Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / Dixon, Principles of Land Law
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Contents
8.1.2 |
Covenants as contracts |
286 |
8.1.3 |
Covenants as interests in land |
286 |
8.2THE RELEVANCE OF LAW AND EQUITY AND
THE ENFORCEMENT OF COVENANTS |
287 |
|
8.2.1 |
Suing at law |
288 |
8.2.2 |
Suing in equity |
288 |
8.3THE FACTUAL CONTEXT FOR THE ENFORCEMENT
OF FREEHOLD COVENANTS |
288 |
8.4PRINCIPLE 1: ENFORCING THE COVENANT IN AN ACTION BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL
COVENANTOR AND THE ORIGINAL COVENANTEE |
289 |
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8.4.1 |
Both original parties in possession |
289 |
8.4.2 |
After the original covenantor has |
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parted with the land |
290 |
8.4.3After the original covenantee has
parted with the land |
290 |
8.4.4Defining the original covenantee
and convenantor |
290 |
8.5PRINCIPLE 2: ENFORCING THE COVENANT AGAINST SUCCESSORS IN TITLE TO THE ORIGINAL
COVENANTOR—PASSING THE BURDEN |
291 |
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8.5.1 The covenant must touch and concern the land |
292 |
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8.5.2 The covenant must be restrictive or |
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negative in nature |
293 |
8.5.3 The covenant must have been imposed |
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to benefit land of the original covenantee |
294 |
8.5.4 The burden of the restrictive covenant must |
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be intended to run with the land |
294 |
8.5.5 |
In registered land |
295 |
8.5.6 |
In unregistered land |
296 |
8.6PRINCIPLE 3: PASSING THE BENEFIT OF A COVENANT TO SUCCESSORS IN TITLE
TO THE ORIGINAL COVENANTEE |
296 |
8.6.1Passing the benefit of positive and negative
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covenants at law |
297 |
8.6.2 |
Passing the benefit of covenants in equity |
299 |
xx
Contents
8.7ESCAPING THE CONFINES OF THE LAW: CAN THE BURDEN OF POSITIVE COVENANTS
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BE ENFORCED BY OTHER MEANS? |
303 |
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8.7.1 A chain of covenants |
304 |
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8.7.2 The artificial long lease |
305 |
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8.7.3 Mutual benefit and burden |
305 |
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8.7.4 Construing s 79 of the Law of Property Act 1925 |
306 |
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8.7.5 Discharge and modification of restrictive covenants |
307 |
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SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 8 |
309 |
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9 |
LICENCES AND PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL |
313 |
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9.1 |
LICENCES |
313 |
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9.2 |
THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF A LICENCE |
313 |
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9.3 |
TYPES OF LICENCE |
315 |
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9.3.1 |
The bare licence |
315 |
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9.3.2 Licences coupled with an interest (or ‘grant’) |
316 |
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9.3.3 |
Contractual licences |
316 |
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9.3.4 Remedies and contractual licences |
317 |
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9.3.5Licences as interests in land and their effect on
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third parties: purchasers of the licensor’s land |
317 |
9.3.6 |
Are contractual licences interests in land |
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(are they proprietary)? |
318 |
9.3.7Can the personal contractual licence take
effect against a purchaser despite not |
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being an interest in land? |
320 |
9.3.8 A summary |
322 |
9.3.9 Estoppel licences: the operation |
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of proprietary estoppel |
322 |
9.4 PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL |
324 |
9.5CONDITIONS FOR THE OPERATION OF
PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL |
326 |
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9.5.1 |
The assurance |
327 |
9.5.2 |
The reliance |
329 |
9.5.3 |
The detriment |
330 |
9.5.4 |
Unconscionability |
331 |
xxi
Contents
9.6WHAT IS THE RESULT OF A SUCCESSFUL PLEA OF
PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL? |
333 |
9.7THE NATURE OF PROPRIETARY ESTOPPELAND
ITS EFFECT ON THIRD PARTIES |
334 |
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9.7.1 |
Proprietary estoppel as an interest in land |
334 |
9.7.2 |
Proprietary estoppel as a method of creating rights |
336 |
9.7.3 |
Estoppel and the reform of registered land |
337 |
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 9 |
341 |
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10 THE LAW OF MORTGAGES |
345 |
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10.1 THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF A MORTGAGE |
345 |
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10.1.1 |
A contract between borrower and lender |
345 |
10.1.2 |
An interest in land in its own right |
345 |
10.1.3 |
The classic definition of a mortgage |
346 |
10.1.4The mortgage as a device for the
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purchase of property |
346 |
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10.1.5 |
Types of mortgage |
348 |
10.2 |
THE CREATION OF MORTGAGES BEFORE 1925 |
349 |
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10.3 |
THE CREATION OF LEGAL MORTGAGES ON |
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OR AFTER 1 JANUARY 1926 |
350 |
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10.4 |
LEGAL MORTGAGES OF FREEHOLD PROPERTY |
350 |
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10.4.1 |
Long leases |
350 |
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10.4.2 |
The charge |
351 |
10.5 |
LEGAL MORTGAGES OF LEASEHOLD PROPERTY |
352 |
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10.5.1 |
Long subleases |
352 |
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10.5.2 |
The charge |
352 |
10.6 |
REGISTERED LAND AND THE REGISTRATION |
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OF LEGAL MORTGAGES |
353 |
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10.7 |
EQUITABLE MORTGAGES |
354 |
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10.7.1 Mortgages of equitable interests |
354 |
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10.7.2 ‘Informal’ mortgages of legal interests |
355 |
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10.7.3 Mortgages by deposit of title deeds |
355 |
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xxii
Contents
10.7.4 |
Equitable charges |
356 |
10.7.5 A problem with equitable mortgages |
356 |
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10.8 THE RIGHTS OF THE MORTGAGOR: |
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THE EQUITY OF REDEMPTION |
357 |
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10.8.1 The contractual right to redeem |
357 |
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10.8.2 The equitable right to redeem |
358 |
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10.8.3 The equity of redemption |
358 |
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10.8.4 |
Undue influence |
362 |
10.8.5 |
Extortionate credit bargains |
370 |
10.8.6 |
Restraint of trade |
371 |
10.8.7 Powers of the mortgagor |
371 |
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10.9 THE RIGHTS OF THE MORTGAGEE UNDER A LEGAL |
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MORTGAGE: REMEDIES FOR DEFAULT |
372 |
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10.9.1 An action on the contract for recovery of the debt |
372 |
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10.9.2 The power of sale |
373 |
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10.9.3 The right to possession |
376 |
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10.9.4 Appointment of a receiver |
380 |
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10.9.5 |
Foreclosure |
381 |
10.10THE RIGHTS OF A MORTGAGEE UNDER AN |
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EQUITABLE MORTGAGE |
382 |
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SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 10 |
385 |
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11 ADVERSE POSSESSION |
389 |
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11.1THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ADVERSE POSSESSION: THE LIMITATION OF ACTIONS FOR UNREGISTERED
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LAND AND PRE-LRA 2002 REGISTERED LAND |
390 |
11.2 |
THE LIMITATION PERIOD FOR UNREGISTERED LAND |
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AND PRE-LRA 2002 REGISTERED LAND |
391 |
11.3 |
HOW IS ADVERSE POSSESSION ESTABLISHED |
394 |
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11.3.1 An intention to possess |
395 |
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11.3.2 Physical possession, adverse to the paper owner |
396 |
11.4STOPPING THE CLOCK OF LIMITATION FOR UNREGISTERED LAND AND PRE-LRA 2002
REGISTERED LAND |
399 |
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Contents
11.5THE EFFECT OF A SUCCESSFUL CLAIM OF ADVERSE POSSESSION IN UNREGISTERED LAND
AND PRE-LRA 2002 REGISTERED LAND |
400 |
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11.5.1 Effect on the paper owner |
400 |
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11.5.2 |
Effect on the squatter—generally |
401 |
11.5.3 |
Effect on the squatter—leaseholds |
402 |
11.6THE SUBSTANTIVE NATURE OF THE SQUATTER’S RIGHTS PRIOR TO COMPLETING THE
PERIOD OF LIMITATION IN UNREGISTERED LAND AND PRE-LRA
2002 REGISTERED LAND |
405 |
11.7 ADVERSE POSSESSION AND HUMAN RIGHTS |
405 |
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 11 |
409 |
Further Reading |
413 |
Index |
417 |
xxiv
TABLE OF CASES
88 Berkeley Road, Re [1971] Ch 648 |
4.11.1 |
AG Securities v Vaughan; Antoniades v Villiers |
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[1990] 1 AC 417; [1988] 3 All ER 1058 |
4.2.2, 6.2.1 |
Abbey National Building Society v Cann |
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[1991] 1 All ER 1985 |
2.6.4, 2.6.7, 4.9.7, 10.1.4 |
Abbey National Building Society |
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v Maybeech Ltd [1984] 3 All ER 262 |
6.7.9 |
Aberconway, Re [1953] Ch 647 |
5.3.7 |
Albany Homes Loans v Massey |
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[1997] 2 All ER 609; SLRYB 159 |
10.9.3 |
Aldred, Re (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b |
7.2.4 |
Alliance & Leicester v Slayford |
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[2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 1 |
4.9.3, 10.1.1, 10.9.1 |
Allied Irish Bank v Byrne [1995] 2 FLR 325 |
10.8.4 |
Allied London Investments Ltd v Hambro Life |
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Assurance Ltd (1984) 269 EG41; 270 EG 948 |
6.5.2 |
Amsprop Trading Ltd v Harris Distribution |
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[1996] NPC 154 |
8.4.4 |
Antoniades v Villiers |
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See AG Securities v Vaughan— |
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Archangel v Lambeth LBC (2000) |
11.3.1 |
Argyle Building Society v Hammond |
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(1984) 49 P & CR 148 |
2.5, 2.9 |
Arlesford Trading v Servansingh [1971] 1 WLR 1080 |
6.5.11 |
Armstrong and Holmes v Holmes |
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(1993) The Times, 23 June |
3.6.1, 6.5.10 |
Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1 |
2.6.4, 6.2.2, 6.2.5, 9.3.6, |
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9.3.7, 9.7.1 |
Asher v Whitlock [1865] LR 1 QB 1 |
11.6 |
Aslan v Murphy [1989] 3 All ER 130 |
6.2, 6.2.1 |
Associated Provincial Picture House |
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v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 |
10.8.3 |
Attorney General for Hong Kong |
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v Humphreys [1987] AC 114 |
9.5, 9.5.4 |
Austen, Re [1929] 2 Ch 155 |
5.3 |
BHP Petroleum v Chesterfield Properties |
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[2001] 3 WLR 277 |
6.6.1, 6.6.2, 6.6.3 |
BRB (Residuary) v Cully (2001) unreported |
11.3.1 |
xxv
Table of Cases
Babic v Thompson (1999) 96(2) LSG 30 |
4.10.3 |
Bailey v Stevens (1862) 12 CB (NS) 99 |
7.2.3 |
Banco Exterior Internacional |
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v Mann [1995] 1 All ER 936 |
10.8.4 |
Banco Exterior Internacional |
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v Thomas [1997] 1 All ER 46 |
10.8.4 |
Bank of Baroda v Dhillon [1997] NPC 145 |
4.9.8 |
Bank of Baroda v Rayarel [1995] SLRYB 101 |
10.8.4 |
Bank of India v Mody (1998) 95(12) LSG 29 |
4.10.5, 4.10.7 |
Bank of Ireland v Bell [2001] BRIR 429 |
4.9.1–4.9.3, 4.9.8 |
Bank of Ireland Home Mortgages v South Lodge |
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(1996) 14 EG 92; [1996] SLRYB 166 |
6.7.8, 6.7.9 |
Bank of Scotland v Bennett (1998) unreported |
10.8.4 |
Bank of Scotland v Grimes [1985] QB 1179 |
10.9.3 |
Banker’s Trust v Namdar |
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(1997) Transcript of 14 February |
4.9.2, 4.9.3, 4.11.2, 10.7.1 |
Barclay v Barclay [1970] 2 QB 677 |
4.9.2 |
Barclays Bank v Boulter [1997] 2 All ER 1002 |
10.8.4 |
Barclays Bank v Buhr [2001] EWCA Civ 1023 |
3.2.3, 3.4, 3.6.1, 3.6.3 |
Barclays Bank v Caplan [1998] 1 FLR 532 |
10.8.4 |
Barclays Bank v O’Brien [1992] 3 WLR 593 |
10.8.4 |
Barclays Bank v Taylor [1974] Ch 137 |
2.7.4, 2.7.5 |
Barclays Bank v Zaroovabli [1997] 2 WLR 729 |
2.4.2, 2.6.7, 10.6 |
Barret v Hilton Developments [1975] Ch 237 |
3.6.2 |
Barrett v Morgan (1998) The Times, 13 July |
6.9.3 |
Basham, Re [1986] 2 WLR 1498 |
9.5.3, 9.6, 9.8 |
Bass Holdings v Morton Music Ltd [1988] Ch 493 |
6.7.9 |
Batchelor v Marlowe (2001) unreported |
7.2.4, 9.2 |
Batt v Adams (2001) unreported |
11.3.1 |
Baxter v Four Oaks Properties [1965] Ch 816 |
8.6.2 |
Bedson v Bedson [1965] 2 QB 666 |
4.9.1 |
Beegas Nominees Ltd v BHP Petroleum Ltd |
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[1998] 2 EGLR 57 |
6.5.2 |
Beesly v Hallwood Estates Ltd [1960] 1 WLR 549 |
6.5.10 |
Benn v Hardinge (1992) 66 P & CR 246 |
7.12 |
Bibby v Stirling (1998) 76 P & CR D36 |
3.8, 9.3.9, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7.1 |
Biggs v Hoddinot [1898] 2 Ch 307 |
10.8.3 |
xxvi
Table of Cases
Billson v Residential Apartments [1992] 2 WLR 15 |
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6.7.6, 6.7.9 |
Binions v Evans [1972] Ch 359 |
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9.3.7, 9.3.9 |
Birmingham Midshires Building Society |
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v Saberhawal (2000) unreported |
2.6.7, 4.9.4, 4.9.5, 4.9.7, 9.7.1 |
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Blacklocks v JB Developments (Godalming) Ltd |
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[1981] 3 All ER 392 |
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2.6.4 |
Bland v Ingrants Estate [2001] Ch 767 |
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6.7.7, 6.7.9 |
Bolton MBC v Qasmi (1998) unreported |
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11.3 |
Borman v Griffiths [1930] 1 Ch 493 |
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7.9.3 |
Bostock v Bryant (1990) 61 P & CR 23 |
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6.2.5 |
Boyer v Warby [1953] 1 QB 234 |
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6.5.5, 6.5.15 |
Brackley v Notting Hill Housing Trust |
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(2001) unreported, 24 April |
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4.7, 6.9.3 |
Bradbury v Hoolin [1998] NPC 87 |
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4.10.5, 4.10.7 |
Bradley v Carrit [1903] AC 253 |
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10.8.3 |
Bratt’s Ltd v Habboush (1999) unreported |
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7.1, 7.2.2 |
Bretherton v Paton [1986] 278 EG 615 |
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6.2.1 |
Bridges v Mees [1957] Ch 475 |
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2.6.3 |
Bridle v Ruby [1989] QB 169 |
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7.10.3 |
Bristol & West Building Society |
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v Henning [1985] 1 WLR 778 |
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4.9.7 |
Bristol & West Building Society v Dace (1998) unreported |
10.9.3 |
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Bromor Properties, Re (1995) 70 P & CR 569 |
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8.5, 8.6.2 |
Brooker Estates v Ayers |
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(1987) The Times, 13 February |
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6.2.1 |
Brown and Root Technology Ltd v Sun Alliance and |
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London Assurance Co Ltd |
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(1998) 75 P & CR 223; [1995] 3 WLR 558 |
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6.3.2, 8.6.1 |
Browne v Flower [1911] 1 Ch 219 |
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7.2.4 |
Brunner v Greenslade [1971] Ch 993 |
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8.6.2 |
Bruton v London and Quadrant Housing Trust |
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[1999] 3 WLR 150; [1997] SLRYB 153 |
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6.1, 6.2.1 |
Buchanan-Wollaston’s Conveyance, Re |
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[1939] Ch 738 |
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4.9.1 |
Buckingham CC v Moran [1990] Ch 623 |
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11.3–11.4 |
Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 |
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4.9.7, 4.9.10, 4.10.2 |
Burgess v Rawnsley [1975] Ch 429 |
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4.11.1, 4.11.4 |
Burns v Anthony (1997) 74 P & CR D41 |
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11.3.2 |
xxvii
Table of Cases
Burns v Burns [1984] Ch 317 |
|
4.9.5, 4.10.5, 4.10.7 |
Burton v Camden LBC (1997) unreported |
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6.9.3 |
CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1993] 4 All ER 433 |
|
10.8.4 |
CP Holdings v Dugdale [1998] NPC 97 |
|
7.8.1 |
Calabar v Stitcher [1984] 1 WLR 287 |
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6.8.1 |
Calgary and Edmonton Land Co Ltd |
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v Discount Bank Overseas Ltd [1971] 1 All ER 551 |
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2.9 |
Campbell v Griffin [2001] EWCA Civ 990 |
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9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.6 |
Campbell v Holyland [1877] 7 Ch D 531 |
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10.9.5 |
Canham v Fisk (1831) 2 Cr & J 126 |
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7.2.2 |
Canty v Broad (1995) unreported |
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9.5, 9.5.4 |
Cardigan v Curzon-Howe [1885] 30 Ch D 531 |
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5.3.6 |
Carroll v Manek (1999) The Times, 18 August |
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6.2.1 |
Castle Phillips Finance v Pinnington [1995] 1 FLR 783 |
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10.8.4 |
Celsteel Ltd v Alton House Holdings |
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[1985] 2 All ER 562; 1 WLR 204, 2.6.1, 2.6.7, 6.5.11, 7.6.1 |
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Celsteel Ltd v Alton House Holdings (No 2) |
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[1987] 1 WLR 291 |
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6.5.3, 9.6, 9.7.2 |
Central London Commercial Estates Ltd v Kato |
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Kagaku Ltd [1998] 4 All ER 948; Transcript of 15 July |
11.1, 11.5.3 |
|
Chaffe v Kingsley (1999) 77 P & CR 281 |
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7.9.2 |
Chambers v Randall [1923] 1 Ch 149 |
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8.4.3 |
Chandler v Bradley [1897] 1 Ch 315 |
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5.3.6 |
Chartered Trust v Davies [1997] 2 EGLR 83 |
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6.9.9 |
Charville Estates Ltd v Unipart [1997] EGCS 36 |
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6.7.6, 6.9.5 |
Chatsworth Properties v Effiom [1971] 1 WLR 144 |
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10.9.4 |
Cheltenham and Gloucester Building Society |
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v Norgan [1996] 1 WLR 343 |
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10.9.3 |
Cheltenham and Gloucester Building Society |
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v Pearn (1998) unreported |
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10.8.7 |
Cheltenham and Gloucester plc v Krausz |
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[1997] 1 All ER 21 |
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10.8.7, 10.9.3 |
Chhokar v Chhokar (1984) 14 Fam Law 269 |
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2.6.4 |
Chowood v Lyall (No 2) [1930] Ch 156 |
|
2.9 |
Chowood’s Registered Land, Re [1933] Ch 574 |
|
2.10 |
Chun v Ho (2001) unreported |
4.2.2, 4.9.3, 4.9.10, 9.5.2 |
|
xxviii
Table of Cases |
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Chung Ping Kwan v Lam Island Development Co |
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[1996] 3 WLR 448 |
11.1, 11.2, 11.5.3 |
Citro, Re [1991] Ch 142 |
4.9.3 |
City and Metropolitan Properties v Greycroft |
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(1987) 54 P & CR 266 |
6.5.7 |
City of London Building Society v Flegg |
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[1988] AC 54 |
2.8.1, 3.7, 4.7, 4.9.3, |
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4.9.4, 4.9.8, 4.9.9 |
City of London Corp v Fell |
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[1993] 2 WLR 710 |
6.5.2 |
City Permanent Building Society |
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v Miller [1952] Ch 840 |
2.6.5, 6.3.2 |
Cityland Properties v Dabrah [1968] Ch 166 |
10.8.3 |
Clark v Chief Land Registrar [1993] Ch 294; |
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(1992) The Times, 14 October |
2.7.4, 2.7.5 |
Clough v Kelly (1996) P & CR D22 |
4.10.6 |
Coatsworth v Johnson (1886) 55 LJQB 220 |
6.3.3 |
Colchester BC v Smith [1992] 2 WLR 722 |
11.5.1 |
Co-op Insurance Society v Argyll Stores |
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[1997] 2 WLR 898; [1998] SLRYB 43 |
6.7.4 |
Cooper v Henderson (1982) 263 EG 592 |
6.7.9 |
Copeland v Greenhalf [1952] Ch 488 |
7.2.4 |
Crabb v Arun DC [1976] Ch 179 |
9.3.9, 9.4, 9.6 |
Crédit Lyonnais Bank v Burch [1997] SLRYB 92 |
10.8.4 |
Crewe Services and Investment Corp |
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v Silk [1997] EGCS 170 |
6.7.3 |
Cromwell v Godfrey [1998] NPC 67 |
6.7.6 |
Crow v Wood [1971] 1 QB 77 |
7.2.4 |
Cuckmere Brick Co v Mutual Finance [1971] Ch 949 |
10.9.2 |
Dalton v Angus and Co (1881) 6 App Cas 740 |
7.10.3, 7.11.1, 7.11.2 |
Dartstone v Cleveland and Petroleum |
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[1969] 1 WLR 1807 |
2.7.5, 3.6.1, 3.8, 6.5.15 |
David Blackstone v Burnetts (West End) Ltd |
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[1973] 1 WLR 1487 |
6.7.9 |
Davies v Du Paver [1952] 2 All ER 991 |
7.10.2 |
De Lusignan v Johnson (1973) 239 EG 499 |
2.7.5 |
Denby v Hussein (1999) unreported |
7.11.3 |
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