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5*. Weather folk-lore and local weather signs ... by Edward B. Garriott [Jelektronnyj re-surs] – URL: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030228865;view=1up;seq=47 (vremja obrashhenija 4.02.16).

6*. Facts about the month of September – Customs and Traditions [Jelektronnyj resurs] – URL: http://www.projectbritain.com/year/september.htm (vremja obrashhenija 1.02.16).

7*. Facts about October – Including Punky Night and Halloween [Jelektronnyj resurs]

– URL: http://www.projectbritain.com/year/october.htm (vremja obrashhenija 1.02.16).

8*. Facts about November – Traditions including All Saints Day and All Souls Day [Jelek-tronnyj resurs] – URL: http://www.projectbritain.com/year/november.htm (vremja obrashhenija 1.02.16).

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UDC 801.313.1

Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

post-graduate of the department of foreign languages

Russian Air Force Military Educational and Scientific Center “Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin”, teacher of the department of foreign languages

Lyudmila Vladimirovna Korobko e-mail: l.v.ledeneva@mail.ru

L.V. Korobko

ETYMOLOGICAL AND TRANSCULTURAL COMPONENTS OF FICTITIOUS NAMES OF MUSICIANS AND MUSICAL GROUPS IN THE NOVEL

OF ANTHONY BURGESS «A CLOCKWORK ORANGE»

The article analyzes functioning of fictitious proper names of musicians and musical groups in the literary space of the novel of A. Burgess "A Clockwork Orange" The author considers fictitious names from the point of their etymology and transcultural correlation. On the basis of the theory of Gottlob Frege about the anthology of fictitious names, analyses structural-and-morphological content of fictitious anthroponyms, their semantic contents, are analyzed, cognitive models of fictitious names are singled out and described, types of fictitious names and their specific features are determined. It is proved that out of 11 types of fictitious names the fictitious names having political, mythological and religious components dominate. On the one hand, the number of fictitious names of musicians demonstrates a wide continuum of the European and Western cultures, with which the names correlate, and determine creative and artistic potential of A. Burgess as linguistic personality, on the other. The culture of England prevails (in the aspect of cultutal space for choosing fictional names), the cultures of Germany, Italy, Russia, Greece, Israel, America, Denmark, Poland and Japan follow further.

Keywords: language, culture, anthropocentrism, linguistic sign, fictitious proper names, model, musician, band, transnational names, Western and Eastern cultures.

There is a person in the center of modern linguistics, it has caused anthropocentric approach of linguistic doctrines.

The anthropocentric nature of language has been studied by many outstanding lin- guists-founders of this science, such as I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, E. Benvenist, F. Boas, L. Weisberger, W. von Humboldt, M. Müller, A.A. Potebnya, E. Sapir, L.V. Shcherba, etc.

Prerequisites of anthropocentrism origin have been stated in the doctrine of W. von Humboldt considering language as the activity of national spirit: “Language is connected by all the thinnest fibers of the roots with national spirit, and the more proportional the last affects language, the more natural and richer its development” [1, p. 69]. It means that language does not exist out of the person, it is in the soul, consciousness of people and changes in thoughts and statements.

___________________

© Korobko L.V., 2016

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E. Sapir and B. Whorf also held the opinion that people perceived surrounding reality through a prism of the native language that the world is reflected in language of the nation. Thus, languages differ with their “linguistic worldimages”.

B. Whorf declared that language was not “a package of thoughts”, but the form determining an image of our thoughts. He wrote: “We dismember the nature in the direction prompted by our native language. We allocate in the world of the phenomena these or those categories and types not because they are axiomatic, on the contrary, the world appears as the kaleidoscopical flow of impressions which shall be organized by our consciousness, and it means generally – the language system which is stored in our consciousness. We dismember the world, organize it in concepts and distribute meanings so, but not differently, generally because we are agreement parties, ordering similar systematization. This agreement is valid for a certain language collective and is fixed in the system of our language models” [2, p. 174].

S.G. Ter-Minasova considers language as “a culture mirror”. The researcher claims that “not only the real world surrounding the person, not only real conditions of his/ her life, but also public consciousness of the nation, its mentality, national nature, lifestyle, traditions, customs, morals, a value system, attitude, vision of the world are reflected in it” [3].

The culture, language and the nation are closely interconnected and interdependent. Anthroponims, or proper names, represent the special layer of language of any nation as they create an image of the person, characterize his/ her social accessory, transfer signs of the national culture, recreate a historical background.

In fiction names are of great importance. The literary onomastics studies features of use of proper names in the fiction text and beyond its limits as many names of literary characters turn in nominal after a length of time [4].

V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The question of matching of names, surnames, nicknames in fiction, about their structural originality in different genres and styles, about their figurative characteristic functions, etc. cannot be illustrated with the few examples. It is a very big and difficult subject of fiction stylistics” [5, p. 30].

Individual information on the name bearer is realized in the course of a language and stylistic variation due to disclosure in the context of the sememes “coded” in a proper name serving as the identifier of the writer’s individual style within the fiction text structure [6, p. 114].

According to G. Frege’s theory, a language sign, or a name, represents the difficult structure. The following components are allocated in a name: 1) Meaning which is understood as the subject signified by a name. 2) Sense of a name, i.e. a way by what the subject is submitted and is signified in the name; the sense reflects a way of the representation signified by this sign (“the theory of senses”). 3) In certain conditions the name expresses a concept which has the predicative nature, i.e. expresses qualification of the signified. 4) Idea of the signified subject which, though is subjective, individual, but isn't deprived of the main signs of the signified can be associated with a name [7].

Three categories of the names are allocated designating: a) real objects; b) concepts; c) functions (relation). If in a natural language the signs expressing these categories don't differ, then in a science language, in particular in a formal language of logic, distinction of these categories in signs is necessary [7].

Frege summarizes the relation between a name (=sign), meaning and sense as follows: a certain sense corresponds to a sign; a certain meaning corresponds to the sense; while the meaning possesses not necessarily one sign and, therefore, not necessarily one sense [7].

Frege’s theory of senses allows to explain consistently the character of so-called “empty names”, i.e. such names which are clear, but which don’t designate real-life objects. According to Frege’s theory, such names make sense, but have no meaning. Frege considers names of fiction as “empty names”. There are also names which distort the valid relation of

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sense and meaning, i.e. expressing delusions or intended lie. The authors entering such names, understand meaning (subject) insufficiently, or aim to limit intentionally understanding of the signified subject or the person (=meaning) to the level of the sense entered by this name, i.e. to represent the valid subject or the person as they are set in sense of a name [7].

Thus, anthropocentrism in onomastics has a large role in processes of the nomination. During creation of proper names the author of a work of art uses various language means, including the creative abilities and the imagination. Proper names represent the plans, the motives and the purposes of their creators. Anthroponims, being part of difficult sign system of language, represent the language units correlated to objects of surrounding reality. They act as symbols. Each proper name not only calls a certain person, but also expresses the sense put in it by the author characterizing meaning of a name.

In this research we consider fictitious proper names, belonging to musicians, singers, composers in Anthony Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange”.

Relevance of this research is defined by studying of functioning of fictitious anthroponims, establishment of the importance of these figurative means in the literary discourse of A. Burgess.

The purpose of the work is the identification and the description of functional features of fictitious proper names of musicians and the nominations of bands in Anthony Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange”.

The fictitious names of musicians and the nominations of bands used in A. Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange” are subdivided into 11 groups according to their etymology. So, there are allocated:

names having a political component;

names having a religious component;

names having a mythological component;

names-artifacts;

names having an ornithomorphous component;

names having a gastronomic component;

case names with figures;

names having a geographical component;

names having a pyromorphous component;

names having a morthomorphous component;

names having a cosmological component.

According to the classification fictitious proper names having a political component dominate (25% of the total of the analysed contexts), the second place is taken by names having a mythological component (18%); names having a religious component and names having a gastronomic component (12% each); names-artifacts, names having an ornithomorphous component, case names with figures, names having a geographical component, names having a pyromorphous component, names having a morthomorphous component and names having a cosmological component follow further (5% each).

We will address the following table in which concrete examples of fictitious names of musical figures in A. Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange” are given.

Table 1 Quantitative ratio of the groups including fictitious names of musicians and the nomi-

nations of bands in A. Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange”

Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

The most numerous is the group “Names having a Political Component”. We will consider the examples.

1. Names of musicians Berti Laski, Ike Yard, Otto Skadelig and the name of the band

Lay Quit Awhile With Ed And Id Molotov belong to “Names having a Political Component” group.

1) The first name of the performer in “Names having a Political Component” group belongs to the singer by the name of Berti Laski:

It was Berti Laski rasping a real starry oldie called ‘You Blister My Paint’ [1*].

This proper name illustrates the “Name + Surname” model.

The name Berti comes from the German name Berthold which means “bright ruler” [8]. In a context the use of a name with a diminutive-hypocoristic suffix -i- is observed. The similar friendly address demonstrates that the main character speaks about the singer as about the old friend.

Laski is the Polish surname. Among its bearers there are state and military figures, diplomats, politicians, and also Catholic attendants.

The characteristic of this singer is traced in the description of his manner of performance which the main character describes with the verb rasp meaning “to make a rough unpleasant sound” [1**].

The composition which he sings is represented as “a real starry oldie”, i.e. very old song, it is specified that the song is not actual and popular.

The positive attitude towards the singer is shown in general, his surname causes associations with great, worthy figures; however it is specified that this person does not enjoy popularity at general public because of a peculiar vocal and obsolete repertoire.

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2) The next name of a musician is Ike Yard:

So by the time their pathetic pop-discs had been twice spun each (there were two:

‘Honey Nose,’ sung by Ike Yard…)… [1*].

In this context the “Name + Surname” model is used.

The masculine name of the English origin Ike is a diminutive-hypocoristic form of

Isaak.

Isaak is a masculine name of a bible origin. It originates from the Jewish name of Yitzhak, literally translated from Hebrew “That which will laugh” [8].

Ike was a nickname of the American president Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969), based on the first sound of his surname as an original pronunciation – /ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər/. Also among outstanding bearers of this name there are a physicist and the mathematician Isaac Newton [9].

The surname of Yard is a hint on Scotland Yard that is headquarters of police of Greater London.

Ike Yard has sung the song ‘Honey Nose’ which is characterized as pathetic. The adjective pathetic means “something or someone that is pathetic is so useless, unsuccessful, or weak that they annoy you” [1**]. The name of a song says that the deep meaning isn't enclosed in it.

Thus, Ike Yard works in a genre of easy pop music. The religious component is put in the name of this musician; however the bigger attention is paid to political reason, namely: a hint on the American president and a mention of headquarters of London police. The serious name and inappropriate music causes a dissonance.

3) Further the fictional Danish composer Otto Skadelig is mentioned:

It was a symphony that I knew real horrorshow but had not slooshied for many a year, namely the Symphony Number Three of the Danish veck Otto Skadelig, a very gromky and violent piece… [1*].

The analyzed proper name is represented the two-component model “Name + Surname”.

The hint on Otto von Bismarck, the first German chancellor who has got the nickname “iron chancellor” for domineering, strong-willed character, is seen in a name of the composer.

The surname Skadelig translated from Danish means “pernicious, harmful”.

The symphony written by the musician completely reflects his name and the related associations as it is a very gromky and violent piece.

Such qualities of his owner as aspiration to domination, dictatorship, cruelty are concluded in the name.

4) The next fictitious nomination of band is Lay Quit Awhile With Ed And Id Molo-

tov:

…and this, mark, was dead cold winter and sort of shuffling through the new pop-discs

<…> Lay Quit Awhile With Ed And Id Molotov, and all the rest of that cal [1*].

In this context the nomination used according to the “Name + Surname” model meets

– Id Molotov.

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The surname of Molotov acts as a hint on one of the Russian politicians, V.M. Molotov in honor of whom the incendiary grenade – “Molotov cocktail” has been called.

The geography of the anthroponims having a political component representing people whose activity is connected with music is wide. So, hints to Germany, Poland, Israel, America, Great Britain, Denmark and Russia are observed. The etymology of proper names indicates the following qualities of the personality: self-confidence, inflexibility, domination, authoritativeness, will power, sometimes cruelty. Among bearers of these names are great political leaders and statesmen. The fact that such names belong to the musicians working in a genre of popular music causes a dissonance.

2. The following group consists of musicians’ names Geoffrey Plautus и Odysseus Choerilos. The mythological / mythopoetic component is observed in these names.

The composer Geoffrey Plautus and the performer of his concert Odysseus Choerilos are mentioned in the following context:

Now what I fancied first tonight was this new violin concerto by the American Geoffrey Plautus, played by Odysseus Choerilos with the Macon (Georgia) Philharmonic, so I slid it from where it was neatly filed and switched on and waited [1*].

The composer who has written a violin concerto for an orchestra has the name Geoffrey Plautus, there is the model of a proper name “Name + Surname”. Also the contaminated model of proper names [“Name + Surname” vs. “Name + Surname”] – Geoffrey Plautus + Odysseus Choerilos attracts attention.

The masculine name Geoffrey has the German origin and has been introduced to Britain by Normans. The name has been widespread among a dynasty of Plantagenets in Britain, also the bright representative bearing a name Jeffrey is the English poet Jeffrey Chaucer [8].

In a surname Plautus the hint on Titus Maccius Plautus (Latin of Titus Maccius Plautus, apprx. 254 BC, Sarsina, Umbria – 184 BC, Rome) – the outstanding Roman comedy dramatist is traced. Use of national language and often obscene jokes was feature of his works; he applied music in his performance. Plautus is the nickname of the writer meaning “flat-footed”, points to the dancer mime acting in footwear with a flat sole [9]. Despite the British name and a Latin surname the composer acts as the representative of America.

The performer of the violin concerto of Jeffrey Plautus has the name Odysseus Choerilos; the proper name model “Name + Surname” is staticized.

The name Odysseus goes back to the Greek mythology according to which Odysseus was one of the Greek heroes battling in Trojan War.

The surname Chörilos has also come from Greek. The famous person by the name of Chörilos was Herodotus’s friend, one of the oldest Athenian tragedians singing of a victory of Athenians over Xerxes [2**].

It is noted that the mentioned musicians create in a genre of classical music as they work on concerto for a violin with an orchestra (violin concerto). It is necessary to pay attention to careful attitude of the main character of the novel “A Clockwork Orange” to his collection of musical plates: it was neatly filed.

The adverb neatly is formed from an adjective of neat meaning “tidy and carefully arranged” [1**].

The sign of careful, respectful attitude to musicians is staticized. It is connected with the fact that they are representatives of the classical genre.

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According to the etymology of these proper names, they belong to mythopoetic, we observe a hint on Ancient Greek and ancient Roman poets, writers and heroes. This reception is used by A. Burgess for creation of effect of real existence of the fictitious musicians as sounding of these names causes the association with certain historical characters.

3. The second group is made up of such fictitious names of musical figures as Johnny Zhivago, Adrian Schweigselber. The etymology of these proper names shows that they allocate the religious component.

1) The name of the performer Johnny Zhivago occurs in the following context:

And then the disc on the stereo twanged off and out (it was Johnny Zhivago, a Russky koshka, singing ‘Only Every Other Day’)… [1*].

In this context the use of a proper name according to the “Name + Surname” model is observed.

Johnny is a diminutive-hypocoristic derivative form of John.

The name John has arisen in England as phonetic option of a bible name of Yohanan which is translated from Hebrew as “Yahweh is mercy” or “God's favor”. In different languages of the world this name has various adapted options, so, in France it sounds as Jean, in Germany – Hans, in Russia – Ivan, in Spain – Zhuan (Juan), in Poland and the Czech Republic – Yang [8].

The paradox is that in the text of the novel of Anthony Burgess “A Clockwork Orange”, the girl singer possesses this masculine name, and the main character calls her “a Russky koshka” probably for her voice and manner of performance which remind him cat’s miaow.

The obvious hint on world famous work of the Russian writer Boris Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago” is seen in a surname of the singer Zhivago. According to the biographer and the researcher of Pasternak work, the writer Dmitry Bykov, Pasternak’s own life became a plot of the symbolist novel, but it wasn’t real lived by him, and that what he would like to see it. Yury Zhivago is an embodiment of the Russian Christianity. Lara’s image is associated with Russia, eternally restless fatal country [10].

In this proper name two subjects are traced: subject of religion and subject of Russia. The analysis of the name raises doubts concerning the main character’s attitude towards it as, on the one hand, he compares the singer to a cat that can be either a sign of her physical lines (grace, flexibility, ease) that is a positive sign, or the characteristic of her voice (cat’s miaow) acting as a negative sign. The religious motive connected by means of a surname with Russia is noticed.

2) Next comes the name of the fictitious composer Adrian Schweigselber:

Then it was all over and the charlie said: “May the Holy Trinity keep you always and make you good, amen,” and the shamble out began to a nice choice bit of Symphony

No. 2 by Adrian Schweigselber… [1*].

The considered proper name is used according to the “Name + Surname” model.

The masculine name Adrian from the Roman Hadrianus in translation from Latin means “somebody who is from Adria”. Adria is a town in the north of Italy. An owner of this name was the Roman emperor Publius Aelius Hadrianus governing in the 2nd century AD. According to the Christian legend, he was an initiator of martyrdom of Christian Saints Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sofia [8].

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The surname Schweigselber is formed by merge of two German words: the verb schweigen (to be silent) and the pronoun selber (yourself) and means “be silent yourself”.

In the analyzed nomination the "Imperative Mood + Address to the Particular Person" model is also traced.

This proper name correlates with a situation and environment where the piece of music written by the composer sounds: after service in a prison chapel. The meaning of the composer's surname urges prisoners to stop singing, and the name having its roots in the Roman Empire epoch with its cruel customs suggests an idea of Saint Martyrs, thereby causing images of the crimes committed by prisoners in their consciousness.

The religious motive which is traced not only in circumstances under which the prison priest speaks about the Holy Trinity is remarkable, and also says “Amen” at the end of a prayer, but also in the proper name connected with Christian Saints and with a silence vow.

The main character finds the choice of the piece of music successful; it confirms the phrase a nice choice bit. The approving relation to the selected musical piece is staticized.

4. The name of composer Claudius Birdman forms the group “Names having an ornithomorphous component”:

There was music playing, a very nice malenky string quartet, my brothers, by Claudius Birdman, one that I knew well [1*].

In this context the proper name is used according to the “Name + Surname” model. The masculine name Claudius belongs to ancient Roman names. Possibly, it comes

from the Latin word claudus that means “lame, crippled, unreliable” [3**]. It is also possible to consider this name as a hint on Matthias Claudius – the German writer and the journalist who wrote for the people and connected simplicity and wit in his compositions.

The surname Birdman belongs to ornitomorths, it consists of two English words:

“bird” and “man”.

The main character describes the composition of this musician as a very nice malenky string quartet; similar epithets can be applied at the description of a beautiful bird.

The analyzed proper name symbolizes flight and ease of music.

5. The fictitious name of the musician Friedrich Gitterfenster belongs to the group

“Names-artifact”:

It was from an opera by Friedrich Gitterfenster called ‘Das Bettzeug’… [1*].

The name of the German composer Friedrich Gitterfenster is an example of the model of a proper name “Name + Surname”.

The masculine name Friedrich belongs to Old German names. This naming was formed from two old German words: frid – “world” and ric – “king”. However there is an opinion that the second basis of Friedrich goes back to the word reich that means “rich, mighty, strong” [8]. Having put bases, we receive two meanings of Friedrich: “the powerful master” and “having world force, owning world wealth”.

The surname Gitterfenster also consists of two German words: Gitter in translation from German means “grid”, Fenster – “window”. So, the surname of the musician is treated as “a window with a grid”.

This proper name allows double interpretation. On the one hand, the name allocates its owner with such qualities as the master of the world; rich, powerful person. On the other hand, the surname specifies limited opportunities of the person as though the masterful, strong man can't prove completely, he is constrained by fetters, he is a prisoner.

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There is a specifying on a genre of the musical piece – opera that says that the musician works in a genre of classical music.

Listing fictitious names of popular modern musicians such as The Heaven Seventeen, Luke Sterne, the main character of the story continues a nominative row by the dummy playful name Goggly Gogol, showing the frivolous relation to the modern music:

“Who you getten, bratty? What biggy, what only?” These young devotchkas had their own like way of govoreeting. – “The Heaven Seventeen? Luke Sterne? Goggly Gogol?” And both giggled, rocking and hippy [1*].

6.The name of the band The Heaven Seventeen is an example of “A case name with figures”, it is used according to the “Nomination + Number” model and is translated from English as “the seventeenth sky”, and the similar name is typical for performers of youth pop music. Later in the early eighties the group with such name has really appeared on the English platform. In this name the hint on the phraseological unit of “be in the seventh heaven” which is used in informal communication is traced and means “to be extremely happy” [1**]. Aristotle considered that the sky consists of seven motionless crystal spheres upon which stars and planets are based. He called the seventh sky monastery of angels, paradise. The sign of pleasure, deep satisfaction is staticized.

7.The name of the next musician Luke Sterne is used according to the “Name + Surname” model.

The name Luke comes from the Latin name Lucas (Greek name Loukas) which means “from Lucania”. Lucania in the ancient time was the extensive region of the southern Italy [8].

The surname Sterne is formed from the German word Stern, meaning “a star, destiny”. The sign of worship and suggestibility is staticized; young fans of this performer follow him as a guiding star.

According to the etymology of this proper name, the “Names having a Cosmological Component” group is allocated.

8.The nomination of the fictitious band Goggly Gogol is conformable with the name of a dessert “Egg flip” or “Gogle-Mogle” which ingredients are the shaken-up egg yolk, sugar, and also wine, honey, cocoa, fruit juice. Thus, this nomination belongs to the “Names having a Gastronomic Component” group. This analogy specifies “sweet voice” of singers and the plain text and music which are easily remembered and do not require intellectual energy.

However, according to Books of the Old and New Covenant, the Saint apostle and the evangelist John the Evangelist, speaking about times of Antichrist, uses names: Gog and Magog, “understanding under it not names commanding, and the lands, the people and all kingdoms having to rise in the last times of the world, on seduction of a devil, against Holy Saints and Christ’s Kingdoms, and forced to die together with their seducer in the fiery and sulfuric lake”. These words belong to the latest times of the world and Church (Rev.15:7). Also Gog is a name of the people which have lodged on Magog’s earth (Ezek.38:39). According to Plinius (V, 25), Gog and Magog’s name were called Assyrian tsars and the countries neighboring with Assyria [11]. According to this treatment the nomination Goggly Gogol belongs to the “Names having a Mythological Component” group.

Also the component of the name Gogol sends to a name of the great Russian writer

Nikolay Vasilyevich Gogol.

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