INDEX

A v National Blood Authority

and access to justice 14, 15, 33–4 assessment 181–4, 212, 325–30 authority 191, 326

cause of action 13–15 claimants’ case 25, 26

comparative law 17–22, 26–8, 35, 36–9, 215

core issues 24–6 defect 193, 319

defendant’s case 25, 26, 187 development risk defence 212 and drafting of Directive 19–20,

35–6

English legal principles 17 generally 13–34

and German law 18–19, 150, 214, 222

interpretation of words 17 judgment 29–33, 39–40, 326 Max Planck Institute, research at

21, 37

medical facts 15–16 non-issues 22–4

oral argument 26–8, 39–40 preliminary reference, refusal 22,

172, 213

preparation of case 17–22 research in other jurisdictions

20–1

response to pre-manufacture generic infections 325–30

strict liability 140–52 translation work 22, 36

and travaux pr´eparatoires 19, 22, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36

academic writing 21, 214, 300

access to justice

class actions. See class actions and Directive 77–8, 79

English blood contamination case 14, 15, 33–4

European approaches 196–7 Japan 337–8

recurring issue 7

Scottish blood contamination 15 administrative law, France 85 advertising

and concept of defect 71, 102 German law 102

Italian law 71 warnings. See warnings

agricultural products 208, 276 alternative dispute resolution 338 asbestos 81, 122

aspirin 328 Australia

and A v National Blood Authority

28, 150, 213

development risk defence 189, 213

Euro-clone 303, 336, 337

food-poisoning case 330–1 Austria 184, 193, 196, 198

Bayer 101 Belgium 63, 215 Bell, John 84

blood. See contaminated blood ‘blood shield’ statutes 312 Bourgoignie, T. 255

breast implants 215 Brierley, J. 244

comparative law

A v National Blood Authority

17–22, 26–8, 35, 36–9, 215

basic product liability issues 155–66

compensation ceilings 161–3 cross-fertilisation 6–7 development risk defence 163–6 and English courts 138–40

and harmonisation 139 limitations 333

negligence or strict liability 140–2 uses 4–5, 212

compensation. See damages competition, Central Europe 259 component parts, Central Europe

276–7, 288–9 conditional fees, England 196 Conk, George 317–18 consumer contracts

France 86–9, 159 unfair terms 196 United Kingdom 229

consumer protection Central Europe 254–64

v commercial interests 195 Directorate General 202

and European Directive 2–3, 303, 325

France 241 harmonisation 195 Italian law 74–5

contaminated blood acceptance of risk 15 blood as product 22–3 ‘blood shield’ statutes 312 cause of action 13–15 claims 209–10

defect 14–15, 18, 24

Dutch case 128, 179, 193, 213, 330

England. See A v National Blood Authority

France 169, 225, 231, 235

Germany 108, 122, 163–4 medical facts 15–16 Spanish cases 45–6, 55, 92–3

transfusion services as producers 23

UK crisis 311

US legal response 312–18 contingency fees 124, 196 contractual liability

Central Europe 266–70 Czech Republic 267–8, 274 England 229

France 86–9, 159, 230–2 Germany 101–2 Hungary 268–9

Poland 267, 269 contributory negligence 71, 90 costs

Austria 196 contingency fees 124 England 196 Germany 124, 196 legal aid 196

Council of Europe, Strasbourg Convention on Product Liability 1977 167, 320

court procedures changes 295

European approaches 197–8 Germany 123–5; costs 124; expert

opinions 123; preliminary issues 123–4; pre-trial discovery 123; simplification 197

harmonisation 197 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) 302,

307–10 Croatia 244 Czech Republic

components 277, 288 consumer protection 263 contractual liability 267–8,

274 damages 290–2

defective products 279 definition of products 276 EU membership 250 excluded products 276

identification of producers 273 implementation of Directive 251 joint and several liability 275 legal system 265–6

manufacturer liability 274, 285 manufacturing defects 280 presumption of fault 282 tortious liability 270, 271

Czechoslovakia Civil Code 265

components 277 consumer protection 261

contractual liability 267–8, 274 damages 290–2

Daihatsu 335 damages

ceilings; German law 116–17, 161, 162, 163; and insurance 162; Spanish law 59–62, 162, 163; and strict liability regime 161–3

Central Europe 289–92 Directive 79

European approaches 198 France 85–6

Germany 63, 116–17, 122, 162, 163

Hungary 290, 292 Italy 75–6 Poland 292

punitive damages 198

Spain, personal injuries 59–62 state compensation schemes 122,

194

threshold; Belgium 63; French implementation 94–5; German law 63; Greece 204; Italian law 62, 69; review of option 208, 210; Spanish law 62–5

David, R. 244 defects 7

A v National Blood Authority 24, 30–2, 142–8, 193, 319

burden of proof 158–9, 215, 287 Central Europe 278–82 classification 103, 107–8, 157–8,

161, 305, 317–18, 327 consumer expectations. See

expectations

contaminated blood 14–15, 18, 24

Czech Republic 279

definition 189

design. See design defects and development risk defence

211–15

Dutch law; causation 131–3; contaminated blood 128, 179, 193, 213, 330; expected use 130; proof 130–1

English law; design defects 229–30; non-standard products 143, 148, 182, 212, 327; relevant factors 143; standard products 142–8; warnings 145–6

European definition 3, 208, 303–4, 321, 322

evidence 215

French law 280; contractual guarantees 86–8; proof 148–9, 193, 215; victim friendly definition 235, 241

German law; contractual liability 101–2; design defects 104–5, 109–12, 157; drugs 120; excessively dangerous products 112–13, 157; manufacturing defects 108–9, 115, 157, 193; Product Liability Act 107; proof 114–15; three types of defects 103, 107–8, 157–8; tortious liability 103

Hungary 279, 282–6 instruction defects 281 Italian law; definition 70–1;

foreseeability 70–1; warnings and advertising 71

legitimate expectations 25, 70 manufacturing. See

manufacturing defects Poland 279–80

Spain 48, 50–4 defences 17

Central Europe 286–9 development risk. See

development risk defence force majeure 55–6, 90, 286 French law 90, 95–6 German law 115

Italian law 72–3

defences (cont.)

regulatory compliance 23, 283, 287

Spanish law 54–8; drugs 57; force majeure 55–6; liability of public bodies 55–8; ‘other circumstances’ 51–2; private and public law 55–8

time of circulation 115 UK law 23

Denmark 173, 193, 194, 210 DES case 135–7

design defects

Central Europe 280 English law 229–30

German law 104–5, 109–12, 157 nature of liability 160

United States 302, 317–18 development risk defence

Austrian case 184 burden of proof 178 Central Europe 287–8

Commission v UK 173–9, 211–12, 213, 223–4, 324, 326

comparative assessment 163–6 critique 80

Danish case 173

and defect concept 211–15; manufacturing defects 212

Dutch contamination case 129–30, 179–80

economic impact 209 English law 149–51; early case

170–3; later cases 180–1, 224–8; oral contraceptive case 187–8

Finland 165, 168 Fondazione Roselli report 8

French law 165, 168, 181, 188, 224–8

German law 114, 115, 116–17, 163–4, 165, 171–2

history 167–8 Hungary 287 implementation 168–9

issues 8, 184–9; accessibility of knowledge 150, 179–85, 224; conduct of producers 186–8; definition of defect 189;

definition of knowledge 185–6; discoverability of individual products 188–9; manufacturing defects 188; state of knowledge 184; wide v narrow interpretation 186

Italy 69

known risks 150, 182, 213, 227–8 lack of success in courts 191 limitation period 225 Luxembourg 165, 168 ‘Manchuria question’ 182, 212 manufacturing defects 172, 188 meaning 163–5, 169–70

old products 163 option 208

pathogenic infections 319 reform 189–91, 211–15 removal of defence 151, 191 review 208

scarce use 211 scope 163, 212 Spain 54–8, 165, 168

state of knowledge. See state of knowledge

and strict liability 208, 223–5, 319 and UK government 322, 324–5 UK implementation. See

Commission v UK

UK Unilateral Statement 323–5, 326

uncertainty 168 United Kingdom 169

discovery, German procedures 123 drugs

Dutch case 135–7

German liabilities 119–21, 194; categories of drugs 119–20; causation 120–1; defective drugs 120; Drug Act 1976 119; insurance 121; product information 120; strict liability 164

Italian cases 78–9

and product liability regime 78–9 Scandinavian states 194

Spanish law 55, 57 Dupre,´ C. 246

E-coli 306, 311 electricity 50

emotional distress, Italy 75–6 England

adversarial procedure 40

burden of proof, reversal rule 133 class actions 197–8

comparative law, use 138–40 conditional fees 196 contaminated blood. See A v

National Blood Authority court procedures 34, 197 defects 142–8; evidence 215;

non-standard products 143, 148, 182, 212, 327; relevant factors 143; warnings 145–6 development risk defence 149–51; early case 170–3; later cases

180–1, 224–8; oral contraceptive case 187–8

foreign law evidence 38 harmonisation with Europe 148–9 HIV Haemophiliac Litigation 13,

16

judgments 34, 40, 149

liability rules; compared to France 223; manufacturers 223–6, 274; negligence principles 13–14, 229–30; parallel regimes 229–30; sale of goods 229; strict liability 140–2, 151

oral pleadings 34 pleadings 34

privity of contract 229 punitive damages 198 substitution of defendants 193

European private law 7, 151–2 European Union law. See also Product

Liability Directive competences, new product

liability directive 199–200 influence on Japan 340 internal market 200, 202–4, 206 role of comparative law 5 supremacy 23–4, 139

expectations assessment 159–60 blood products 25

blood transfusion 31, 144 and definition of defect 70 Dutch law 129

English law 141, 142–3, 144, 146–7

German law 108, 109–11, 112, 113 Italian law 72–3

price 111 relevance 180

expert assessors 41, 123

Finland, development risk 165, 168 food poisoning 310–11, 313, 330–1 food products, Spain 54–5, 57 foot-and-mouth disease 306

force majeure 55–6, 90, 286 foreign law evidence 38, 116 foreseeability

and concept of defect 70–1 Italian law 70–1

risks 156, 159 forum shopping 242 France

administrative law 85 blood testing 16

BSE claims 318

burden of proof, reversal 235 causation 228

Commission v France 94–6, 204–5, 222, 223, 237, 239

consumer protection 241 contaminated blood 225, 235 contributory negligence 90

Cour de Cassation reasonings 20 damages liability 85–6

defects; contractual guarantees 86–8; latent defects 86–8, 230–1, 234; proof 148–9, 193, 215; victim friendly definition 235, 241

defences 90, 95–6

delictual liability 89–91, 232–6; things within one’s keeping 90–1, 232–4; third parties 234–5

development risk defence 165, 168, 181, 188, 224–8

France (cont.)

fault, concept 89–90 and harmonisation 96–8

implementation of Directive 91–6; damages 94–5; defences 95–6; delay 85, 224–8; development risk defence 224–8; disadvantages 222; suppliers’ liability 95

intermediaries, liability 193 judgments 34

liability rules; compared to UK 223–8; contractual 86–9, 159, 230–2; delictual 89–91, 232–6; future 236–41; manufacturers 223–6; suppliers 95, 226

limitation periods 88, 98, 236–7 obligation de s´ecurit´ 88–9, 90,

97–8, 230, 231–2, 234–5, 236, 238–40

parallel regimes 96–8, 204–5, 230–6

pleadings 34 presumptions 87 privity of contract 232

pro-consumer tradition 84, 241 public and private law 85–6 sales contracts 86–9, 159

strict liability 88, 90, 203, 210 vicarious liability 90–1

Fuji Heavy Industry 335

Gajdusek, Carleton 309 gas 50

genetically modified products, German law 121–2

Germany

and A v National Blood Authority

18–19, 26–7, 29, 150, 214, 222 blood testing 15

burden of proof 102, 114–15, 158–9, 203

causation 116, 120–1, 133 class actions 124 contractual liability 101–2 costs 196

court procedures 123–5, 197 damages 116–17; 500 ecu

threshold 63; ceilings 116–17,

161, 162, 163; personal injuries

116–17; state compensation schemes 122

defects; classification of defects 103, 107–8, 157–8; contract 101–2; design defects 104–5, 109–12, 157; drugs 120; excessively dangerous products 112–13, 157; manufacturing defects 103–4, 108–9, 115, 193; proof 114–15; tort 103

defences 115

development risk defence 114, 115, 163–4, 165, 168, 193

drugs. See drugs

genetically modified products 121–2

and global developments 100–1 implementation of Directive

107

joint and several liability 116 law reforms 210

legal aid 196 occupational diseases 122 parallel regimes 121

post-marketing liabilities 117–19; duty of care 117–18; market surveillance 118; notifications 118; product safety regulation 118–19; recall of products 117–18; warnings 118

Product Liability Act 107–17; compensation 116–17; defects 107–14; defences 115; warnings 114

representations 102 representative actions 125 strict liability 162

third parties 101

tortious liability 102–7; design duties 104–5; duty of care 102–3, 156–7; manufacturing duties 103–4; prima facie cases of negligence 106; statutory duties 106; suppliers 107; warnings 105

and US law 100 workplace accidents 122

Gnela, B. 292

Gonz´alez S´anchez v Medicina Asturiana

45, 46, 92–3, 204, 205–6, 222,

237, 239

Greece 197, 204

Harmathy, A. 246, 269, 290, 292 harmonisation

consumer protection 195 court procedures 197 debate 6, 8–9 divergences 8, 241–2 English law 9, 139, 148–9 French law 9, 96–8 internal market 202–4 issues 8

maximal harmonisation 188–9, 203–6; and English law 139; and France 93–4, 98, 204–5; and Germany 121; necessity 206–7; and Spain 44, 46, 205–6

necessity 202–7, 221

Product Liability Directive 2–4, 84, 94, 202–17

and use of comparative law 139 hepatitis

Australia 330–1 contaminated blood; claims

209–10; and defect 108; England. See A v National Blood Authority ; German compensation 122; Italy 69, 81; Spain 45–6; Trilergan 81; United Kingdom 311; United States 317–18

and United States 302 and vaccines 228

Herman, Shael 21 HIV contamination

Canadian case 330 and defect 108

Dutch case 128, 179, 193, 330

English litigation 13, 16 France 169, 231 German case 164

German compensation 122 Spain 55

United Kingdom 311 United States 302

Hodges, C. 248 horse meat 227

Howells, Geraint 99, 172, 248 Hungary

Civil Code 265 component parts 277, 288 consumer protection 263 contractual liability 268–9 damages 290, 292

defective products 279, 282–6 definition of products 276 development risk defence 287 duty of care 286

EU membership 250 excluded products 276

free market development 260–1 identification of distributors

272–3

implementation of Directive 251 instruction defects 281 manufacturer liability 274 manufacturing defects 280 monitoring products 281 presumption of fault 282 producers of components 277 proof of defects 287

strict liability 252, 253, 284–5 tortious liability 270, 271,

273–4

importers 133–4, 274

infections. See contaminated blood; HIV contamination; pre-manufacture generic infections

insurance

Germany 121, 124 unlimited damages 162

intermediaries, liability 193 internal market 200, 202–4, 206 Ireland, class actions 197 Ishihara, Shintaro 335

Israel 303–4 Italy

burden of proof 78 complexity of procedures 197 consumer bias 74–5 consumer model 77

critique of Directive 77–83

Italy (cont.)

damages 62, 69, 75–6 defects; definition 70–1;

foreseeability 70–1; warnings and advertising 71

defences; consumers’ conduct 72–3; development risk defence 69

implementation of Directive 69–70

joint and several liability 74–5 manufacturer liability 73–4 mass actions 81–2

parallel legislation 69–70 pharmaceutical products cases

78–9

pre-Directive law 67–9 presumptions 76–7 strict liability 68–9 tortious liability 68–9

Japan

access to justice 337–8 alternative dispute resolution 338 blood testing 16

BSE 307, 339–40 density of litigation 338 Euro-clone 303, 340 governance 339–40

law reform 338–9

product liability law 336–9 joint and several liability 74–5, 116,

136, 275 judgments

England 34, 40

English v continental practice 149 France 34

jurisdiction, cross-border issues 198

Kawasoe, Katsuhiko 334

labelling 102, 145–6

latent defects, France 86–8, 230–1, 234 law reform

development risk defence 189–91 EU competence 199–200

Japan 338–9

review of Directive 208–11, 295–6

legal aid 196 legionnaires’ disease 306Le˛towska, E. 246, 262 Lightman, Justice 33 limitation periods

Central Europe 293 development risk defence 225 Directive 208, 209

Dutch law 128

French law 88, 98, 236–7 reform 210

Lipobay 101 Lipsey, R. G. 255 litigation

forum shopping 242 Japan 338

paucity of European cases 77–8, 201, 216, 295

litis consortium 82 Lovells 242 Luxembourg 165, 168

Maczonkai, M. 253, 287 Malinvaud, P. 84

‘Manchuria question’ 182, 212 manufacturers. See producer /

manufacturer liability manufacturing defects

Central Europe 280

Czech Republic 280 development risk defence 172,

193, 212

and development risk defence 188, 212

England 172

Germany 103–4, 108–9, 115, 157, 193

meaning 157

nature of liability 158–9 pre-manufacture generic infections 313, 328

Spain 50–4

United States 301, 313–14, 315–17 market share liability 116, 137

market surveillance 118 Max Planck Institute 21, 37 Mayhew, Alan 244 medicines. See drugs

Mitsubishi 101, 334–6 MMR vaccine 185 modernisation 207–11, 216

monitoring products 117–18, 225–6, 281

Morris, D. 257

negligence. See tortious liability Netherlands

causation 131–3, 135–7

court procedures, simplification 197

defects; causation 131–3; contaminated blood 128, 179, 193, 213, 330; expected use 130; proof 130–1

DES case 135–7

development risk defence 129–30, 179–80

identification of producers / importers 133–4

implementation of Directive 126–7

limitation periods 128 parallel regimes 127–8 pre-Directive cases 127 putting into circulation 134 suppliers, liability 134–5

Newdick, C. 172 notifications 118, 193

occupational diseases 122 oral contraceptives 187–8

parallel regimes 7

article 13 222–3; removal 242 betrayal of product liability

function 80 continued use 242 England 229–30

France v England 228–36 French law 96–8, 204–5,

230–6 future 237–41

German law, drugs 121 Italy 69–70

Spain 44–7, 92–3, 205–6 United Kingdom 205

pathogens. See pre-manufacture generic infections

Pearson Commission 168 personal injuries and death

German damages 116–17 maximum compensation 116–17 Spanish damages 59–62

pharmaceutical products. See drugs pleadings 34

Poland

Civil Code 265 component parts 277, 288 consumer protection 262,

263

contractual liability 267, 269 damages 292

defects 279–80

definition of products 276 duty of care 286

EU membership 250 fault 282

force majeure 286 identification of producers 273 implementation of Directive

251–2

importer liability 274 instruction defects 281 limitation periods 293 manufacturer liability 274 monitoring products 281 products, definition 276 proof of defects 287 protective equipment 281 strict liability 252–3 tortious liability 271 unsafe products 279–80

Portugal, damages 162, 163 pre-manufacture generic infections

characteristics 305–6 classification 315

EU legal response 318 miscellaneous cases 330–2

UK Hepatitis C judgment 325–0 UK incidents 307–11

US legal response 312–18

price, and consumer expectations 111 privity of contract 229, 232, 269 procedure. See court procedures

producer / manufacturer liability blood transfusion services 23 ceiling 83

conduct, and development risk defence 186–8

Czech Republic 223–6, 274, 285 Czechoslovakia 274

France and UK 223–6 Hungary 274

identification of producers 133–4, 226, 272–3

Italy 73–4

Poland 274

producers or suppliers 52–4 Spain 52–4

product liability

basic comparative law issues 155–66

claims 201

common law systems 297–300 complexity 1–2

consumer protection v commercial interests 195

essential components 1, 192–8 European approaches harmonisation history 202–17 lack of litigation 201, 216, 295 substantive laws of Europe 192–6 uses of comparative law 4–5

Product Liability Database 5, 140 Product Liability Directive

and access to justice 77–8, 79 allocation of risks 155, 222, 243,

325–6

betrayal of product liability function 80

and compensation 79 and contaminated blood

transfusion 14–15, 28 context 208

drafting 19–20, 35–36, 161, 164–5, 167–8

effect 248

Euro-fudge 303–4, 319–20 harmonisation. See

harmonisation implementation; Central Europe.

See Central Europe ; France. See

France ; Germany 107; Italy

69–70; Netherlands 126–7;

Spain 44–5; UK. See United Kingdom

internal market or consumer protection 2–3, 303, 325

interpretation issues 7 Italian critique 77–83 length 297

litigation levels 77–8, 213, 235, 295

and mass actions 67, 81–2 modernisation 207–11, 216 new Directive, EU competence

199–200 orientation 303–4

and pathogenic infections 318 reviews 208–11, 295–6

role of comparative law 5 scope 247

supremacy over national laws 23–4

text 341–9

travaux pr´eparatoires 19, 22, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36

uncertainty 282

vague and opaque text 303–4, 320

product safety legislation 118–19, 165, 195, 203

products

agricultural products 208, 276 blood 22–3

Central Europe 275–7 distinction from services 49–50,

331

expected use 130, 194 Spanish concept 49–50

public bodies, Spanish liability 55–8 public law, v private law 55–8, 85–6 punitive damages 198

pure economic loss 116, 127 putting into circulation 3, 57–8, 134,

278

recall of products 117–18, 226 representative actions 125

res ipsa loquitur 18, 131, 283–4

risks

allocation 155–6, 222, 243, 325–6

development. See development risk defence

failure risks 147 foreseeability 156, 159 information 120, 145 known risks 150, 182, 213,

227–8

risk management 165–6 risk / utility tests 159–60 risks of life 18

Rogers, Horton 48, 129 Roman law 87

Roper, B. 255 Russia 192

Scandinavia, drug damages 194 Scotland 15, 196

services, distinction from products 49–50, 331

‘skeletons’ 34, 38 Slovenia 244 Snowdon, B. 255 social security 78, 194 Soviet Union 293 Spain

case law on Product Liability Act 42–4

causation 194

class actions 197, 198 colza oil case 44, 168 constitutional equality 57 consumer arbitration 64 consumer claims 64–5

damages; ceilings 162, 163; death and personal injuries 59–2; threshold 62–5; volume of claims 64–5

defects 48, 50–4

defences 54–8; development risk defence 54–8, 165, 168; force majeure 55–6; ‘other circumstances’ 51–2

Gonz´alez S´anchez v Medicina Asturiana 45, 46, 92–3, 204, 205–6, 222, 237, 239

implementation of Directive 44–5, 65–6

liability of public bodies 55–8 manufacturer liability 52–4 manufacturing defects 50–4 parallel legislation 44–7, 92–3,

205–6

private and public law 55–8 products 49–0

road traffic liability 60–1 services v products 49–50

strict liability v fault liability 48–9 suppliers or manufacturers 52–4

Stapleton, Jane 23, 37, 41, 141, 172, 186, 248, 282

stare decisis 20

state compensation schemes 122, 194 state of knowledge

A v National Blood Authority 26, 32–3

accessibility 150, 178–9, 184–5, 224, 240

Central Europe 280 contaminated blood transfusion

17 defence 73–4

definition of knowledge 185–6 ECJ interpretation 176–9 expectations 110

French interpretation 181, 240 German law 115

meaning 164 Spanish law 57–8 UK wording 169 unresolved issue 184

Strasbourg Convention on Product Liability 1977 167, 320

strict liability

and ceilings on damages 161–3 Central Europe 252–4 comparative view 156–1 contradictions of Directive 320–5 and development risk defence

208, 223–5, 319 English law 140–2, 151 European laws 192 extension 210

French law 88, 90, 203, 232–6

strict liability (cont.) German law, drugs 164

Hungary 252, 253, 284–5 Italian law 68–9

or negligence 140–2, 156–61 v other liabilities 206 Poland 252–3

Spain 48–9 suppliers

Dutch liability 134–5 English law 230 French law 95, 226

German tortious liability 107 or manufacturers 52–4 Spanish law 52–4

Svestka, J. 260, 261, 268 Sweden 197

Taiwan 303–4

Taschner, Hans Claudius 19, 27, 35–6, 169, 202, 209, 323, 324, 325

Taylor, S. 87

thalidomide 2, 18, 78, 81, 119, 165, 207, 210, 303–4, 320, 322

third parties 101, 234–5 Tichy, L. 265–6, 285 tortious liability

Central Europe 270–2 comparative view 156–61 English law 13–14, 140–2, 229–30 French law 89–91, 232–6 German law 102–7, 156–7

Italy 68–9

or strict liability 140–2, 156–1 Trade Links 285

trichinae bacteria 227 Trilergan 81

Trubek, D. 255 TSE 310

United Kingdom. See also England; Scotland

blood testing 15, 16

Commission v UK 173–9, 211–12, 213, 223–4, 324, 326

contaminated blood 311

development risk defence 165, 322, 324–5; Unilateral Statement 323–5, 326

food poisoning 310–11 implementation of Directive 17,

23–4, 138; development risk defence 173–9, 211–12, 223–4 liability rules, compared to France

223–8

parallel regimes 205 pre-manufacture generic

infections 307–11 product liability cases 27–8

reports on product liability 167 sale of goods 229

United States 9

and A v National Blood Authority

28, 39

ban on Japanese beef 339 blood testing 16

class actions 81, 101

defect classification 157–8, 317–18 design defects 302, 317–18 diversity of product liability

regimes 203

federal preemption 318 food poisoning 313 legal developments 100

legal response to contamination cases 312–18

liability rules 322, 332 manufacturing defects 301,

313–14, 315–17 market share liability 116

pharmaceutical liability 79 product liability claims 201 product liability regimes 300–2 risk–utility tests 159

Second Restatement of Torts 207, 300–1

standard of care 314–15

Third Restatement of Torts 141, 144, 156, 160, 207–8, 297–300, 301–2

warranty claims 138, 300, 314

vaccines 185, 228, 312 Van Gerven, Walter 135

vicarious liability 90–1 Viney, G. 98 Vondracek, T. J. 291–2 VTE 187

warnings

and development risk defence 187

English law 145–6, 187 German law 105, 114,

118 Italian law 71

post-circulation 225–6 wool-sorter’s disease 305 workplace accidents, Germany 122