i-849776232

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5.Build up the IC-model of the sentences:

1.Mile's own room was simply furnished.

2.His dark eyes deliberately avoided my face.

3.The hand of fate was beckoning to her (Maugham).

4.The little houses held about them the feeling of a bygone age (Maugham).

6.Examine the following subgroups of pseudo (quasi)-sentences and add your own examples to each groups:

a) vocative – Mary! Dear! Ladies and gentlemen! …; b) interjection – Oh, boy! Wow! …; c) meta-communicative – Good night! Thank you. …; d) agreement – disagreement – formulae – Yes; No; Sure.

7.Construct the predicative paradigm of any sentence as in the example. e.g.: We noticed a star. Did we notice a star? Let’s notice a star. We didn’t notice a star. If only we noticed a star! We might notice a star. A star was noticed by us. Oh, we did notice a star!

Terminology:

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SEMINAR 7

The Composite Sentence

Thе Sеmi-Cоmpositе Sеntеnсе

Discussion:

1.The composite sentence as a polypredicative construction. The problem of a compound sentence.

2.The complex sentence: the main clause, the subordinate clause. Syndeton and asyndeton. Parallel and consequent subordination.

3.The semi-composite sentence and its types.

Practice:

1. Find composite sentences in the following text and define their type in ac-

cordance with the way objective situations are presented.

At first, the best part of moving to Washington was putting all the New York furniture in storage; the sight of the movers carting off Nan's couch was — up to that point — the greatest moment of my marriage. The next-best part was renting a pretty furnished house in a neighborhood not far from Washington Cathedral. John insisted the area was exclusive, but, in spite of that, it felt comfortable on me; our block could have been plunked down in half a dozen spots in Brooklyn. The big difference was the rent (high) and the tranquility (total). The streets were absolutely silent. No one in Washington hung out their windows and waved or whistled when you walked down the street on your way to the fruit man's or the candy store — if there'd had been a candy store, which there wasn't. People sat back on their private porches, not on their it's-okay-to-be-nosy stoops. (Susan Isaaks. Shining Through)

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2.Classify the following compound sentences according to the way and means of connection.

1.They stepped off the stone staircase at the top, and Professor McGonagall rapped on the door. (J. K. Rowling).

2.Simon Dalrympe had obviously been taught ballroom dancing from birth, so it was rather nice being expertly guided to and fro... (E. Fielding).

3.It was too late to call up for a cab or anything so, I walked the whole way to the station. (D. Salinger).

4.Grand Cayman was twenty-three miles long and eight miles wide in places, but from the air it looked much smaller. (J. Grisham).

5.Clay thanked my grandfather seriously and politely for the afternoon, but he made no move to go. (A.R. Siddons).

6.Mrs. Weasley started up the engine and they trundled out of the yard, Harry turning back for a last look at the house. (J.K. Rowling).

7.But in one pause, he seemed to be looking away, thinking about something else, sol took the opportunity to really check over his desk. (S. Isaaks).

8.Yes, there are planes between Boston and Ithaca, New York, but Oliver Barrett III chose to drive. (E. Segal).

9.It was pretty dark, and I stepped on somebody's shoe on the floor and damn near fell on my head. (J.D. Salinger).

10.I'm so damn absent-minded, I gave the driver ray regular address, just out

of habit and all... (J.D. Salinger).

3.Classify the subordinate clauses of the following sentences according to the type, meaning and function.

1.As time passed and the moon shone more brilliantly into the pile of stones that sheltered them, Eve was able to see the soldiers more clearly than she had been earlier. (J. Krantz).

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2.We almost were when one of the submerged logs in the water began to move, to glide lazily after the canoe. (A. R. Siddons).

3.I'm thinking now of when Stradlater got back from his date with Jane. (J. D. Salinger).

4.When spring came, even the false spring, there were no problems except where to be the happiest. (E. Hemingway).

5.He looked at the two widows and told of the deep sadness the firm felt, how they would always be care of as long as there was a firm. (J. Grisham).

6.He turned round, revealing that what had seemed from the back like a harmless navy sweater was actually a V-neck diamond-pattern in shades of yellow and blue — as favoured by the more elderly of the nation's sports reporters. (H. Fielding).

7.He had called on the telephone from New York once or twice but would not say why he had gone away or where he was staying or when he would return. (E. L. Doctorow).

8.Instinct made me stop at a door where I heard the pounding (angry?) sound of a Chopin prelude. (E. Seagal).

4.Define the types of the clauses making up the following sentences:

1.As her invitation was so pressing, and observing that Carrie wished to go, we promised we would visit her the next Saturday week (Grossmith, Grossmith).

2.Lupin, whose back was towards me, did not hear me come in. (Grossmith, Grossmith).

3.I rather disapprove of his wearing a check suit on a Sunday, and I think he ought to have gone to church this morning (Grossmith, Grossmith).

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4.It irritated the youth that his elder brother should be made something of a hero by the women, just because he didn't live at home and was a lacedesigner and almost a gentleman (Lawrence).

5.But Alfred was something of a Prometheus Bound, so the women loved him (Lawrence).

6.She hated him in a despair that shattered her and broke her down, so that she suffered sheer dissolution like a corpse, and was unconscious of everything save the horrible sickness of dissolution that was taking place within her, body and soul (Lawrence).

7.Strange as my circumstances were, the terms of this debate are as old and commonplace as man (Stevenson).

8.Then, as the endless moment was broken by the maid's terrified little cry, he pushed through the portieres into the next room (Fitzgerald).

9.La Falterona watched him scornfully as he groveled on the floor (Maugham).

10.In fact it is he who had bought her the luxurious little villa in which we

were now sitting (Maugham).

5.Transform the following compound sentences into complex sentences:

1.He decided to leave, that’s why he put on his coat.

2.She was only beginning to live, so trouble couldn’t get her down.

3.She might have invited us to sit, but she didn’t.

4.We were waiting for it, and at last it happened.

6.Define the type of the semi-composite sentence and describe its derivational history.

1)He returned home pale and puzzled. 2) I want this to be done at once.

3)There was a man dressed in black. 4) A child of seven, he was already an

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able musician. 5) The sun shining brightly, they continued their way. 6) It was unusual for her to be late. 7) Before saying it he hesitated. 8) Jane left, and Jack too.

7.Define the types of clauses and semi-clauses in the following sentences

1.When he gained the crest of the Magazine Hill he halted and looked along the river towards Dublin, the lights of which burned redly and hospitably in the cold night (Joyce).

2.He remembered her outburst of that night and interpreted it in a harsher sense than he had ever done*(Joyce).

3.It was a long white stocking, hut there was a little weight in the toe (Lawrence).

4.Whiston had made the fire burn, so he came to look for her (Lawrence).

5.She slowly, abstractedly, as if she did not know anyone was there, closed the door in his face, continuing to look at the addresses on her letters (Lawrence).

6.She hung her arms round his neck as he crouched there, and clung to him (Lawrence).

7.She remained clinging round his neck, so that she was lifted off her feet (Lawrence).

8.He would be miserable all the day if he went without (a kiss) (Lawrence).

9.She was self-conscious, and quite brilliantly winsome, when the baker

came, wondering if he would notice (Lawrence).

10.Thinking that to be known as La Falterona was grander than any title, she did not use his name (to which indeed she had no right, since after divorcing him she had married somebody else); but her silver, her cutlery, and her dinner-service were heavily decorated with a coat of arms and a

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crown, and her servants invariably addressed her as madame la princesse

(Maugham).

Terminology:

Test questions:

1.Why is the complex sentence defined as a polypredicative construction?

2.Into what types are composite sentences traditionally classified?

3.What are the essential characteristics of the compound sentence?

4.What mental process does coordination reflect?

5.Can the order of the coordinated clauses be changed?

6.What types of connection does coordination comprise?

7.How can a complex sentence be defined?

8.On what principle is the classification of complex sentences based?

9.What types of complex sentences are traditionally singled out?

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SEMINAR 8

Pragmatic Syntax

Discussion:

1.Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.

2.Speech act theory.

3.Criteria for speech act classification. Indirect speech acts.

4.Conversational principles.

Practice:

1.Identify speech acts that the following message may contain and comment on felicity conditions necessary for the speech acts to become effective.

Dear Mr. Leland:

This is to inform that I am hereby submitting my resignation from the po-

sition of your secretary; the resignation is effective as the close of business to-

day.

Thank you for your consideration and courtesy.

Very truly yours, Linda V. Berringer

(Susan Isaaks. Shining Through)

2. Classify speech acts from the following dialogue according to their illocu-

tionary force.

"Oh, hello, darling. I was just ringing to see what you wanted for Christ-

mas."

"Christmas?"

"Would you like a surprise, darling?" "No!" I bellowed. "Sorry. I mean..."

"I wondered if you'd like a set of wheels for your suitcase."

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"But I haven't got a suitcase."

"Why don’t I get you a little suitcase with wheels attached. You know, like air hostesses have."

"I've already got a bag."

"Oh, darling, you can't go around with that tatty green canvas thing. You look like some sort of Mary Poppins person who's fallen on hard times. Just a little compact case with a pull-out handle. It’s amazing how much you can get in. Do you want it navy or red or red on navy?"

"Mum. It's eight thirty in the morning. It’s summer. It's very hot. I don't want an air-hostess bag."

"Julie Enderbys got one. She says she never uses anything else". "Who's Julie Enderby?"

"You know Julie, darling! Mavis Enderby’s daughter. Julie! The one that's got that super-dooper job at Arthur Andersen..."

"Mum..."

"I don't want a little bag with wheels on"

(Helen Fielding. Bridget Jones's Diary)

3. Point out indirect speech acts and explain their real meaning.

They could be twins, both about thirty, not much older than myself. They're wearing jeans and sneakers and black mustaches and act like a couple of B actors from television. "Can we sit down?" one asks as he pulls a chair from under the table and sits down. His partner does the same, and they're quickly in position.

"Sure," I say like a real smartass. "Have a seat." "Join us," one says.

"Why not?" I sit at the end, between them. They both lean forward, still acting. "Now what the hell's going on?" I ask.