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Leaders of an organization establish unity of purpose and direction of it. They should go for creation and maintenance of such an internal environment, in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization's quality objective.

People at all levels of an organization are the essence of it. Their complete involvement enables their abilities to be used for the benefit of the organization.

The desired result can be achieved when activities and related resources are managed in an organization as a process.

An organization's effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its quality objectives are contributed by identifying, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system. Quality Control involves checking transformed and transforming resources in all stages of production process.

One of the permanent quality objectives of an organization should be the continual improvement of its overall performance, leveraging clear and concise PPMs (Process Performance Measures).

I. Put the correct prepositions:

1. Quality management is focused … product and service quality. 2. Quality management therefore uses quality assurance and control … processes. 3. Quality leadership … a national perspective has changed … the past five to six decades.

4.Customers recognize that quality is an important attribute … products and services.

5.Leaders … an organization should go … creation and maintenance … such an internal environment … which people can become fully involved … achieving the organization's quality objective.

II. Put the verbs into the correct form:

1. Quality management (to have) four main components. 2. Quality management (to focus) not only on product and service quality. 3. Quality leadership from a national perspective (to change) over the past five to six decades. 4. In the past two decades this quality gap (to reduce) greatly between competitive products and services. 5. An organization's effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its quality objectives (to contribute) by identifying, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system.

III. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate forms of the modals can, must, should:

1. Suppliers recognize that quality … be an important differentiator between their own offerings and those of competitors. 2. Since the organizations depend on their customers, they … understand current and future customer needs, … meet customer requirements and … try to exceed the expectations of customers. 3. Customer requirements … be met to ensure that both the internal and external customers are satisfied. 4. Leaders of an organization … go for creation and maintenance of such an internal environment, in which people … become fully involved in achieving the organization's quality objective. 5. The desired result … be

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- Questions can also be a useful way of bringing new ideas into a conversation:

What do you think about . . .

Have you considered . . .

What about . . .

VII. Speak about quality management.

VIII. Read and translate text A and sum it up:

A) PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Project management is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems. A project is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.

The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived constraints. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary — and more ambitious

— challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and integrate them to meet pre-defined objectives.

Lean project management uses the principles from lean manufacturing to focus on delivering value with less waste and reduced time.

Extreme project management is aimed at very large-scale, one-time, nonroutine projects, and currently all kinds of management are expressed in terms of projects.

Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through a focus on outcomes (the benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs, and then measuring the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track.

IX. Read and translate text B and sum it up:

B) LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

Logistics is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items, such as food, materials, animals, equipment and liquids, as well as abstract items, such as time, information, particles, and energy.

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One definition of business logistics speaks of "having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer". Business logistics incorporates all industry sectors and aims to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains, and resultant efficiencies.

In business, logistics may have either an internal focus (inbound logistics) or an external focus (outbound logistics), covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption. The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation, and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions to coordinate resources in an organization.

There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes, while the other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project.

X. Using supplementary information from Internet give the presentation on the topic.

Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize,

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monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, threats from project failures (at any phase in design, development, production, or sustainment life-cycles), legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attack from an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause.

The strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include transferring the threat to another party, avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, or even accepting some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat, and the opposites for opportunities (uncertain future states with benefits).

In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with the greatest loss (or impact) and the greatest probability of occurring are handled first, and risks with lower probability of occurrence and lower loss are handled in descending order. In practice the process of assessing overall risk can be difficult, and balancing resources used to mitigate between risks with a high probability of occurrence but lower loss versus a risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can often be mishandled.

Risk management also faces difficulties in allocating resources. This is the idea of opportunity cost. Resources spent on risk management could have been spent on more profitable activities. Again, ideal risk management minimizes spending (or manpower or other resources) and also minimizes the negative effects of risks.

Risk management should:

create value – resources expended to mitigate risk should be less than the consequence of inaction, or (as in value engineering), the gain should exceed the pain

be an integral part of organizational processes

be part of decision making process

explicitly address uncertainty and assumptions

be systematic and structured process

be based on the best available information

take human factors into account

be transparent and inclusive

be dynamic, iterative and responsive to change

be capable of continual improvement and enhancement be continually or periodically re-assessed

I. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate forms of modal verbs can, could, should:

1. Risks … come from uncertainty in financial markets, threats from project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters. 2. In practice the process of assessing overall risk … be difficult. 3. Risk management … be an integral part of organizational processes. 4. Balancing resources used to mitigate between risks with a high probability of occurrence but lower loss versus a

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risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence … often be mishandled. 5. Resources expended to mitigate risk … be less than the consequence of inaction.

II. Put the correct verb form:

1. Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (to follow) by coordinated and economical application of resources. 2. The strategies (to manage) threats typically (to include) transferring the threat to another party, (to avoid) the threat, (to reduce) the negative effect or probability of the threat. 3. Risk management also (to face) difficulties in allocating resources. 4. Resources (to spend) on risk management could have been spent on more profitable activities. 5. Ideal risk management (to minimize) the negative effects of risks.

III. Make comparative or superlative of adjectives:

1. In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with (great) loss or impact. 2. Risks with (low) probability of occurrence and (low) loss are handled in descending order. 3. Balancing resources used to mitigate between risks with a (high) probability of occurrence but (low) loss versus a risk with (high) loss but (low) probability of occurrence can often be mishandled. 4. Resources spent on risk management could have been spent on (profitable) activities. 5. Risk management should be based on (available) information.

V.What word goes best with the following verbs:

1.book

a) a factory b) a deal c) a room d) a business

2.set up

a)a room b) a customer c) a book d) a meeting

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3. make

a) competition b) a book c) a room d) a deal

6.face

a)a room b) competition c) a factory d) love

VI. a) Answer the following questions:

1.What is the text about?

2.What is risk management?

3.Where risks can come from?

4.Speak about the strategies to manage threats and the main difficulties of risk management.

5.What can you say about ideal risk management?

b)Ask your questions about the matter. Using the following phrases make dialogues / polylogs on the topic:

- Paraphrasing:

So, what you mean is . . .

Let me see if I understand you correctly. . .

What I think you're saying is . . .

If I'm hearing you correctly . . .

VII. Speak about risk management.

VIII. Read and translate text A and sum it up:

A) THE PROCESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT

The process of risk management consists of several steps as follows: Establishing the context: This involves identification of risk in a selected

domain of interest; defining a framework for the activity and an agenda for identification; developing an analysis of risks involved in the process; mitigation or solution of risks using available technological, human and organizational resources.

Identification: After establishing the context, the next step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks. Risks are about events that, when triggered, cause problems or benefits. Hence, risk identification can start with the source of our problems and those of our competitors (benefit), or with the problem itself.

Assessment: Once risks have been identified, they must then be assessed as to their potential severity of impact (generally a negative impact, such as damage or loss) and to the probability of occurrence. These quantities can be either simple to measure, in the case of the value of a lost building, or impossible to know for sure in

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the case of the probability of an unlikely event occurring. Therefore, in the assessment process it is critical to make the best educated decisions in order to properly prioritize the implementation of the risk management plan.

IX. Read and translate text B and sum it up:

B) POTENTIAL RISK TREATMENTS

Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories:

Risk avoidance: This includes not performing an activity that could carry risk. An example would be not buying a property or business in order to not take on the legal liability that comes with it. Avoidance may seem the answer to all risks, but avoiding risks also means losing out on the potential gain that accepting (retaining) the risk may have allowed. Not entering a business to avoid the risk of loss also avoids the possibility of earning profits.

Hazard prevention: The first and most effective stage of hazard prevention is the elimination of hazards. If this takes too long, is too costly, or is otherwise impractical, the second stage is mitigation.

Risk reduction: Risk reduction or "optimization" involves reducing the severity of the loss or the likelihood of the loss from occurring. Outsourcing could be an example of risk reduction if the outsourcer can demonstrate higher capability at managing or reducing risks. For example, a company may outsource only its software development, the manufacturing of hard goods, or customer support needs to another company, while handling the business management itself. This way, the company can concentrate more on business development without having to worry as much about the manufacturing process, managing the development team, or finding a physical location for a call center.

Risk sharing: Briefly defined as "sharing with another party the burden of loss or the benefit of gain, from a risk, and the measures to reduce a risk." The term of 'risk transfer' is often used in place of risk sharing in the mistaken belief that you can transfer a risk to a third party through insurance or outsourcing.

Risk retention: Involves accepting the loss, or benefit of gain, from a risk when it occurs. True self insurance falls in this category. Risk retention is a viable strategy for small risks where the cost of insuring against the risk would be greater over time than the total losses sustained.

X. Using supplementary information from Internet give the presentation on the topic.

A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete, nationally and globally. In urban studies, the term agglomeration is used. Clusters are also very important aspects of strategic management. Cluster development has since become a focus for many government programs.

Michael Porter claims that clusters have the potential to affect competition in three ways: by increasing the productivity of the companies in the cluster, by driving innovation in the field, and by stimulating new businesses in the field. According to Porter, in the modern global economy, comparative advantage—how certain locations have special endowments (i.e., harbor, cheap labor) to overcome heavy input costs—is less relevant. Now, competitive advantage—how companies make productive use of inputs, requiring continual innovation—is more important.

Put in another way, a business cluster is a geographical location where enough resources and competences amass reach a critical threshold, giving it a key position in a given economic branch of activity, and with a decisive sustainable competitive advantage over other places, or even a world supremacy in that field (e.g. Silicon Valley and Hollywood).

There are four methods by which a cluster can be identified:

Geographical cluster - is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses.

Sectoral clusters - a cluster of businesses operating together from within the same commercial sector (marine (south east England; Cowes and now Solent) and photonics (Aston Science Park, Birmingham)).

Horizontal cluster - interconnections between businesses at a sharing of resources level (knowledge management).

Vertical cluster - a supply chain cluster.

It is also expected that interconnected businesses must interact and have firm actions within at least two separate levels of the organizations concerned.

I. Choose the correct form of an adjective:

1. Jane is the (taller — tallest) of the 2 girls. 2. Father was the (eldest — elder) of seven sons. 3. Albert is (elder — older) than John. 4. I think your plan is the (best

— better) of the two. 5. This is the (most large-largest) power — station, I’ve ever seen. 6. Henry is the (oldest — eldest) of the 3 brothers.

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II. Write it in English.

1. 345; 723; 1918. 2. Сто евро; сотня писем; сотни рабочих. 3. Тысяча машин; три тысячи участников; миллион зрителей. 4. 7 Января; 9 Мая. 5. Глава 15; автобус 36.

III. Test your knowledge on grammar - English tenses:

1. Now I (have) much more fun learning English than I (have) before the course. 2. At the moment I (revise) English grammar. 3. And I (begin / already) to read the texts in my English textbooks again. 4. I (think) I (do) one unit every week. 5. My exam (be) on 15 May, so there (not / be) any time to be lost. 6. If I

IV. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:

1.Clusters are considered to increase … .

2.Michael Porter claims that clusters have the potential to affect competition in three ways: … .

3.A business cluster is a geographical location where … .

4.… by which a cluster can be identified.

5.It is also expected that interconnected businesses must interact and … .

6.Geographical cluster - is a … .

7.Sectoral clusters - a cluster of businesses operating … .

8.… - interconnections between businesses at a sharing of resources level (knowledge management). … - a supply chain cluster.

V.Translate from Russian into English:

1. Бизнес-кластер - это географическая концентрация взаимосвязанных предприятий, поставщиков и связанных организаций в определенной области.

2.Кластеры имеют целью увеличить производительность, благодаря чему компании могут конкурировать на национальном и международном уровнях.

3.Кластеры - это важный аспект стратегического управления. 4. Кластеры способны влиять на конкуренцию тремя способами: за счет повышения производительности компаний, входящих в состав кластера, путем внедрения инноваций, а также посредством стимулирования новых видов бизнеса в данной сфере. 5. Существует 4 типа кластеров: географический, секторальный, горизонтальный и вертикальный.

VI. a) Answer the following questions:

1.What is the text about?

2.What is a business cluster?

3.What is the main objective of clusters?

4.What is the potential that clusters have to affect competition?

5.How a cluster can be identified?

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