CA) 49, 63, 64, 65, 124, 131, 259

• Wadey v Survey County Council [1999] 2 All ER 334 (CA) 226

• (p.xxix) Wagon Mound, The (No 1) see Overseas Tankships Ltd v Mort Dock & Engineering Co Ltd

• Wagon Mound, The (No 2) see Overseas Tankships Ltd v Miller Steamship Co Pty Ltd

• Walker v Northumberland CC [1995] 1 All ER 737 (QBD) 128

• Warren v Henlys [1948] 2 All ER 935 (KBD) 24

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• Watson v British Boxing Board of Control Ltd [2001] QB 1134 (CA) 65

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• Welton v North Cornwall District Council [1997] 1 WLR 570 (CA) 65, 194, 266

• Wentworth v Wiltshire County Council [1993] QB 654 (CA) 37–8

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• X (Minors) v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 (HL) 11, 16, 25, 37, 39–49, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 75, 76, 83, 131, 174, 248, 268

• Young v Charles Church (1997) 39 BMLR 146 (CA) 214

• Young v Percival [1975] 1 WLR 17 (CA) 233

• Yuen Kun Yeu v Attorney General of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC) 17, 64, 65, 67, 168, 174, 187, 195

European Court of Justice

• Cases C-6/90 & C-9/90 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357 51, 101

• Cases C-46/93 & C-48/93, Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Germany; R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd [1996] ECR I-1029 51, 52, 101

• Case C-5/94 R. v MAFF, ex p Hedley Lomas Ltd [1997] QB 139 52

• Cases C-178, 179 & 188–190/94, Dillenkofer v Germany [1997] QB 259 52

(p.xxx) European Court of Human Rights

• Allenet de Ribemont v France (1995) 20 EHRR 557 272

• Cazenave de la Roche v France [1998] Human Rights Case Digest 620 203, 216

• Estima Jorge v Portugal, 1998–II 762 216

• Gillow v UK, A124–C (1987) 216

• H v UK (1991) 13 EHRR 449 216, 217

• Johnson v UK (1999) 27 EHRR 296 280

• O v UK (1991) 13 EHRR 578 217

• Osman v UK [1999] 1 FLR 193 71–7, 186, 268

• Pine Valley Developments Ltd v Ireland (1993) 16 EHRR 379 272

• Tinnelly & Sons Ltd v UK; McElduff v UK (1999) 27 EHRR 249 210

• W v UK (1991) 13 EHRR 453 210

• Young, James and Webster v UK (1983) 5 EHRR 201 216

• Z v UK [2001] 2 FLR 612 71–7, 280

European Commission of Human Rights

• Application N° 29392/95, Z v UK, adopted on 10 September 1999 74

France

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• Cass Civ 2nd 23 November 1956, Dr Giry, AJDA 1957.91 5

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• (p.xxxiii) CE 14 October 1966, Marais, D.1966 Jurisprudence 636 166, 169–71

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• CE 21 December 1966, Vincetti, RDP 1967.357 199–200

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• CE 13 July 1967, Département de la Moselle [1967] Rec 341 140

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• CE 8 November 1968, Commune de Mounes-Prohencoux, Req 68823 227

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• CE 16 October 1970, Pierre, Req 80960 29

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• (p.xxxiv) CE 31 March 1971, Bailleul [1971] Rec 265 234

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• CE 25 February 1972, Pollack, RDP 1972.1558 190, 213

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• CE 20 October 1972, Marabout [1972] Rec 664 105, 112, 129

• CE 8 November 1972, Société de Constructions Industrielles Publiques et Privées, RDP 1973.1776 173

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• CE 24 October 1973, Ministre de la Jeunesse [1973] Rec 1100 146

• CE 26 October 1973, Sadoudi [1973] Rec 603 21, 22, 23

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• CE 30 November 1973, Colliot, RDP 1974.1867 171, 172, 200

• CE 27 February 1974, Masson, Req 89794 146

• CE 1 March 1974, Mourat [1974] Rec 161 126, 127

• CE 20 March 1974, Navarra [1974] Rec 200 147

• CE 10 April 1974, Société Ricordel, Req 87745 127

• CE 10 April 1974, Ville de Cannes [1974] Rec 226 237

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• CE 29 May 1974, Reyboz [1974] Rec 326 150, 197

• CE 9 October 1974, Ballu [1974] Rec 476 105

• TC 9 October 1974, Lusignan [1974] Rec 477 21

• CE 27 November 1974, Amouzegh [1974] Rec 595 199, 236

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• CE 3 January 1975, Martin, Req 87585 236

• CE 17 January 1975, Marion [1975] Rec 1260 199

• CE 14 February 1975, Société Eaux de Marseille [1975] Rec 124 221

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• CE 12 March 1975, Commune de Boissy [1975] Rec 1303 183

• CE 12 March 1975, Pothier [1975] Rec 190 21, 23

• CE 21 March 1975, Andrieux [1975] Rec 215 129

• CE 9 July 1975, Grandclément, Req 93206 209

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• CE 25 July 1975, Ministre de la Santé Publique [1975] Rec 471 199

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• CE 12 November 1975, SCI ‘Residence du Pays d'Oc’ [1975] Rec 1260 179, 196

• CE 19 November 1975, Ramonville [1975] Rec 578 127

• CE 3 December 1975, Placide [1975] Rec 1264 237

• CE 10 December 1975, Ayer, RDP 1976.937 179

• CE 7 January 1976, Bourdin, RDP 1976.928 179

• CE 9 January 1976, Berkowitz [1976] Rec 21 179

• CE 25 February 1976, Morvan [1976] Rec 116 175

• CE 3 March 1976, Pompier [1976] Rec 1101 150

• CE 24 March 1976, Thiemard [1976] Rec 179 103, 230–1

• CE 23 June 1976, Société des Usines Laprade, Req 93865 197

• CE 7 July 1976, Epoux Arnaud [1976] Rec 1069 183

• CE 1 October 1976, Richard [1976] Rec 388 177

• CE 6 October 1976, Société Clinique Chirurgicale de la Maison Rose [1976] Rec 397 105

• CE 20 October 1976, Alfortville [1976] Rec 1116 104

• CE 29 October 1976, Burgat [1976] Rec 452 146

• CE 3 November 1976, Nemoz [1976] Rec 471 141

• CE 10 November 1976, Rivalland, Req 97760 206, 219

• CE 22 December 1976, Dame Derridj [1976] Rec 576 121, 122

• CE 5 January 1977, Montague, Req 90096 213

• CE 26 January 1977, IGN, RDP 1977.1077 230

• CE 4 March 1977, Guillerot, Req 99413 203

• CE 16 March 1977, Doucakis [1977] Rec 968 218

• CE 16 March 1977, SA de Construction Beausite, Req 9764415 203

• CE 27 April 1977, Châlot [1977] Rec 967 179

• CE 11 May 1977, Beauvieux [1977] Rec 213 181

• CE 13 May 1977, Marie, D.1978 Jurisprudence 478 223

• CE 1 July 1977, Commune de Coggia [1977] Rec 301 143

• CE 28 October 1977, Commune de Flumet [1977] Rec 412 175

• CE 21 December 1977, Brinon-Cherbuliez [1977] Rec 533 184

• CE 21 December 1977, SADE [1977] Rec 967 179

• CE 25 January 1978, Pavita, D.1979 Jurisprudence 143 191, 196

• CE 3 March 1978, Muesser [1978] JCP 1978.II.18986 229

• CE 3 March 1978, Sourdon, RDP 1978.1754 181

• CE 22 March 1978, Ricot, RDP 1978.1753 172, 220

• CE 24 March 1978, Advenier [1978] Rec 963 148

• CE 24 March 1978, Brussol [1978] Rec 963 148

• CE 24 March 1978, Laporta [1978] Rec 159 176

• (p.xxxvi) CE 26 May 1978, Wachter [1978] Rec 222 126

• CE 14 June 1978, Dodon [1978] Rec 258 140

• CE 14 June 1978, SOCOFA [1978] Rec 259 141

• CE 30 June 1978, Clotault [1978] Rec 289 141

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• CE 4 October 1978, Socété Linie [1978] Rec 355 147, 294

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• CE 3 November 1978, Société Frega [1978] Rec 423 173

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• CE 21 February 1979, Dupuis [1979] Rec 876 221

• CE 30 March 1979, Moisan [1979] Rec 143 139

• CE 6 April 1979, Ministre des Postes et Telecommunications [1979] Rec 154 223

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• CE 23 November 1979, Le Meillour [1979] Rec 431 129

• CE 7 December 1979, Société Ramel [1979] Rec 456 147

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• CE 8 February 1980, Commune de Venelles [1980] Rec 923 237

• CE 7 March 1980, SARL Cinq-Sept [1980] Rec 129 171

• CE 28 March 1980, Centre Hospitalier de Seclin [1980] Rec 787 186, 206

• CE 6 June 1980, Peyron, Req 13073 149

• CE 13 June 1980, Haeuw [1980] Rec 872 183, 185

• CE 10 October 1980, Ministre de la Santé et de la Securite Sociale, RDP 1981.1094 197

• CE 6 February 1981, Capet, Req 5859 224

• Cass civ 1st 24 March 1981, D.1981 Jurisprudence 545 209

• CE 20 May 1981, Ville de Clermont-Ferrand, Req 18005 199

• CE 19 June 1981, Carliez [1981] Rec 274 184, 185

• CE 2 October 1981, Batier, D.1982 Sommaires Commentés 378 184–5

• CE 9 October 1981, Gaz de France, Req 14471 220, 231

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• CE 20 November 1981, Cailleau [1981] Rec 913 227

• CE 20 November 1981, Rodal, RDP 1982.1445 150, 199

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• CE 23 December 1981, Andlauer [1981] Rec 487 108

• CE 23 December 1981, Centre Hospitalier de Bayonne, Req 18345 213

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• (p.xxxvii) CE 20 May 1982, Paluszak, Req 30467 218

• CE 13 October 1982, Berrandou [1982] Rec 340 139

• CE 3 November 1982, Martins, Req 6403 224

• CE 7 January 1983, Société SOGEBA [1983] Rec 1 183

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• CE 13 April 1983, Poux [1983] Rec 868 190

• CE 29 April 1983, Narcy [1983] Rec 856 143

• CE 11 May 1983, CEFIC, JCP 1983.II.20165 197, 199

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• CE 18 January 1984, Ferlin, Req 30600 142

• CE 3 February 1984, Loubat [1984] Rec 46 180, 227

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• CE 22 June 1984, Société Sealink Ltd [1984] Rec 246 147, 148

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• CE 27 July 1984, Lebeaud [1984] Rec 728 148

• CE 12 December 1984, SOCOMI, Req 41293 196

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• CE 13 March 1985, Société Barlocher [1985] Rec 79 181

• CE 20 March 1985, Ruby [1985] Rec 765 184

• CE 27 March 1985, Henry [1985] Rec 92 170, 175

• CE 27 March 1985, Sarasin, Req 46577 219

• CE 6 May 1985, Degeorges, Req 38876 224

• CE 26 April 1985, Léon Vincent [1985] Rec 126 29

• CE 26 July 1985, Bernabe, Req 40112 224

• CE 26 July 1985, Cendrier, Req 35250 141

• CE 25 October 1985, Poinsignon, Req 39288 127

• CE 8 November 1985, Rijlaarsdam [1985] Rec 775 151, 234

• CE 13 November 1985, SOGENA [1985] Rec 772 149

• CE 13 December 1985, Amendement Tour Eiffel [1985] Rec CC 78 264

• CE 10 January 1986, Societe ‘Les Travaux du Midi’ [1986] Rec 712 196, 206

• CE 22 January 1986, Grellier [1986] Rec 643 14, 206, 230

• CE 26 February 1986, Martin [1986] Rec 719 237

• CE 28 February 1986, Entreprise Blondet, AJDA 1986.399 200

• CE 14 March 1986, Foletti [1986] Rec 71 226

• CE 14 May 1986, Commune de Cilaos [1986] Rec 716 175

• CE 23 May 1986, Brenot [1986] Rec 149 151

• CE 18 June 1986, Krier, D.1987 Sommaires Commentés 116 184

• CE 27 June 1986, Grospiron, D.1987 Jurisprudence 113 121

• (p.xxxviii) CE 7 November 1986, Ville de La Rochelle, RDP 1987.471 179, 227

• CE 28 November 1986, Communauté Urbaine de Lille, Req 57715 182

• CE 10 December 1986, Adolphe [1986] Rec 706 103, 125

• CE 10 December 1986, Robert [1986] Rec 701 21, 25, 103, 111, 262

• CE 14 January 1987, Société Marceau Immobilier [1987] Rec 923 150

• CE 6 February 1987, SCI L'Empereur, Req 63614 197, 199

• CE 27 February 1987, SARL Sandwich-Yacht-France, Req 45538 199

• CE 11 March 1987, Weisbach [1987] Rec 92 148

• CE 22 May 1987, Ministre des Affaires Sociales, Req 54289 199

• CE 3 April 1987, Martelly, Req 62185 225

• CE 29 April 1987, Garde des Sceaux, [1987] Rec 158 140

• CE 13 May 1987, Aldebert, Req 50876 148

• CE 13 May 1987, Piollet [1987] Rec 172 140

• CE 27 May 1987, Legoff [1987] Rec 186 206

• CE 17 June 1987, Parisy, Req 70793 224

• CE 22 June 1987, Jacques-Boulon [1987] Rec 224 236

• CE 3 July 1987, Lutz, Req 42530 236

• CE 14 October 1987, SCI du Bois [1987] Rec 931 147, 148, 149

• CE 7 December 1987, Pantanella [1987] Rec 402 180

• CE 9 December 1987, Compagnie Générale des Goudrons, Req 25244 149

• TC 21 December 1987, Kessler [1987] Rec 456 21

• CE 23 December 1987, Bachelier [1987] Rec 431 22

• CE 27 January 1988, Giraud [1988] Rec 39 5, 103, 125, 127, 301

• CE 17 February 1988, Laporte [1988] Rec 70 147

• CE 19 February 1988, Petit et Cintract [1988] Rec 80 196

• CE 2 March 1988, Commune de La Ciotat, RDP 1989.564 230, 234, 235

• CE 4 March 1988, Pierdet [1988] Rec 1019 221

• CE 13 May 1988, Mercier [1988] Rec 1063 181

• CE 27 May 1988, SETMI [1988] Rec 1013 181

• CE 10 June 1988, Parize-Farin, RDP 1989.551 104, 129

• CE 10 June 1988, Zakariades, Req 73001 143

• CE 6 July 1988, Martin [1988] Rec 1061 169

• CE 8 July 1988, Brulet [1988] Rec 279 171

• CE 27 July 1988, Compagnie Marseillaise de Madagascar, RDP 1989.546 182

• CE 28 September 1988, Dupouy [1988] Rec 317 179

• CE 12 October 1988, Société Vinalmar [1988] Rec 340 147

• CE 14 October 1988, Le Goff [1988] Rec 341 143

• CE 26 October 1988, SCI Les Moulins d'Hyères [1988] Rec 382 197

• CE 16 November 1988, Epoux Deviller [1988] Rec 408 181

• CE 18 November 1988, Coirier [1988] Rec 1000 141

• CE 18 November 1988, Raszewski [1988] Rec 416 22

• CE 9 December 1988, Cohen [1988] Rec 431 121

• (p.xxxix) CE 14 December 1988, Commune de Catillon [1988] Rec 1001 142, 230

• CE 23 December 1988, Martin [1988] Rec 470 149

• CE 23 December 1988, Roger-Imbert, Req 75716 198

• CE 6 January 1989, Guerrault [1989] Rec 1 235

• CE 20 January 1989, Arbet [1989] Rec 907 185

• CAA Lyon 16 February 1989, Centre Hospitalier La Ciotat, Req 89LY00311 223

• CE 20 February 1989, Allain [1989] Rec 60 14

• CAA Lyon 21 February 1989, Daumas, Req 89LY00017 140

• CAA Nancy 18 April 1989, Commune de Beauvais [1989] Rec 903 104

• CE 28 April 1989, Richard, Req 63779 211

• CE 9 May 1989, Centre Hospitalier de Castelnaudry [1989] Rec 909 104

• CE 16 May 1989, Société Nouvelle Atlantic-Marée, Req 89PA00400 147, 149

• CE 16 June 1989, Association ‘Le Ski Alpin Murois’ [1989] Rec 141 127

• CE 16 June 1989, Pantaloni [1989] Rec 143 144

• CE 26 June 1989, Olearain [1989] Rec 936 172, 217, 226, 227

• CC 4 July 1989 [1989] Rec CC 41 144, 264

• CE 21 July 1989, Haubois [1989] Rec 913 149

• CE 21 July 1989, Société Pilot France, Req 70704 147

• CAA Lyon 31 July 1989, Société Lou Seuil [1989] Rec 918 172

• CAA Lyon 4 October 1989, SCI Résidence Chaillole [1989] Rec 335 198

• CE 9 October 1989, Ville de Port-Bail [1989] Rec 899 148

• CE 29 December 1989, Soussan, RDP 1990.1180 129

• CE 17 January 1990, Grandin [1990] Rec 6 217

• CE 24 January 1990, Université de Lille, Req 69947 213

• CE 21 February 1990, Hôpitaux Civils de Thiers, Req 63293 141

• CAA Bordeaux 6 March 1990, Hybert [1990] Rec 986 172

• CE 12 March 1990, Gallichet, Req 68932 196

• CAA Lyon 19 March 1990, SARL Bau-Rouge, Req 89LY01276 179

• CE 2 April 1990, Garcia, Req 56426 206

• CE 30 April 1990, Commune Decouéron, Req 61951 143

• CAA Bordeaux 9 May 1990, Najac, Req 89BX00357 236

• CAA Nantes 23 May 1990, Boudin [1990] Rec 450 108

• CE 25 May 1990, Abadie [1990] Rec 1026 182

• CAA Nancy 12 June 1990, Garde des Sceaux, Req 89NC00880 141

• CE 29 June 1990, Société CERP [1990] Rec 193 35, 114

• CE 4 July 1990, Le Sou Medical, D.1991 Sommaires-Commentés 291 21

• CE 11 July 1990, Desplanques, Req 77049 198

• CE 11 July 1990, Société Stambouli Frères [1990] Rec 214 145

• CAA Lyon 19 July 1990, Erba, Req 89LY00070 219

• CE 27 July 1990, Bourgeois [1990] Rec 242 105, 110

• CE 27 July 1990, Bridet [1990] Rec 230 142

• (p.xl) CE 8 August 1990, Société Homecare [1990] Rec 978 171

• CE 21 September 1990, SCI ‘Hameau du Beauvoir’, Req 67776 179

• CE 21 September 1990, SCI ‘Le Trait d'Union’, Req 90313 184

• CE 28 September 1990, Armentières [1990] Rec 260 252

• CAA Lyon 10 October 1990, Commune de Saint-Rémy-de-Provence [1990] Rec 470132 143

• CE 12 October 1990, Segura, Req 98571 199

• CE 19 October 1990, Ingremeau [1990] Rec 284 122

• CE 24 October 1990, Philibert [1990] Rec 290 35

• CAA Nantes 25 October 1990, Baston, Req 89NT00137 169

• CE 31 October 1990, Champagne [1990] Rec 309 110, 196

• CAA Nancy 13 November 1990, SARL Beirnaert, Req 89NC01370 145

• CAA Bordeaux 20 November 1990, Denoyez et al., Req 89BX00775 168, 185

• CAA Lyon 17 December 1990, Commune de Mezilhac, Req 90LY00250 199

• CE 21 December 1990, Megevand, Req 79924 235

• CAA Lyon 21 December 1990, Gomez [1990] Rec 498 151

• CAA Bordeaux 27 December 1990, Valiente [1990] Rec 989 213

• CC 8 January 1991, Loi Relative à La Lutte contre Tabagisme et l'Alcoolisme [1991] Rec CC 11 144

• CAA Lyon 25 February 1991, Gaz de France, Req 89LY00427 236

• CE 20 March 1991, Bouvard [1971] Rec 97 226

• CAA Bordeaux 4 April 1991, FranÇais [1991] Rec 1241 169

• CE 5 April 1991, Société Européenne de Location [1991] Rec 120 127

• CE 6 May 1991, Société Automobiles Citroën [1991] Rec 172 147, 149

• CE 14 June 1991, Maalem, RDP 1991.1445 121

• CAA Nantes 26 July 1991, Onno, RFDA 1992.269 113, 181

• CAA Paris 17 October 1991, Hellot, AJDA 1992.127 108, 180

• CAA Lyon 28 November 1991, Société Productions Christian Juin [1991] Rec 588 180

• CAA Bordeaux 3 December 1991, Société ‘Les Travaux du Midi’ Req 89BX00875 199, 207, 209

• CE 10 January 1992, Commune de Blanquefort, Req 81428 149

• CAA Paris 21 January 1992, Centre Hospitalier Général de Meaux [1992] Rec 1306 230

• CE 17 February 1992, Erard, Req 71584 171

• CE 28 February 1992, Arizona Tobacco Products [1992] Rec 78 34

• CE 3 April 1992, SARL Nouvelles Frontières, RDP 1993.262 34, 184

• CE 10 April 1992, Epoux V [1992] Rec 171 107, 223

• CE 22 April 1992, Poste, Req 77330 221

• (p.xli) CAA Nantes 30 April 1992, Centre Hospitaller Régional de Tours, Req 90NT00471 219, 223

• CE 22 June 1992, Société Pont Royal Hôtel, Req 59284 199

• TA Montpellier 24 June 1992, Maury, Req 9719552 223

• CE 26 June 1992, Commune de Bethoncourt [1992] Rec 268 180

• CAA Paris 1 July 1992, Dangeville [1992] Rec 558 34, 145, 162

• CAA Nancy 9 July 1992, Verron [1992] Rec 1298 113

• CE 10 July 1992, Touzan [1992] Rec 296 105

• CAA Paris 16 July 1992, Aga Khan, Req 91PA01073 149

• CE 25 September 1992, SCI Le Panorama [1992] Rec 1160 112

• CE 28 October 1992, Société Sud Ouest Canalisations, RDP 1993.268 179

• CE 4 November 1992, Lorgues, RDP 1993.261 34

• CAA Lyon 10 November 1992, Lussan, Req 91LY00616 23

• CE 20 November 1992, Commune de Saint-Victoret [1992] Rec 418 151

• CAA Lyon 9 December 1992, Gire [1992] Rec 1296 34, 200

• CAA Paris 29 December 1992, Tefau, Req 89PA02791 223

• CE 13 January 1993, Galtié [1993] Rec 11 142

• CE 22 January 1993, Sannois et al, [1993] Rec 1028 191, 198

• CAA Lyon 8 February 1993, Bougarel, AJDA 1993.706 148, 149

• CE 22 March 1993, Fraboul [1993] Rec 79 230

• CE 9 April 1993, Bianchi [1993] Rec 127 151, 152

• CAA Lyon 3 May 1993, Roux, Req 91LY01093 197, 198, 199

• CAA Lyon 4 May 1993, Couvidat, Req 92LY00696 169

• CAA Bordeaux 30 July 1993, Varin, Req 92BX00638 140

• CAA Lyon 22 September 1993, Société d'Assurances Winterthur, Req 92LY01040 143

• CE 1 October 1993, Meignan [1993] Rec 1030 185, 234

• CAA Bordeaux 18 November 1993, Gaudy, Req 92BX00693 235

• CE 29 December 1993, Soldaini, JCP 1994.II.22322 121, 129

• CAA Bordeaux 30 December 1993, Commune de Lodève, Req 92BX01233 220

• CE 19 January 1994, Perroux, Req 78635 183

• CAA Nantes 10 February 1994, Alix [1994] Rec 616 219, 221, 223

• CE 11 March 1994, CSA [1994] Rec 117 190

• CE 25 March 1994, Commune de Kintzheim [1994] Rec 162 108

• CAA Lyon 11 May 1994, Perrin, Req 93LY00528 206, 221

• CAA Bordeaux 2 June 1994, Commune de Nieul-sur-Mer-L'Houmeau, Req 92BX00877 211, 220

• CAA Nancy 30 June 1994, Stimpfling, Req 92NC00924 219

• CAA Paris 19 July 1994, X, Req 93PA00586 173, 220

• CAA Bordeaux 17 October 1994, Froment, Req 93BX01052 220

• (p.xlii) CAA Bordeaux 14 November 1994, Département de Dordogne, Req 92BX01039 234

• CE 18 November 1994, Sauvi [1994] Rec 503 112, 113

• CAA Bordeaux 12 December 1994, Aidoud [1994] Rec 1174 152

• CAA Lyon 18 January 1995, Grand, Req 93LY00290 143

• CAA Nantes 25 January 1995, Leroux, Req 92NT00651 235

• CE 1 February 1995, de Bray [1995] Rec 60 170

• CE 10 February 1995, Sicret [1995] Rec 1034 223

• CE 24 March 1995, SARL Nice Helicoptères, Req 129415 196, 200, 263

• CE 28 April 1995, Société de Construction et de Génie Civil, Req 124276 191

• CE 5 May 1995, Gallée, Req 80634 211

• CE 26 May 1995, N'Guyen [1995] Rec 221 152

• CAA Lyon 31 May 1995, Boutrif, Req 94LY00834 152

• CE 9 June 1995, Lesprit [1995] Rec 239 34, 118, 169

• CAA Paris 13 July 1995, Guérpillon, Req 93PA00784 223

• CAA Lyon 21 July 1995, Guidicelli, Req 93LY01141 221

• CAA Paris 1 August 1995, Dupouy, Req 93BX01209 235

• CE 4 September 1995, Leclerq, Req 85324 213, 235

• CE 27 September 1995, Corré, Req 148104 115

• CE 4 December 1995, Delavallade [1995] Rec 1021 106, 110, 111

• CAA Paris 28 December 1995, Bureau, Req 93PA00621 152

• CE 29 December 1995, Dion, Req 148627 184

• CE 24 January 1996, Collins [1996] Rec 14 207

• CAA Bordeaux 4 March 1996, Cambot, Req 94BX01371 152

• CAA Nancy 5 March 1996, Toret, Req 93NC01006 223

• CE 4 April 1996, Novello, Req 93NC01175 219

• CAA Paris 25 April 1996, Verstraete, Req 94PA02004 227

• CAA Nancy 2 May 1996, Ait Ahmad, Req 95NC01869 171

• CAA Nancy 13 June 1996, Jacaton, Req 95NC00001 219, 220

• CAA Paris 13 June 1996, Reix, Req 94PA00690 104

• CE 10 July 1996, Meunier [1996] Rec 289 149, 181

• CE 30 October 1996, Dangeville [1996] Rec 399 35, 145, 162

• CAA Bordeaux 16 December 1996, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Toulouse, Req 94BX01242 213

• CAA Bordeaux 20 January 1997, Bibard, Req 95BX00728 213

• CAA Bordeaux 3 February 1997, Sakoyan, Req 95BX00342 141

• CAA Lyon 13 February 1997, Centre Hospitalier de Thonon-Les-Bains, Req 94LY00232 152, 213

• CE 10 March 1997, Commune de Lormont [1997] Rec 74 151

• CAA Nantes 10 April 1997, Primau, Req 95NT00108 141

• CE 23 April 1997, Alix [1997] Rec 167 219, 221, 223, 224

• CAA Nantes 7 May 1997, Pastor, Req 93NT01144 209

• (p.xliii) CAA Lyon 22 May 1997, Romeo, Req 94LY01345 213

• CE 27 June 1997, Guyot [1997] Rec 267 29, 105, 119

• CE 29 June 1997, Theux, RFDA 1998.82 113, 114, 117, 118, 127, 168

• CE 9 July 1997, Perugia, Req 158347 213

• CAA Paris 11 July 1997, Fabre, Req 97PA02206 223

• CE 30 July 1997, Kress [1997] Rec 308 152

• CAA Paris 23 September 1997, Centre Hospitalier de Lagny, Req 95PA01365 230, 235

• CAA Paris 23 September 1997, Dupont, Req 94PA01637 219, 223

• CE 3 October 1997, Jacquin, Req 149928 199

• CE 3 November 1997, Chavanelle [1997] Rec 888 206, 207

• CE 3 November 1997, Hôpital Joseph-Imbert d'Arles [1997] Rec 412 152

• CE 5 November 1997, Pelle [1997] Rec 481 141

• CAA Nantes 18 December 1997, Société Hydro-Electrique du Moulin, Req 94NT00973192 197

• CE 29 December 1997, Commune d'Arcueil [1997] Rec 512 110, 118

• CAA Bordeaux 30 December 1997, Gachy, Req 95BX01047 206

• CAA Nantes 30 December 1997, Châtre, Req 95NT00800 180

• CAA Nancy 29 January 1998, Kaluska, Req 93NC00137 152, 213, 235

• CAA Bordeaux 2 February 1998, Fraticola, JCP 1998.II.10041 122, 134

• CAA Paris 10 February 1998, Voyer, Req 96PA01048 213

• CAA Paris 12 February 1998, Mmes X et Y, Req 95PA02814 152, 171, 172

• CAA Nancy 26 February 1998, Lejeune, Req 90NC00473 172, 223

• CAA Paris 26 February 1998, Klestinec, Req 96PA01000 223

• CAA Lyon 5 March 1998, El Basli, Req 96LY01534 225

• CAA Lyon 5 March 1998, Lapalue, Req 97LY02493 206

• CE 13 March 1998, Améon, AJDA 1998.461 108, 113, 187

• CAA Paris 24 March 1998, X, Req 96PA02373 213, 215, 217

• CE 29 April 1998, Commune de Hannappes, RDP 1998.1012 112

• CAA Lyon 13 May 1998, Centre Hospitalier de Semur-en-Auxois, Req 95LY21243 220

• CAA Paris 9 June 1998, Berkoun, Req 95PA03525 171, 209

• CE 3 July 1998, Bitouzet, RFDA 1998.1243 14

• CAA Nantes 9 July 1998, Guyon, Req 95NT00537 213

• CAA Bordeaux 16 July 1998, Commune de Villefranche de Rouergue, Req 95BX01813 196, 206

• CAA Lyon 17 July 1998, Noël Versini Bullara, Req 95LY01454 223

• CAA Marseille 23 July 1998, Commune de Centuri, Req 96MA02425 209

• (p.xliv) CAA Lyon 17 September 1998, Caisse Primaire d'Assurance Maladie de Privas, Req 97LY01479 223, 225

• CAA Marseille 17 September 1998, Nicolet, Req 96MA01200 152

• CAA Paris 13 October 1998, Guillet, Req 96PA00380 110

• CAA Nancy 15 October 1998, Demarécaux, Req 94NC01019 206

• CAA Lyon 6 November 1998, Commune de Saint-Martin-Le-Vinoux, Req 93LY01287 207

• CE 13 November 1998, Bavoil, Req 189273 213

• CE 16 November 1998, Sille, Req 175142 147, 200

• CE 16 November 1998, Treptow, Req 178865 207

• CE 25 November 1998, Peyrard, Req 181664 207

• CAA Bordeaux 14 December 1998, Centre Hospitalier Général de Montauban, Req 96BX00151 151

• CAA Marseille 21 January 1999, Commune de Saint-Florent, AJDA 1999 224

• CAA Paris 26 January 1999, Appaganou, Req 96PA00263 223

• CAA Bordeaux 15 February 1999, Cauhape, Req 96BX01460 221

• CAA Lyon 4 March 1999, Christou, Req 95LY01812 110

• CAA Marseille 4 March 1999, Compagnie Assurances Générales de France, Req 97MA00276 110

• CAA Bordeaux 8 March 1999, Janota, Req 96BX00957 214

• CAA Lyon 9 March 1999, Saidi-Moussa, Req 95LY01859 152

• CAA Nancy 18 March 1999, Kurylak, Req 94NC00324 202, 221, 227

• CAA Paris 30 March 1999, El Shikh, AJDA 1999.951 109, 171, 200, 201, 203, 282

• CAA Nancy 8 April 1999, Centre Hospitalier de Seclin, Req 94NC01660 152

• CAA Nantes 8 April 1999, Vilar, Req 95NT01118 152

• CAA Nancy 4 May 1999, Merly, Req 95NC00066 220

• CAA Nancy 12 May 1999, Centre Hospitalier de Montdidier, Req 95NC00230 233

• CAA Paris 18 May 1999, Favre, Req 97PA00265 152

• CAA Paris 18 May 1999, Pautrel, Req 98PA01836 152

• CAA Paris 25 May 1999, Felmy, Req 96PA04490 148, 149, 151

• CAA Nancy 27 May 1999, Chatteleyn, Req 95NC01399 211

• CE 11 June 1999, SCI Barateau, Req 171407 198

• CE 16 June 1999, Tripot, Req 177075 170

• CAA Lyon 28 June 1999, Djardem, Req 98LY00254 213

• CAA Nancy 1 July 1999, Devillers, Req 95NC01092 213, 234

• CAA Nantes 22 July 1999, Hébert, Req 96NT02170 148

• TA Montpellier 13 October 1999, Huillet, Req 941502 214

• CAA Nancy 14 October 1999, Commune de Strasbourg, Req 95NC00242 147

• (p.xlv) CAA Nantes 21 October 1999, Lefort, Req 96NT00088 152

• CAA Nantes 4 November 1999, Crochemore, JCP 2001.II.10466 175, 238

• CC 9 November 1999, Loi relative au Pacte Civil de Solidarité [1999] Rec CC 116 264

• CE 29 December 1999 Communauté Urbaine de Lille [1999] Rec 436 112, 304

• CE 5 January 2000, Telle [2000] Rec 5 209, 223

• CAA Paris 25 January 2000, Kechichian, Req 93PA01250 109, 201

• CAA Nancy 3 February 2000, Chope, Req 96NC02765 199

• CE 21 February 2000, Vogel, Req 195207 191

• CE 29 March 2000, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, RFDA 2000.850 228, 263

• CAA Nantes 27 April 2000, SCI La Gravelle, Req 97NT00286 110

• CAA Lyon 9 May 2000, O'Hayon, Req 95LY02129 213, 223

• CE 17 May 2000, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Montpellier, Req 165162 221, 223

• CE 21 June 2000, Commune de Roquebrune-Cap-Martin [2000] Rec 236 109, 115

• CAA Nancy 28 September 2000, Kauffmann, Req 96NC03121 209

• CE 6 October 2000, Commune de Saint-Florent, RFDA 2001.152 114, 262

• CAA Lyon 10 October 2000, Locatelli, Req 96LY00184 221

• CAA Lyon 24 October 2000, Crevenat, Req 96LY001308 221

• CE 6 November 2000, Gregory, Req 289398 206

• Cass Ass Plen 17 November 2000, Perruche, D 2001 Jurisprudence 316 107, 254, 271

• CAA Douai 12 December 2000, Lambre, Req 97DA11134 223

• Cass civ Ass 23 February 2001, AJDA 2001.788 116

• CAA Nantes 14 March 2001, Stanislas, Req 99NT00547 213

• CAA Nantes 2 May 2001, Benoiton, Req 96NT02241 221

• CE 30 November 2001, Diop, Req 212179 264

• CE 30 November 2001, Kechichian, AJDA 2002.136 109, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 200, 262, 267–71, 282, 316

• CE 18 February 2002, Groupe Norbert Dentressangle, Req 214179 109

• CE 12 April 2002, Papon, Req 238689 21

• CE 28 June 2002, Magiera, Req 239575 15, 203, 264, 310

(p.xlvi)

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(p.xlvii) Table of Legislation

United Kingdom

Statutes

• Administration of Justice Act 1982

• s 1(1)(b) 220

• s 5 220

• Audit Commission Act 1998, s 17 260

• Building Act 1984, s 38 37

• Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978, s 1(1) 26

• Civil Procedure Rules 1999, Parts 3 and 24 85, 268

• Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 161

• Consumer Protection Act 1987, s 9 12, 160

• Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995 252

• Criminal Justice Act 1988, s 133 15, 252

• Crown Proceedings Act 1947 12, 14–15, 23

• s 2 12

• s 2(5) 15

• s 9 15

• s 17 12

• s 38(2) 12, 23

• Crown Proceedings (Armed Forces) Act 1987 14

• Damages Act 1996, s 7(1) 192

• Fatal Accidents Act 1976

• s 1(1) 231

• s 1(3) 232

• s 1(3)(b) 231

• s 1A(4) 231

• s 4 233

• Guard Dogs Act 1975, s 5(2)(a) 37

• Health Service Commissioners Act 1993 245

• Human Rights Act 1998

• s 2(1) 73

• s 6(1) 53, 54, 55

• s 8 53–4

• s 8(1) 53, 80

• s 8(3)(a) 53–4

• (p.xlviii) s 8(3)(b) 54

• s 8(4) 54, 210, 216, 272

• s 9(3) 15, 55

• Land Compensation Act 1973

• s 1 160–1, 251

• s 1(6) 160–1, 251

• s 1(7) 160–1, 251

• Law Reform Act 1954 11

• Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 180, 192

• Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934, s 1 228

• Limitation Act 1980

• s 38(1) 192

• s 11 249

• Local Government Act 1972, s 137 260

• Local Government Act 1974

• s 26(4) 249

• s 26(6)(c) 247

• s 26(8) 249

• s 31(3) 260

• Sch 5 249

• Local Government Act 1988, s 19(7)(b) 37

• Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976, s 39 26

• Medicines Act 1968, s 133(2) 37

• National Health Service Act 1977, s 125 26

• National Health Services Reorganisation Act 1973 245

• Nuclear Installations Act 1965, s 7(1) 39

• Occupiers' Liability Act 1957, s 6 14

• Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 245

• s 5(2) 247

• s 6(3) 249

• Sch 3 249

• Police Act 1964, s 48(1) 12

• Post Office Act 1969

• s 29 15

• s 30(2) 15

• Public Health Act 1875 26

• Riot (Damages) Act 1886 252

• Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999 226

• Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997 225, 226, 233

• Telecommunications Act 1984, s 18(6) 37

• Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, s 11(1) 177

• Town and Country Planning Act 1990

• s 107(1) 202, 251, 252

• (p.xlix) s 108(1) 202, 251, 252

• s 203 202, 251, 252

• s 204 202, 251, 252

• Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 252

Secondary Legislation

• Prison Service Order on Finance (PSO 7500, November 1998) 253

• Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Regulations 1997 225

France

Codes

• Code Civil,

• Art 1382 264

• Arts 1386–1 ff 254

• Code de Justice Administrative, Art R 622–1 123, 153

• Code de l'Organisation Judiciaire, Art L 781–1 116

• Code de la Santé Publique

• Art L 10–1 252

• Art L 1142–1 153, 254–8

• Art L 1142–2 153, 254–8

• Art L 1142–5 254–8

• Art L 1142–7 254–8

• Art L 1142–8 254–8

• Art L 1142–9 254–8

• Art L 1142–14 254–8

• Art L 1142–15 254–8

• Art L 1142–17 254–8

• Art L 1142–22 254–8

• Art L 1142–23 254–8

• Art L 1142–25 254–8

• Art R 795–52 256

• Code de la Sécurité Sociale

• Art L 376–1 225, 226, 227

• Art L 454–1 225, 226, 227

• Code de Procédure Pénale, Art L 706–3 252

• Code de l'Urbanisme, Art L 160–5 14, 198, 264

• Livre des Procédures Fiscales, Art L 122 230

• Nouveau Code de Procédure Civile, Art 424 116

(p.l) Other Legislation

• Law of 16–24 August 1790 10, 13

• Law of 28 February 1800 9

• Decre 19 September 1870 20

• Law of 20 August 1881 127

• Law of 8 June 1895 252

• Law of 5 April 1937 5

• Law of 31 December 1957 5, 22, 29

• Law of 1 July 1964 153, 252

• Law of 17 July 1970 252

• Law N^o 73–6 of 3 January 1973 242

• Law N^o 85–677 of 5 July 1985 256

• Law of 16 July 1980 190

• Law of 9 September 1986 252

• Law of 6 July 1990 252

• Law N^o 91–1406 of 31 December 1991 153, 252

• Law of 8 February 1995 190

• Decret N^o 98–1082 of 1 December 1998 244

• Law N^o 2002–303 of 4 March 2002 107, 122, 152–3, 254–8

• Décret N^o 2002–886 of 3 May 2002 255

Circulars

• Circular N^o 94–68 of 26 August 1994 252

• Circular N^o B–1B–98 of 19 October 1990 240

• Circular of 6 Febuary 1995 191, 240

Germany

• § 839 I 2 BGB 132

• § 839 III BGB 132

Treaties and Conventions

• European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950

• Art 6 72–7, 95, 186

• Art 5 15, 55

• Art 13 280

• Art 14 280

• Art 41 54