Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / Unit 2 text 2 [AV]
.pdfUNIT 2 TEXT 2 ACTIVE VOCABULARY
TO DISBURSE (CAMBRIDGE)
to pay out money, usually from an amount that has been collected for a particular purpose.
TO UNDERCUT
to charge less than a competitor.
1.To diminish or destroy the province or effectiveness of; undermine: "The partnership between the United States and Western Europe is undercut by diverging economic interests" (Scott Sullivan).
2.To sell at a lower price than or to work for lower wages or fees than (a competitor).
3.To make a cut under or below.
4.To create an overhang by cutting material away from, as in carving.
5.Sports
a.To impart backspin to (a ball) by striking downward as well as forward, as in golf and baseball.
b.To cut or slice (a ball) with an underarm stroke, as in tennis.
TO REIN
1.(Horse Training, Riding & Manège) (often plural) one of a pair of long straps, usually connected together and made of leather, used to control a horse, running from the side of the bit or the headstall to the hand of the rider, driver, or trainer
2.a similar device used to control a very young child
3.any form or means of control: to take up the reins of government.
4.(Horse Training, Riding & Manège) the direction in which a rider turns (in phrases such as on a left (or right) rein, change the rein)
5.something that restrains, controls, or guides
6.give free rein give a free rein to allow considerable freedom; remove restraints
7.keep a tight rein on to control carefully; limit: we have to keep a tight rein on expenditure.
8.(Horse Training, Riding & Manège) on a long rein with the reins held loosely so that the horse is relatively unconstrained
9.(Horse Training, Riding & Manège) shorten the reins to take up the reins so that the distance between hand and bit is lessened, in order that the horse may be more collected
vb
10.(tr) to check, restrain, hold back, or halt with or as if with reins
11.(Horse Training, Riding & Manège) to control or guide (a horse) with a rein or reins: they reined left.
TO VITIATE
1.To reduce the value or quality of; impair or spoil: "His famous compilation of norms was vitiated by a major sampling error" (Frederick Crews).
2.To corrupt morally; debase: "My anxieties ... still are great lest the numerous ... snares of vice should vitiate your early habits of virtue" (Abigail Adams). See Synonyms at corrupt.
3.To make ineffective (a contract or legal stipulation, for example); invalidate.
UTILITY
1.The quality of serving some function that benefits society; meritoriousness.
2.The degree to which something is useful.
3.Patents. Capacity to perform a function or attain a result for which the patent applicant or holder claims protection as intellectual property. • In patent law, utility is one of the three basic requirements of patentability, the others being nonobviousness and novelty. In the calculation of damages for patent infringement, utility is the benefit or advantage of the patented product or process over the products or processes, if any, that previously had been used to produce similar results.
4.A business enterprise that performs an essential public service and that is subject to governmental regulation.
ACUTE
1.
a.Reacting readily to stimuli or impressions; sensitive: His hearing was unusually acute.
b.Keenly perceptive or discerning: an acute critic of music; a critic with acute judgment. See Synonyms at sharp.
2.Extremely sharp or severe; intense: acute pain; acute pleasure.
3.Of great importance or consequence; critical: an acute shortage of funds.
4.Medicine
a.Having a rapid onset and following a short but severe course: an acute disease.
b.Afflicted by a disease exhibiting a rapid onset followed by a short, severe course: acute patients. 5. High in pitch; shrill: an acute scream.
6.
a.Narrowly pointed; sharp: an acute leaf.
b.Having an acute angle: an acute triangle.
INTACT
1.Remaining sound, entire, or uninjured; not impaired in any way.
2.Having all physical parts, especially:
a. Having the hymen unbroken.
b. Not castrated.
ERRONEOUS
1.containing error; mistaken; incorrect.
2.straying from what is right or proper.
STIFF
1. Difficult to bend or fold: stiff new shoes; a stiff collar. 2.
a.Not moving or operating easily or freely; resistant: a stiff hinge.
b.Lacking ease or comfort of movement; not limber: a stiff neck. 3. Not liquid, loose, or fluid; thick: stiff dough.
4.
a.Reserved in manner or strict in observing decorum: a stiff commanding officer.
b.Lacking grace or easy charm; very formal: a stiff writing style. 5. Firm, as in purpose; resolute: stiff in their opposition.
6. Having a strong, swift, steady force or movement: a stiff current; a stiff breeze. 7. Potent or strong: a stiff drink.
8.
a.Difficult to deal with, do, or meet: stiff requirements for admission; a stiff examination.
b.Harsh or severe: a stiff penalty.
c.Excessively high or onerous: a stiff price.
9. Nautical Not heeling over much in spite of great wind or the press of the sail.