Index

Accursius, 27 Addison, C. G., 48, 54 adjudication costs, 78

adoption agencies, 113--14

advice. See reliance on professional advice agency, Netherlands, 395

alcohol tests, employees, 112 animals. See also Case 6

Austria, 267

Finland and Sweden, 269 Portugal, 268

strict liability, 258, 264, 269--70 antitrust law, 8

Aquinas, Thomas, 30, 31, 32, 33 architects. See also Case 7

professional ethics, Portugal, 287 regulation, Belgium, 272 standard of care, 286

Aristotle, 30 asbestos, 19 Atiyah, P. S., 51

auditors’ regulation. See also Case 17 Belgium, 457

EC Directive, 461 France, 453--5 Greece, 459--60 Italy, 457 Portugal, 469 Spain, 458

Sweden and Finland, 470 Austria

Case 1, 186--7 Case 2, 202 Case 3, 218--19 Case 4, 235--6 Case 5, 251

Case 6, 267--8

Case 7, 285--6

Case 8, 302--3

Case 9, 323--4 Case 10, 339--40 Case 11, 356--7 Case 12, 378--80 Case 13, 398--9 Case 14, 413--14 Case 15, 429--30 Case 16, 448--9 Case 17, 468--9 Case 18, 484--5 Case 19, 503--4 Case 20, 516--18

conservative regime, 125, 152--4 contract. See contract

façade, 126--7

floodgates argument, 20, 21, 303 labour law, 219

pre-contractual duties, 154, 356, 503--4 transferred loss, 302--3, 339, 340

Baldus de Ubaldi, 29 Belgium

bonus pater familias, 474, 508 Case 1, 173--4

Case 2, 192--3

Case 3, 209--11

Case 4, 223--4

Case 5, 242--3

Case 6, 256--7

Case 7, 272--3

Case 8, 292--3

Case 9, 310--11

Case 10, 328--30

Case 11, 345--6

Case 12, 363--4 Case 13, 386 Case 14, 404--5 Case 15, 420--1 Case 16, 436 Case 17, 456--7 Case 18, 474--5 Case 19, 489--91 Case 20, 507--8

causation, 132--3, 210--11, 257, 420--1, 508

Criminal Code, 173

employers’ liability, 173, 192--3, 223 force majeure, 293

liberal regime, 123, 131--3 recoverability of pure economic loss, 22

Bell, G. J., 441 Bernstein, Robby, 47, 52 Bhopal gas leak, 19 Brunnemann, J., 27, 29 Buchanan, James M., 61

building defects. See also Case 13 US cases, 114--18

cables. See Case 1; Case 2; Case 3 Cajetan, 30, 32--3, 36, 46 Calabresi, Guido, 71 cancellations. See Case 8 Carbonnier, Jean, 120

carers. See Case 10

Case 1 (Cable I – Blackout) Austria, 186--7

Belgium, 173--4 comparative law, 189--91 economic approach, 70 England, 179--80

facts, 171 Finland, 188--9 France, 172--3 Germany, 185 Greece, 177--9 Italy, 174--6

Netherlands, 183--5 Portugal, 187--8 Scotland, 180--3 Spain, 176--7 Sweden, 188--9

Case 2 (Cable II – Factory Shutdown) Austria, 202

Belgium, 192--3

comparative law, 205--7, 527 economic approach, 70 England, 196

facts, 192 Finland, 204--5 France, 192 Germany, 200--2 Greece, 138, 195--6 Italy, 193--4

Netherlands, 198--200 nightmare scenario, 207 Portugal, 202--4

private and social loss, 87 Scotland, 196--8

Spain, 195 Sweden, 204--5

Case 3 (Cable III – Day-to-Day Workers) Austria, 218--19

Belgium, 209--11 comparative law, 220--1 economic approach, 71, 87 England, 214--15

facts, 208 Finland, 219--20 France, 208--9 Germany, 218 Greece, 213--14 Italy, 211--12

Netherlands, 147, 216--17 Portugal, 219

Scotland, 215--16 Spain, 212 Sweden, 219--20

Case 4 (Convalescing Employee) Austria, 235--6

Belgium, 223--4 comparative law, 239--40 economic approach, 71 England, 231

facts, 222 Finland, 238--9 France, 222--3 Germany, 234--5 Greece, 229--31 Italy, 224--5

Netherlands, 233--4 Portugal, 236--8

private and social loss, 87--8 Scotland, 231--3

Spain, 225--9 Sweden, 238--9

578 i n d e x

Case 5 (Requiem for an Italian All Star) Austria, 251

Belgium, 222--4 comparative law, 254, 527

economic approach, 71, 88--9 England, 247--8

facts, 221 Finland, 253 France, 221--2 Germany, 250 Greece, 246--7 Italy, 224--5

Netherlands, 147, 249--50 Portugal, 251--3 Scotland, 248--9

Spain, 225--8

Sweden, 253

Case 6 (Infected Cow) Austria, 267--8 Belgium, 256--7

comparative law, 269--70 economic approach, 71--2 England, 260--2

facts, 255 Finland, 268--9 France, 255--6

Germany, 151, 266--7 Greece, 259--60 Italy, 138, 257--8 Netherlands, 263--5 Portugal, 268 Scotland, 262--3 Spain, 258--9 Sweden, 268--9

Case 7 (Careless Architect) Austria, 285--6

Belgium, 272--3 comparative law, 289--90 economic approach, 72 England, 277--8

facts, 271 Finland, 288--9 France, 271--2 Germany, 284--5 Greece, 276--7 Italy, 273--4

Netherlands, 283--4 Portugal, 286--8 Scotland, 278--83 Spain, 274--6 Sweden, 288--9

Case 8 (Cancelled Cruise) Austria, 302--3 Belgium, 292--3 comparative law, 305--7 economic approach, 72 England, 296--7

facts, 291 Finland, 304--5 France, 291--2 Germany, 301--2 Greece, 295--6 Italy, 294

Netherlands, 300--1 Portugal, 303--4 Scotland, 297--9 Spain, 294--5 Sweden, 304--5

Case 9 (Fire in Projection Booth) Austria, 323--4

Belgium, 310--11 comparative law, 326--7 economic approach, 72 England, 316--17

facts, 308 Finland, 326 France, 308--10 Germany, 321--3 Greece, 314--16 Italy, 311--12

Netherlands, 147, 320--1 Portugal, 324--6 Scotland, 317--20

Spain, 312--14

Sweden, 326

Case 10 (Dutiful Wife) Austria, 339--40 Belgium, 328--30

comparative law, 341--3, 527 economic approach, 72 England, 333

facts, 328 Finland, 341 France, 328 Germany, 338--9 Greece, 331--2 Italy, 330

Netherlands, 147, 336--8 Portugal, 340

Scotland, 333--6 Spain, 330--1 Sweden, 341

Case 11 (Maestro’s Mistake) Austria, 356--7

Belgium, 345--6 comparative law, 360--1 economic approach, 72--3 England, 348--9, 350 facts, 344

Finland, 359--60 France, 344--5 Germany, 354--6 Greece, 347--8 Italy, 346--7 Netherlands, 353--4 Portugal, 357--9 Scotland, 350--3 Spain, 347 Sweden, 359--60

Case 12 (Double Sale)

Austria, 378--80

Belgium, 363--4 comparative law, 383--4 England, 368--70

facts, 362 Finland, 382 France, 362--3 Germany, 377--8 Greece, 367--8 Italy, 364--5

Netherlands, 375--7 Portugal, 380--2 Scotland, 370--5 Spain, 365--7 Sweden, 382

Case 13 (Subcontractor’s Liability) Austria, 398--9

Belgium, 386 comparative law, 401--2 England, 390

facts, 385 Finland, 401 France, 385--6 Germany, 396--8 Greece, 389--90 Italy, 387

Netherlands, 395--6

Portugal, 399--401 Scotland, 390--5 Spain, 387--9 Sweden, 401

Case 14 (Poor Legal Services) Austria, 413--14

Belgium, 404--5 comparative law, 417, 528 England, 407

facts, 403 Finland, 416--17 France, 403 Germany, 413 Greece, 406--7 Italy, 405 Netherlands, 412 Portugal, 414--16 Scotland, 407--11 Spain, 405--6 Sweden, 416--17

Case 15 (Closed Motorway) Austria, 429--30 Belgium, 420--1

comparative law, 432--4, 528 England, 423--4

facts, 418 Finland, 431--2 France, 418--20 Germany, 427--9 Greece, 422--3 Italy, 421

Netherlands, 147, 424--5 Portugal, 430--1 Scotland, 424--5

Spain, 421--2 Sweden, 431--2

Case 16 (Blocking Truck) Austria, 448--9 Belgium, 436 comparative law, 451--2 England, 439--40

facts, 435 Finland, 451 France, 435--6 Germany, 447--8 Greece, 438--9 Italy, 437

Netherlands, 446--7 Portugal, 449--51 Scotland, 440--6 Spain, 437--8 Sweden, 451

Case 17 (Auditor’s Liability) Austria, 468--9

Belgium, 456--7 comparative law, 471--2 England, 461

580 i n d e x

Case 17 (Auditor’s Liability) (cont.) facts, 453

Finland, 470--1

France, 453--6 Germany, 466--8 Greece, 459--61 Italy, 457--8 Netherlands, 465--6 Portugal, 469--70 Scotland, 461--5 Spain, 458--9 Sweden, 470--1

Case 18 (Wrongful Job

Reference) Austria, 484--5 Belgium, 474--5 comparative law, 486--7 England, 478--9

facts, 473 Finland, 486 France, 473 Germany, 483--4 Greece, 477--8 Italy, 475 Netherlands, 482 Portugal, 485--6 Scotland, 479--82 Spain, 475--7 Sweden, 486

Case 19 (Breach of Promise) Austria, 503--4

Belgium, 489--91 comparative law, 505--6 England, 496--7

facts, 488 Finland, 504--5 France, 488 Germany, 502--3 Greece, 495--6 Italy, 491--3 Netherlands, 501 Portugal, 504 Scotland, 497--501 Spain, 493--5 Sweden, 504--5

Case 20 (Anonymous Telephone Call) Austria, 516--18

Belgium, 507--8 comparative law, 519--20 England, 511--12

facts, 507

Finland, 519

France, 507 Germany, 515--16 Greece, 510--11 Italy, 509--10 Netherlands, 514--15 Portugal, 518 Scotland, 512--14 Spain, 510

Sweden, 519 case studies

metalegal formants, 170 methodology, 163 operative rules, 169--70 purpose, 163 questionnaire, 166--70

causation

Belgium, 132--3, 210--11, 257, 420--1, 508 Case 4, 239

Case 5, 254

France, 127, 172, 454--5, 456 Germany, 185

Greece, 138, 178, 332, 422--3, 438--9 Italy, 175, 211

liberal regimes, 205--6, 220--1 Netherlands, 147--8, 184--5, 199--200, 300 reliance on advice, 13

Spain, 136--7, 258--9 chances. See lost opportunities

citizens, relationships with public bodies, 65

civil or common law regimes, irrelevance, 530

Clerk, J. F., 48, 54 Coderch, Salvador, 388

codification. See European civil code collateral benefits

common core absence, 158, 530--1 approach, 163--6

Common Core Project, 163 consequential loss, 533 intentional harm, 534 interference with business, 535--6 professional services, 534--5 purpose of case studies, 163 questionnaire, 166--70

search for, 121

selective protected areas, 534--6 substantive common core, 532--6 transferred losses, 535

common or civil law regimes, irrelevance, 530

commutative justice, 30--1, 33, 34 competition, 66--8

consequential economic loss common core, 533 recoverability, 7

vs. pure economic loss, 5--8 conservative regimes, 125, 148--58, 206--7,

526

conspiracy, 139, 372--3 contract

chain of contracts, France, 309 changed circumstances, Germany, 25 England, 142

freedom, 58--9

interference. See interference with contractual relations

positive violation of contract, 154 pre-contractual liability. See also Case 19

Austria, 154, 356, 503--4 Belgium, 489

England, 496--7

France, 488--9

Germany, 151, 355--6, 502 Greece, 495--6

Italy, 491--3 Netherlands, 501

Portugal, 470, 485--6, 504 Spain, 493--5

Sweden and Finland, 505 privity. See privity of contract Scotland, 144, 497--8

third parties

Austria, 154, 398--9, 413--14, 468--9, 517 Germany, 150--1, 396--8, 467--8

Greece, 315 Portugal, 286--8 US, 104

contributory negligence, 285--6, 321, 466 copyright, 8

Cornell methodology, 4

Corpus iuris civilis, 26--7

credit reference agencies. See Case 20 culpa in contrahendo

Austria, 154, 356, 503--4 Belgium, 490

European codification, 539 Germany, 151, 355--6, 502 Greece, 495--6

Portugal, 470, 485--6

Spain, 493--5

Sweden and Finland, 505 currency stability, 63--4

damage, meaning, 23, 31 De Ángel, R., 437

deceit, 139

defamation. See also Case 20 Belgium, 508

England, 139

Greece, 477 Scotland, 144

defects. See Case 9 derivative litigation, 90--2 descriptive formants, 170 Díez-Picazo, L., 245 disclaimers, US, 102--3

discrimination, and market economy, 59 distributive justice, 30

drug tests, employees, 112 due process, 65 Durandus, 29

duty of care Belgium, 131--2 Case 2, 206 England, 140, 142 Greece, 138 Netherlands, 146

Scotland, 145, 232--3 screening mechanism, 124--5

economics approach, 77--81 private and social loss, 81--5 pure economic loss, 57, 81

education, freedom, 64 employment. See also Case 4

Austria, 485

Belgium, 209 drug/alcohol tests, 112

employers’ liability, 173, 192--3, 223, 460 France, 208

Germany, 484 Greece, 478 Spain, 475--6

England

Caparo Industries, 461 Case 1, 179--80

Case 2, 196 Case 3, 214--15 Case 4, 231 Case 5, 247--8

582 i n d e x

England (cont.) Case 6, 260--2 Case 7, 277--8 Case 8, 296--7 Case 9, 316--17 Case 10, 333

Case 11, 348--9, 350 Case 12, 368--70 Case 13, 390

Case 14, 407 Case 15, 423--4 Case 16, 439--40 Case 17, 461 Case 18, 478--9 Case 19, 496--7 Case 20, 511--12 case law, 46--55

complex structures, 316 contract law, 142, 496--7 exclusionary rule, 25, 46--54, 55 floodgates argument, 20--1

Hedley Byrne, 52, 277, 349 Junior Books, 390

legal policy, 142, 180 nightmare scenario, 261, 424 pragmatic regime, 124, 139--42 primary purpose of law, 23 pure economic loss, 6, 46--55

Rylands v. Fletcher, 260--1

Spartan Steel, 47, 53, 54, 179--80, 196, 261--2, 296

Spring v. Guardian Assurance, 478--9, 511--12

White v. Jones, 407 equity, 231

erga omnes rights, 4, 127 Erskine, 371

Esmein, 420

European civil code, 75 Study Group, 164--5 tort law, 537--8

place of pure economic loss, 540--1 possible scenarios, 541--5

European Law casebooks, 165--6 European regimes. See also specific

countries

common core. See common core conservative regimes, 125, 148--58, 206--7,

526

liberal regimes, 123--4, 126--38, 205--6, 220--1, 526

no common theoretical matrix, 158 pragmatic regimes, 124--5, 139--48, 526 types of regimes, 123--5

European Union law, breach, 8--9 evidence, negligent spoliation, 112--13 exclusionary rules, 16--24

floodgates argument, 16--21 historical perspective, 23--4, 25 lack of coherence, 92--3

scale of human values, 21--3 United States

cases, 108--18

product liability exception, 96--101 rationale, 101--7

relative unimportance, 94--6 expected value, 35

externalities, 65--70, 77--8, 81--5 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 19

façades, 122--3 fairness, floodgates, 17 Feinman, Jay M., 96 Finland

Case 1, 188--9

Case 2, 204--5

Case 3, 219--20

Case 4, 238--9 Case 5, 253 Case 6, 268--9 Case 7, 288--9 Case 8, 304--5 Case 9, 326 Case 10, 341 Case 11, 359--60 Case 12, 382 Case 13, 401 Case 14, 416--17 Case 15, 431--2 Case 16, 451 Case 17, 470--1 Case 18, 486 Case 19, 504--5 Case 20, 519

conservative regime, 125, 156--8 floodgates argument

Austria, 17, 21, 303 Case 3, 221 comparative law, 432--4 England, 20--1

France, 21, 131 generally, 16--21

Germany, 20, 21, 428--9 Netherlands, 20, 264--5, 301, 426--7 Portugal, 21

public infrastructure closures, 13 Scotland, 20--1

foot and mouth disease, 19, 61--2, 71

force majeure, 208, 222, 258, 293 foreseeability, 17, 52

Austria, 448--9

Greece, 213, 422--3, 438--9 Netherlands, 184, 199, 217, 264, 321,

425--7, 515 problem, 89--92 rules, workability, 23

Scotland, 232, 248, 334, 393--4, 499 United States, 89, 106

forgery. See Case 11 France

Case 1, 172--3 Case 2, 192 Case 3, 208--9 Case 4, 222--3 Case 5, 240--1 Case 6, 255--6 Case 7, 271--2 Case 8, 291--2 Case 9, 308--10 Case 10, 328 Case 11, 344--5 Case 12, 362--3 Case 13, 385--6 Case 14, 403 Case 15, 418--20 Case 16, 435--6 Case 17, 453--6 Case 18, 473 Case 19, 488 Case 20, 507

causation, 127, 172, 454--5, 456 chˆomage technique, 208 contract. See contract

credit reference agencies, 507 damages, 292

mitigation, 328 dommages matériels, 173, 271

floodgates argument, 21, 131

Football Club de Metz, 241 judicial policy, 128--9 Labour Code, 208

liberal regime, 123, 126--31

loss of economic expectations, 15 neminem laedere, 121, 126

recoverability of pure economic loss, 22 tort and contract, 129--30, 271--2, 310

fraud, 43, 371--2, 461

freedom of expression, 64, 516 freedom of religion, 64

gambling, 108--9 Germany

before codification, 36--8

Begriffsjurisprudenz, 46 Case 1, 185

Case 2, 200--2 Case 3, 218 Case 4, 234--5 Case 5, 250 Case 6, 266--7 Case 7, 284--5 Case 8, 301--2 Case 9, 321--3 Case 10, 338--9 Case 11, 354--6 Case 12, 377--8 Case 13, 396--8 Case 14, 413 Case 15, 427--9 Case 16, 447--8 Case 17, 466--8 Case 18, 483--4 Case 19, 502--3 Case 20, 515--16 causation, 185 Civil Code

interpretation, 543 codification, 38--46

cases, 44--5

conservative regime, 125, 148--51 contract. See contract

damages, 302

established commercial enterprises, 201--2, 448, 515

exclusionary rule, history, 25 floodgates argument, 20, 21, 428--9 fraud, 43

joint liability, 284--5

loss of economic expectations, 15 necessary services, 339

pay continuation statute, 71, 234--5, 250 primary purpose of law, 23

Schuldrechts modernisierung 151, 354--5

584 i n d e x

Gloag, W. M., 281 Goldberg, Victor, 96 Gordon, William, 48, 54 Greece

burden of proof, 315--16 Case 1, 177--9

Case 2, 195--6

Case 3, 213--14

Case 4, 229--31

Case 5, 246--7

Case 6, 259--60

Case 7, 276--7

Case 8, 295--6

Case 9, 314--16

Case 10, 331--2

Case 11, 347--8

Case 12, 367--8

Case 13, 389--90

Case 14, 406--7

Case 15, 422--3

Case 16, 438--9

Case 17, 459--61

Case 18, 477--8

Case 19, 495--6

Case 20, 510--11

causation, 138, 178, 332, 422--3, 438--9

joint and several debts, 276--7 liberal regime, 123, 137--8 professional sport, 247

Griffith, Walter, 48, 54 Grotius, Hugo, 23, 30, 31 guarantee funds, notaries, 403

guarantees, procedural guarantees, 64--70

Guatemala, 111

Harberger triangle, 67--8 historical perspective, 23--4 human rights, basic freedoms, 64

immovable property rights. See also Case 12 England, 369

France, 362

Greece, 367

Italy, 364--5 Netherlands, 376 Portugal, 380 Scotland, 371, 374 Spain, 365--7

inequality, and market economy, 59

insurance

business interruption insurance, 24 maritime insurance, 296--7 professional indemnity, 403 subrogation, 110

transferred losses, 11 intangible wealth, 21--3 intentional wrongdoing

common core, 534 or negligence, 9, 22

Germany, 37, 40, 201 Portugal, 253

interference with contractual relations Belgium, 364

comparative law, 383 England, 139, 214 France, 363

Italy, 346--7 Portugal, 252--3 Scotland, 370--1, 373 United States, 94

interference with trade, 139, 535--6 intimidation, England, 139 intoxication, 108--9

Italy

Baroncini v. Enel, 211, 475 Case 1, 174--6

Case 2, 193--4

Case 3, 211--12

Case 4, 224--5

Case 5, 243--4

Case 6, 257--8

Case 7, 273--4 Case 8, 294 Case 9, 311--12 Case 10, 330 Case 11, 346--7 Case 12, 364--5 Case 13, 387 Case 14, 405 Case 15, 421 Case 16, 437 Case 17, 457--8 Case 18, 475 Case 19, 491--3 Case 20, 509--10

causation, 175, 211 liberal regime, 123, 133--5 Meroni, 134--5, 251, 254

Puddu & Enel v. Ditta Giampaoli, 175--6, 194

James, Fleming, 95

joint and several liability Germany, 284--5 Greece, 276--7

Italy, 387 Netherlands, 283 Spain, 388, 458

ius, meaning, 33

ius quaesitum tertio, 278, 280--2 Justinian, 26

Kaufmann, Horst, 29

Kohler, Josef, 38

Kötz, H., 23, 144

Lacruz, J. L., 437

latent defects, Scotland, 317--18 Lauterbach, W. A., 29

leases, transferred losses, 11, 302--3 legal environment, stability, 63 legal harmonization, 164

legal policy

England, 142, 180, 214, 296--7 Portugal, 268

Scotland, 183

legal regimes, irrelevance, 530 legal services. See Case 14 Lessius, Leonard, 30, 33, 34 lex Aquilia, 26, 29, 37, 127 liability

generally, 61--2 open-ended liability, 90--2 optimum scope, 78

rules application, 86

practical problems, 85--9 social and private costs, 84--5

liberal regimes characteristics, 123--4 chart, 526

control of issue, 124

flexible causal determinations, 205--6, 220--21

generally, 126--38 limitation periods

Germany, contract, 150 United States, 102, 105

Lindsell, W. H. B., 48, 54 litigation rates, 20, 90--2

lost opportunities. See also Case 16; Case 18

Belgium, 436, 475 France, 473 generally, 14 Italy, 212, 475

Lugo, Juan de, 30, 34, 35--6

maritime law. See also Case 8 France, 291

United Kingdom, 298 market economy

basic requirements, 58--64 currency stability, 63--4 freedom of contract, 58--9 liability, 61--2

market dynamics, 69--70 open markets, 64 private property, 59--61

stable legal environment, 63 mayhem, England, 139 medical treatment, consent, 62 Meroni case, 134--5, 251, 254 metalegal formants, 170 methodology

case studies, 163 questionnaire, 166--70

Middle Ages, just price, 67 misfeasance in public office, 139 mitigation of damages, 328, 438 Molière, 129

Molina, Luis de, 30, 33, 34--5 monopolies, 67

movable property rights England, 369--70 France, 363

Germany, 378 Italy, 365 Netherlands, 376--7 Portgual, 381 Scotland, 374--5

natural law, 29--36 negligence

England, 139--40, 179, 214--15, 261, 277--8, 423--4

or intentional wrongdoing, 9, 22 France, 345

Germany, 37, 40 Scotland, 144

negligent misrepresentation, 114 negligent spoliation of evidence,

112--13

586 i n d e x

neighbourhood principle England, 140, 142 Scotland, 145

neighbours, 52

neminem laedere, 121, 126, 136 nervous shock, 17, 55 Netherlands

Case 1, 183--5 Case 2, 198--200 Case 3, 216--17 Case 4, 233--4 Case 5, 249--50 Case 6, 263--5 Case 7, 283--4 Case 8, 300--1 Case 9, 320--1 Case 10, 336--8 Case 11, 353--4 Case 12, 375--7 Case 13, 395--6 Case 14, 412 Case 15, 424--5 Case 16, 446--7 Case 17, 465--6 Case 18, 482 Case 19, 501 Case 20, 514--15

causation, 147--8, 184--5, 199--200, 300 floodgates argument, 20, 264--5, 301,

426--7

joint and several liability, 283 ordinary business risks, 265

Plas v. Valburg, 501

pragmatic regime, 124, 145--8 nightmare scenarios, 207, 261, 420--1 Norrie, Kenneth, 144--5, 282, 320, 409, 410 notaries. See also Case 14

Belgium, 404--5 France, 403 Germany, 413 Greece, 406--7 Italy, 405

Netherlands, 412, 465 Portugal, 414--15 Spain, 405--6

nuisance

private nuisance, 439--43 public nuisance, 260--1, 423

Odofredus, 27 open markets, 64

operative rules, 169--70

Pantaleón, F., 227, 437, 459

parasitic loss. See consequential economic loss

passing off, 139, 144 patents, 8, 68 pharmaceutical products, 68 philosophical values, 21--3 Pollock, Sir Frederick, 48 Portugal

Case 1, 187--8

Case 2, 202--4 Case 3, 219 Case 4, 236--8 Case 5, 251--3 Case 6, 268 Case 7, 286--8 Case 8, 303--4 Case 9, 324--6 Case 10, 340 Case 11, 357--9 Case 12, 380--2

Case 13, 399--401

Case 14, 414--16

Case 15, 430--1

Case 16, 449--51

Case 17, 469--70

Case 18, 485--6 Case 19, 504 Case 20, 518

conservative regime, 125, 154--6 contract. See contract floodgates argument, 21 manifest abuses, 358--9, 381

personal right of enjoyment, 304 Posch, W., 152

Posner, R. A.

possession, Germany, 302 potential property. See also lost

opportunities Aquinas, 32 Cajetan, 32--3 compensation, 33--6 Lessius, 33

Molina, 33 pragmatic regimes

characteristics, 124--5 chart, 526

generally, 139--48 precautionary measures, 176, 194 press freedom, 64, 516

private nuisance, 439--43 private property, 59--61

privity of contract France, 172 Germany, 150--1

Greece, 276, 367--8, 389 Scotland, 280

Spain, 388 United States, 104

procedural guarantees, 64--70 product liability. See also Case 9

Austria, 324

Belgium, 310 comparative law, 326--7 England, 316

France, 308--9 Germany, 322--3 Greece, 314 Italy, 311 Netherlands, 321 Portugal, 324--5 Spain, 312

Sweden and Finland, 326 United States, 96--101

professional advice. See reliance on professional advice

professional services. See also Case 14; Case 17

common core, 534--5 freedom, 64

indemnity insurance, 403 liability, Italy, 273--4 misconduct, US, 105

property rights. See also Case 12 Austria, 448

exercise, 63 framework, 538 France, 362 Germany, 447--8 guarantee, 59--61

immovable. See immovable property movable. See movable property rights potential property. See potential

property

private property, 59--61 proximity

England, 277, 349, 461 Netherlands, 426 proximate cause, 110--11

Scotland, 181--3, 279, 393, 464--5 United States, 106

public bodies

relationships between, 64--5 relationships with citizens, 65

public infrastructure closures, 16. See also Case 15

public nuisance, England, 260--1, 423 public policy

Case 3, 221

exclusion of pure economic loss, 53--4

Scotland, 215--16, 233, 263 Pufendorf, Samuel, 30

Rabin, Robert, 96 reduction, 374

relational economic loss. See ricochet losses reliance on professional advice. See also

Case 11 causation, 13

England, 277--8, 349--50 generally, 13--14 Greece, 347--8 Portugal, 287--8 Scotland, 280

religious freedom, 64 remoteness of damage

Case 2, 206

English cases, 47, 54, 55 Italy, 257--8, 330

Scotland, 181--3, 197, 262--3 rent seeking, 69

ricochet losses France, 127 generally, 10--11 Greece, 138

Netherlands, 147, 336 rights

absolute and relative, 45

in personam, 218, 227, 378--9 in rem, 381, 539

meaning, 33

road traffic accidents. See also Case 15 Austria, 430

France, 222, 418--20 Germany, 428

Roman law, 26--9, 121, 143--4 Rudden, Bernard, 131

Sacco, Rodolfo, 120, 133, 167, 365, 382 sale of goods, implied warranty of fitness,

102

Salmond, J. W., 48--9, 54 Santos Briz, J., 245

scale of human values, 21--3 Schwartz, Gary T., 96

588 i n d e x

Schilcher, B., 152 Schlesinger, Rudolf, 167 scholastics, 30, 46 Scotland

Caparo Industries, 279, 462--4 Case 1, 180--3

Case 2, 196--8

Case 3, 215--16

Case 4, 231--3

Case 5, 248--9

Case 6, 262--3

Case 7, 278--83

Case 8, 297--9

Case 9, 317--20

Case 10, 333--6

Case 11, 350--3

Case 12, 370--5

Case 13, 390--5

Case 14, 407--11

Case 15, 424--5

Case 16, 440--6

Case 17, 461--5

Case 18, 479--82

Case 19, 497--501

Case 20, 512--14 contract, 144, 497--8

Donoghue v. Stevenson, 317--18

Dynamco, 196--7, 215, 297 floodgates argument, 20--1 Hedley Byrne, 278--9, 282, 350--3

Henderson v. Merrett, 280, 351--2, 391 Junior Books, 390--3, 394--5

jus quaesitum tertio, 278, 280--2 mixed jurisdiction, 143 Nacap, 297--9

necessary services, 335--6 pragmatic regime, 124, 142--5 sequestration, 317

Spring v. Guardian Assurance, 479--80, 514

White v. Jones, 407, 409--10 Serra, Vaz, 155

Shavell, Steven

Sirvent, J., 389 slander of title, 139 Smith, Adam, 58 smoking, 109--12

Soto, Domingo de, 30, 34 sources of law, 168 Spain

a non domino dispositions, 367 Case 1, 176--7

Case 2, 195

Case 3, 212 Case 4, 225--9 Case 5, 244--6 Case 6, 258--9 Case 7, 274--6 Case 8, 294--5 Case 9, 312--14 Case 10, 330--1 Case 11, 347 Case 12, 365--7 Case 13, 387--9 Case 14, 405--6 Case 15, 421--2 Case 16, 437--8 Case 17, 458--9 Case 18, 475--7 Case 19, 493--5 Case 20, 510

causation, 136--7, 258--9 general risks of life, 259 liberal regime, 123, 135--7 neminem laedere, 136

sport, Greece, 247

spouses, mutual assistance, 328, 338, 340 standard of care, architects, 286

strict liability

animals, 258, 264, 269--70 France, 222, 435--6 product liability, 97--8, 316 road traffic, Austria, 430 sale of goods, US, 102 Sweden, 519

subcontractors. See Case 13 subrogation

Austria, 235--6

Case 4, 239--40

England, 231

Finland, 238--9 France, 222 Germany, 234--5 health costs, 111 insurance, 110

Portugal, 236--8, 400--1 Spain, 389

Sweden, 238--9 Sweden

Case 1, 188--9

Case 2, 204--5

Case 3, 219--20

Case 4, 238--9

Case 5, 253 Case 6, 268--9 Case 7, 288--9 Case 8, 304--5 Case 9, 326 Case 10, 341 Case 11, 359--60 Case 12, 382 Case 13, 401 Case 14, 416--17 Case 15, 431--2 Case 16, 451 Case 17, 470--1 Case 18, 486 Case 19, 504--5 Case 20, 519

conservative regime, 125, 156--8 pure economic loss, 6

Thomson, J. M., 282--3, 392, 394, 441, 442 Tilburg Group, 18

title to sue, Scotland, 197--8 tobacco damage, 109--12 tortíous liability

limits, 22

or contractual liability Austria, 154, 187 Case 7, 289--90

France, 129--30, 271--2, 310

Germany, 150--1, 201, 396--8

loss of economic expectations, 15--16 United States, 101--5, 108

rights and legitimate interests, 210 transaction costs, 65--6

transfer of title, 381–2, 535. See also Case 12

transferred losses Austria, 302--3, 339, 340 common core, 535

comparative law, 342--3 generally, 11--12, 307

trends, greater tort liability, 18 trespass, 139, 144

Tunc, André, 223

unemployment, France, 208 United States

contract or tort, 101--5, 108 contract, third parties, 104 exclusionary rule

cases, 108--18

product liability exception, 96--101 rationale, 101--7

relative unimportance, 94--6 foreseeability, 89, 106 Restatement of Torts, 94--5, 104,

110

tort law, 94--5

Uniform Commercial Code, 101--3 unjust enrichment

Van Dunné, Jan, 525 vehicles, keepers, 435--6, 446

vicarious liability, Greece, 195, 389 Viney, G., 420

Vio, Tomasso de. See Cajetan von Bar, C., 12, 145

von Gierke, Otto, 38

von Jhering, Rudolph, 16, 37, 120

Walker, D. M., 144, 373 wills, 14, 16. See also Case 14 Windscheid, Bernard, 25

wrongful adoption cases, 113--14 wrongful job references. See Case 18

Zasius, 29

Zweigert, K., 144