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3.Change the contexts so as to use the following transitive verbs intransitively, e.g.: to grow corn – corn grows.

He plays the violin – …; they sank a ship – …; to ring the bell – …; he fired a gun – …; he smokes a cigar – …; he hung the lamp – ….

4.Use the appropriate person-number form of the verb, justify your choice:

1)The police (is, are) on his track. 2) The fish (was, were) plentiful there.

3)There (is, are) a lot of people in the hall. 4) Neither you nor your sister (be) to blame. 5) The house and the garage (was, were) destroyed by the fire.

6)Either the manager or his assistants (is, are) always in the office. 7) Either you or Peter (has, have) lost my knife. 8) Everybody (knows, know) about it.

9)Everyone in the room (was, were) surprised to hear it. 10) The city with its suburbs (has, have) a population of over 2 million. 11) There (is, are) a table and four chairs in each room. 12) There (is, are) four chairs in each room. 13) Neither the barley nor the wheat (is, are) ready for harvest. 14) The news (was, were) exciting. 15) Mathematics (is, are) his favorite subject. 16) Our football team (was, were) playing in the park. 17) Both copper and lead (is, are) found in this mine. 18) All (was, were) ready to go.

5.Comment on the cases of oppositional reduction:

1. The sun is ever shining.

2. We are not meeting tonight.

3. Sorry, I forgot my book at home.

4. What a night! The stars shine so brightly!

6.Comment on the medial meanings of the verbs (reflexive, reciprocal, middle voice):

1. He shaved quickly.

2. They never quarrelled in other people’s presence.

3. She raised suddenly.

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4.The key turned in the keyhole.

5.The day ended, tranquil and bluish.

6.When shall we meet again?

7.I turned around.

8.Keep quiet, please.

9.The figures would not add.

10.They kissed and parted.

11.The book reads easily.

7.Compare the homonymous constructions with Participle II as a predicative and passive constructions. Explain the difference.

1)When I returned, the papers were signed already. 2) As the director was ill, the papers were signed by his secretary. 3) They were signed a few minutes ago. 4) My watch is made of steel. 5) As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one. 6) The bread was cut with a sharp knife. 7) When I

came home, I saw that my son’s finger was cut to the bone. 8) The roof of my house is painted every year. 9) The roof of my house is painted green.

8. Characterize the verbs in oblique moods according to different viewpoints:

1. I wish she came. 2. She behaved as if she were tired. 3. If she tried, she would manage it. 4. Don’t tell anybody. 6. Let him do that.

9.State the nominal and verbal characteristics of the non-finite forms, their syntactical functions, name other categorial forms by building voice and time-aspect oppositions.

1.Can you recall having mentioned the fact to anyone?

2.On being told the news she gave a gasp of surprise.

3.The man seemed to be studying me.

4.To forget the past was impossible.

5.She smiled remembering the joke.

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6. She left the stew on the gas turned low.

Terminology:

Test questions:

1.Why is the verb characterized as the most complex part of speech?

2.What are morphological features of the verb?

3.What is the general grammatical meaning of the verb?

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4.What is the most universal syntactic feature of the verb?

5.On what principle is the morphological classification of verbs based?

6.On what principle is the syntactic classification of English verbs based?

7.What grammatical categories does the verb possess?

8.How is the grammatical category of voice realized?

9.What resurrects the realization of the voice category?

10.What is the essential characteristic feature of the category of tense?

11.With what conceptual category does the grammatical category of mood

correlate?

SEMINAR 5

Syntagmatic Connections of Words

Word-combination and Phrases

Discussion:

1.The problem of the phrase definition. The correlation of the phrase and the word, the phrase and the sentence.

2.Classifications of phrases.

3.Coordinate and subordinate relations in phrases. Agreement, government, adjoining, enclosure as the modes of dominational relations realization.

Practice:

1.Group the given word-combinations: clever remarks; safe and sound; paper money; her quick and lovely gestures; John stayed; allowed, but reluctantly; helpful, at least sometimes; nice to look at and pleasant to talk to; silent, gloomy, upset; his, not Mary’s; a woman of few ideas; (I heard) them talking.

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broad-shouldered, slightly long of arm and short of leg, never tall, always thin to the bone. Ruffles would have been as ludicrous around her as on me. She was, instead, sleeked down for action; pared to sinewand long, slender muscle; meant for sun and sand and wind and water, and that was what her room reflected. I do not think she ever drew her curtains, even at night. Kylie fell asleep with her face turned to the moon and the comets and the wheeling constellations, seeing when she woke in the night the dance of phosphorous on the warm, thick, black summer ocean or sometimes the lightning of storms over the horizon that looked, she said, like naval battles far out to sea...

(Anne Rivers Siddons. Low Country)

5. Point out verb-phrases and define their types. Comment on the peculiari-

ties of their complementation.

I took my old hunting hat out of my pocket while I walked, and put it on. I knew I wouldn't meet anybody that knew me, and it was pretty damp out. I kept walking and walking and walking, and I kept thinking about old Phoebe going to that museum on Saturdays the way I used to. I thought how she would see the same stuff I used to see, and how she'd be different every time she saw it. It didn't exactly depress me to think about it, but it didn't make me feel gay as hell, either. Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone. I know that's impossible, but it's too bad anyway. Anyway, I kept thinking about all that while I walked.

Test questions:

1. In what way can a word-group be defined?

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2.What other terms for the same entity are there in linguistics?

3.What are the most essential characteristics of the word-group?

4.In accordance with what principles can a word-group be classified?

5.What types of word-groups according to their structure can be distinguished?

6.On what type of syntagmatic relations are subordinate word-groups based?

7.How is a dependent element within a NP called?

8.How is a dependent element within a VP called?

9.What types of NPs can be distinguished?

10.Into what groups are NPs with pre-posed adjuncts are classified? 11.Into what groups are NPs with post-posed adjuncts classified? 12.What types of VPs are associated with the English language? 13.What types of VPs in accordance with their structure are singled out? 14.How are predicative word-groups distinguished?

15.Provide examples of predicative word combinations.

SEMINAR 6

Simple Sеntеnсе

Discussion:

1.Sentence as a communicative unit and the main unit of syntax. Classifications of sentences.

2.Thе соnstituеnt struсturе оf a sеntеnsе. IC-analysis. The traditional modеl

оf parsing thе sеntеnсе.

3.Methods of syntactical analysis: actual division of the sentence.

4.Thе main and the secondary parts of thе sеntеnсе.

5.Paгadigmatiс struсturе of a sеntеnсе.

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Practice:

1.State the structural type of the sentences, define the type of the subject and the predicate in them:

1."How about a little more houseorgan oratory about money being power?" (Fitzgerald)

2.It's a fine time (Fitzgerald).

3."Don't try to whip yourself up into a temper." (Fitzgerald)

4."But there's something wanting, isn't there?" Ashurst nodded. Wanting? The apple tree, the singing, and the gold! (Galsworthy)

5."I say, what d'you suppose happens to us?" "Go out like flames." (Galsworthy)

6."Well, you ought to sleep, you know." "Yes, I ought to, but I can't." (Hemingway)

7."Sit down a bit." (Galsworthy)

8.Her quick, straight handshake tightened suddenly (Galsworthy).

9.The whole thing was like a pleasurable dream (Galsworthy).

10.His arms were seized (Galsworthy).

2.Define the type of the subject and the predicate of the following sentences:

1.The door was opened by a scraggy girl of fifteen with long legs and a tousled head (Maugham).

2."We've been married for 35 years, my dear. It's too long." (Maugham)

3.I should merely have sent for the doctor (Maugham).

4.Mrs. Albert Forrester began to be discouraged (Maugham).

5."Who is Corrinne?" "It's my name. My mother was half French." "That explains a great deal." (Maugham)

6.I could never hope to please the masses (Maugham).

7.The coincidence was extraordinary (Maugham).

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8.Why should the devil have all the best tunes? (Maugham)

9.No one yet has explored its potentialities (Maugham).

10.I'm fearfully late (Maugham).

3.Analyze the actual division of the following sentences and the means used

to mark it:

1."Albert, there's Mrs. Forrester to see you." (Maugham)

2."Both in prose and verse you are absolutely first class." (Maugham)

3.On the wizened face of Oscar Charles was a whimsical look (Maugham).

4.She must leave no stones unturned (Maugham).

5.It was latish in the afternoon next day when Albert Forrester... set out from her flat in order to get a bus from the Marble Arch... (Maugham).

6."I've always taken care to make you share in all my interests." (Maugham)

7."Well, my dear, what have you to say to me?" (Maugham)

8.And a very nice cosy place it is (Maugham).

9."Often at your parties I've had an almost irresistible impulse to take off all my clothes just to see what would happen." (Maugham)

10."What I say is, Albert's worked long enough." (Maugham)

4.Define the communicative sentence type and speech-act characteristics of the given sentences, dwell on the actual division patterns used in them:

1."You'd better put on your coat, Albert." (Maugham)

2."What on earth do you mean by that?" (Maugham)

3.Why don't you write a good thrilling detective story? (Maugham)

4."But you must play fair with your reader, my dear." (Maugham)

5."I will submit to your decision. But you think over the detective story." (Maugham)

6."I suppose /was asked?" he barked. "Well, in point of fact you weren't." (Maugham)

7."Were you bored, dear?" "Stiff." (Maugham)