Английский язык. Упражнения по грамматическим моделям методические указания для подготовки бакалавров по направлениям 54.03.01, 35.03.10, 08.03.01, 15.03.02
.pdf17.Pur, hair, nails, and skin, being made of proteins, contain nitrogen that cannot be used again by the organism.
18.Considering the differences that may occur even in the same tree it is evident that environment is responsible for much of the variation.
19.Only too common are great fires which sweep over the forest consuming the largest trees, killing animals, destroying human habitations.
20.Using'' these techniques'' Smith and others have contributed toward our understanding of the significance of this phenomenon.
PAST PARTICIPLE
1.The quantity of seed and the frequency of seed years depend on the amount of food material stored up in the tree.
2.Red cedar and cherry are examples of species distributed by birds.
3.The process of evaporation called transpiration accounts for the fact that leaves and twigs contain more mineral salts than any other part of the tree.
4.The amount of heat required to germinate the seed of a certain species is much more higher than for another.
5.A northern tree transplanted to a southern climate is adopted to produce infertile seed.
6.Hardwoods sprout up from the stump when cut.
7.Some species send out shoots from the roots only when wounded.
8.Nursery trees grown on moist rich land have a more compact root system than those grown on poor soil.
9.The cells held together by a glutinous layer are in turn composed of fibrils consisting of extremely small elements called micelles.
10.Cells formed during spring have the function of transporting liquids within the trunk and are accordingly thin-walled, porous and provided with many pores.
11.The average water-content evaporated is about 1,400 kg per std.
12.The quantities of seed produced by different trees vary widely both within the same and between different species.
13.The leaves are made up of a framework filled in with a cellular tissue and covered with a skin.
14.Forests are the natural cover of the best watered regions of the earth.
15.It has been observed that some species commonly fail to do well when planted in pure stands, especially upon ordinary forest soils.
16.Heat darkens wood. But the chief difficulty met in this treatment is that many woods check when subjected to temperature strong enough to change their colour.
17.Nitrogen as found in the atmosphere cannot be used by the tree.
18.Fallen leaves, if not burned, contain some proteins.
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19.A northern tree that was growing under the long-day conditions may not bloom if moved to the South.
20.A new era had been born, in which a tree in place as a living element of a landscape might be of immeasurably greater value, than if sawed into boards.
ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION
1.Thinning removes weak and deformed trees, the extra space allowing the remaining trees to grow to a greater girth.
2.Dormant roots of orchard trees are injured by soil temperatures in the range of 14 to 15 F, the critical temperature varying with species.
3.The forest is composed of several crown layers, the chief canopy being, as a rule, the second layer made of tall, slender trees rising to heights of 100 to 150 ft.
4.Prom the commercial point of view the most valuable species are the spruce and the pine, the spruce being by far the most important.
5.Hitherto most of the birch timber has been used for fuel, only a small amount being used for making skis, furniture, veneer, etc.
6.Diseases of trees may be classified in various ways, the classification depending on the purpose to be served.
7.The young roots have the power of taking up the soil water, the older roots being most useful in holding the tree in place.
8.Usually, however, the weight of wood is considered of secondary importance in its utilization, the strength, beauty, and durability being the leading factors in its selection.
9.Seed production and germination are very variable, the former depending on many factors including temperature extremes, condition of the tree, the presence or absence of competition, and the time elapsed since the last heavy crop was born.
10.Only the foothills a slopes of the mou ntains are timbered, the rest of the north Caucasia being for the most part a flat country, containing some of the richest agricultural land in.
11.The weather having been changed, plants have been adapted to a new situation.
12.The problem of the future forestry development having been discussed, the conference was over.
13.Cities continue to expand forest being uncontrollable cut down.
14.Larch is considered to be a coniferous tree, it is widely used for house construction due to its tough wood.
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GERUND
1.A greenhouse is a glass structure erected for growing plants.
2.In the Russia there are many large and small greenhouses which are used for growing early-maturing vegetables, fruits and decorative plants and scientific purposes.
3.Pine timber is used chiefly for building.
4.Practically all aspen trees are reproduced by suckering.
5.Planting on lands that have been cultivated is usually done without special preparation of the planting site.
6.Ground preparation of some sort is usually required for success in seeding unless the existing plant cover is sparse and open.
7.We can determine very closely the age of the trees by counting the rings of wood.
8.The young roots have the power of taking up the soil water, the older roots are most useful in holding the tree in place.
9.In the case of basswood, the parachute-like bract attached to the seedduster aids in spreading the seeds by carrying them through the air along the snow crust.
10.Cells formed during the spring have the function of transplanting liquids within the trunk.
11.Summerwood is more adapted to giving strength and hardness to the wood than for passing moisture.
12.The bands of cells called wood rays serve the tree in storing and distributing food material horizontally.
13.Nursery is a term which is applied to a plot of land used for raising plants that are intended for planting else where for their land growth.
14.By shortening the long roots the root system is made more compact and better able to withstand subsequent removal. This may be done by transplanting or by cutting around the tree with a spade or a tree-digger.
15.It is on account of their having had roots shortened so that the root system is compact and can all be moved with the tree that nursery grown trees are generally superior to others.
16.As evergreens are very sensitive to being moved, this requires more care with most deciduous trees.
17.This is done by increasing the yield of timber per acre with progressive forest management and by planting new areas of land.
18.After planting for restocking the trees are cared for to ensure they do not succumb to competing vegetation.
19.By saving the soil, forests held in taming the power of floods.
20.Humus also improves the physical condition of the soils it makes a compact soil looser and sandy or light soil more stable by causing the particles to form into crumbs.
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21.After collecting the cones, acorns and other kinds of seed it is necessary to provide means for extracting the seeds from them.
22.The older trees may be injured by having their roots trampled and wounded and by having the soil around them compacted to such an extent that it is nearly impervious to water.
23.By scorching the bases of the big trees the surface fires open wounds through which wood rot enters which depreciate the value of the lumber and increases the likelihood of the tree being thrown by the wind.
INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
1.Wood is built up of cells which, in the living tree, have three functions: to support the tree, to conduct water, and to assist metabolism.
2.Each system of natural reproduction is carried out in practice with a great many variations to suit the local requirements.
3.Some trees such as lodgepole pine or Jack pine require a great amount of heat to open their cones.
4.In late summer thick-walled, darker cells are formed which serve to give the trunk its necessary strength.
5.Where trees have plenty of room to grow and their natural development is not interfered with, their individual characteristics are most apparent.
6.Fibre obliquity helps to increase the flexibility of the trunk.
7.On older trunks the configuration, texture, thickness and colour are features to be observed.
8.The ability of a plant to reproduce depends on its range and natural exterition.
9.In transplanting it is important to take up a sufficient amount of roots to support the plant.
10.Each individual tree has certain characteristics to be studied and determined before it can be decided to which system of reproduction it is best suited.
11.This power of the forest to hold back the soil is even more important than its power to soak up water.
12.Wood is extremely variable, and to understand its structural features requires at least a general knowledge of tree growth.
13.Spruce is ideal material for boxes to be used as food containers, because the wood has neither taste nor smell.
14.An enormous quantity of forest tree seed is required annually to supply the needs of the nurseries.
15.The relations between the maximal and minimal amounts of water to be evaporated varies from about 1.6 for 3 in. timber to 2.6 for 1,5 in.
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16.Often it is not practicable to cut the old growth Dougles fir stands on the basis of selecting individual trees to be removed.
17.Decay factors affect silvicultural practices in several important ways: e.g. in the choice of trees to be cut etc.
18.A general principle to be considered in preparing a fire-prevention action plan is to recognize that forest fuels and fire risks are the two controlling indices.
COMPLEX SUBJECT
1.Growing roots usually are considered to possess four distinct regions.
2.Wood rays are said to comprise an average of about 17 per cent of the volume of hardwoods and 8 per cent of the volume of conifers.
3.Winter injury to roots appears to be greater in light than in heavy soils.
4.Some species appear to be more tolerant under some soil conditions than under others.
5.Approximately one quarter of the area of Norway is considered to be productive forest land.
6.Red pine appears ta be following Jack pine and is often found in mixture
with it.
7.Introduction of Radiata pine to New Zealand seems to have been via Australia rather than direct from California.
8.Each area of the cutever area is examined and if any are found to be in sufficiently stocked with seedlings, seeding from the air, or hand planting, takes place.
9.Pine is extensively used for joinery, but spruce is believed to be more suitable, though it has some of the same defects.
10.Such a fire is likely to result when high winds whip the flames into the tree tops.
11.Conifers are much more likely to suffer seriously from the attacks of insects than are broadleaf trees.
12.Physiologically, a good carbohydrate status is said to have a favourable effect upon the flowering.
13.Some of the giant sequoias are believed to be about 4,000 years old.
14.The use of northern seed in the South is likely to produce trees of slow growth and poor development.
15.Annual growth is now considered sufficient to justify an annual cut of that volume, and little change will be necessary unless insects, fires, or tornadoes cause heavy losses.
16.Soils of all classes appear to be acceptable to juniper, which grow on soils derived from both sedimentary and igneous rock.
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17.Manganese was found to be suitable in this work for it is not toxic when injected into trees.
18.In a heavy forest, transpiration is likely to be high because of the large volume of tree crowns that are exposed to air and heat.
19.Direct evaporation from the soil is, on the other hand, likely to be low because the ground is shaded.
20.The competition for minerals between individual organs of a plant has been known to exist for a long time.
21.Therefore, the animals of the conifer forests were likely to be more specialized with the more restricted food and the cover conditions found in the conifer forests.
22.Certain chemical substances are known to break the dormancy of
plants.
ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES
1.The length of time the leaves remain on this class of trees varies from two to three years.
2.The actual shape of trees depends on the space they have to grow in, on the soil, situation, and on the age of trees.
3.Different species vary widely in the demand they make in fertility and water content of the forest soil.
4.The time leaves remain on the branches of evergreens depends to some extent on the location and age of the individual tree.
5.Wood rays are of interest to lumbermen because of the important part they play in the shrinking and swelling of lumber which undergoes changes in moisture content.
6.The cells in wood vary in size and shape and in the functions they perform.
7.It is common to classify roots into surface roots and tap-roots, depending on their shape and the depth they go into the ground.
8.That thin information might be more than of academic interest is indicated by the attention it receives in the United States.
9.The crops the farmer raises are different from the climax forest.
10.With a purpose like the one watchful parents and teacher have with young, people, a forester can straighten out deficiencies in tree growth.
11.It is too bad that so little is known as yet as to the effect different sites and different types of forest management have on the quality of the wood in different species.
12.Foresters are asking for information we should have started 20 years ago to get.
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13.An accurate measurement of the timber one has for sale must be made before a profitable sale can be made.
14.Companies have doubled and trebled the number of foresters they
employ.
15.Most of the timber the owner sells now and most of what he has sold in the past would have no stumpage value.
16.The farmers also learn something from the foresters about the use of tables to determine the volume of the trees they buy in the sales.
17.With the elimination of fires in the timber types I mentioned, conflict of ground uses will disappear.
18.Results we obtained from seedbed burns in units of more than 300 acres in size are not in line with those from small-area experimental burns.
19.The minute they put foot on these shores the first settlers from Europe started changing the habitat of wildlife.
''THAT''
1.The bark of white fir is quite horny on old trunks, while that of sequoias is soft and spongy, and that of corkbark fir is corky.
2.Twigs offer an exellent means of identifying trees and shrubs throughout the year, except for a short time during the spring, when the buds formed the previous season are opening and those for the current season have not yet appeared.
3.Conifer stems usually are less susceptible to frost cracks than those of deciduous trees, and young trees less susceptible than old ones.
4.Radiata pine is a softwood with characteristics allied to those of Baltic spruce or pine.
5.Nursery trees grown on moist rich land have a more compact root system than those grown on poor land.
6.Trees join with their tops and make a cover that does not let much light gleam down the trunk, owing to this the branches cannot exist, they get dry and die away.
7.Trees help to control the quick rush of flood waters that destroy towns, cover farm land and carry away rich soil.
8.The wood nearest the bark is lighter in colour than that in the centre.
9.Most people believe that trees grow from early spring until late in autumn. That this is not correct has been proved by recent studies.
10.The physical properties of spruce are not so good as those of pine, and it is therefore, not so adaptable for ordinary construction purposes.
11.That conifers bear their seeds within a more or less woody structure known as a cone is the main distinguishing feature of this great group of trees and shrubs.
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12.The essential feature in the formation of heartwood is that the inner rings no longer conduct water.
13.That this information might be more than of academic interest is indicated by the attention it receives in the United States.
14.Engelmann spruce is a species that requires clear cutting in spots because of a lack of wind firmness.
15.The application of the plant nutrients that are deficient in the soil without regard to the physical condition of the soil will seldom suffice.
16.That direct seeding can be done at lower cost than planting has been amply demonstrated by experiments.
17.Such a climate resembles that of coastal California.
18.Many aspects of timber production and harvesting are entirely different from those of other crops.
19.It may be that slow growth brings out more Strongly any hereditary tendencies toward spiral grain that may be present.
20.Trees that stand much shade can be grown with those that require much
sunlight.
21.One prime objective of the tree breeder is to develop forms resistant to pest attacks and to multiply those forms so that they will be available in quantities for distribution and planting.
22.The procedures in applying aerial sprays over forests are necessarily different from those employed in treating agricultural crops because of the larger areas involved.
23.That this country has more than a thousand other tree species indicates the wealth of our forest heritage.
"IT''
1.And so it is the neighboring trees that act on the size, form, top, height of the tree and the thickness of its trunk.
2.It is not always the water that does the greatest damage, it is often the great quantities of earth that the water carries away along with it.
3.It may be noticed that vegetables growing near trees are frequently uninjured by autumn frosts which destroy those growing in the open.
4.It is the cell cavities or pores in wood that make it lighter and cause most species to float.
5.Spruce is often liable to decay and it has been necessary in many parts of the country to cut spruce before the age of 80 years, when this rot generally begins.
6.After the seed is extracted, it is necessary to make proper provision for storing it until needed.
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7.It is the spores from the blister rust produced on the leaves of these plants that are dangerous to the pine tree.
8.It is in the North that there is the greatest room for improvement of a standard of forest management.
9.It is safest to use seed from native trees that are adapted to the climate of the region and from well-formed, vigorous specimens.
10.It is important that any contemplated control measures be carried out promptly, before the insects can mature.
11.It is best to consult local authorities regarding the use fof Norway maple and its varieties.
12.It is the combination of temperature and rainfall that counts.
13.It often takes many years to get usable results in experimenting with forest trees.
14.It is evident that environment is responsible for much of the variation.
15.People who visit the area now find it hard to believe that a few years ago the tract was almost worthless.
16.It is stocked with a merchantable stand.
17.It is estimated that the plot now has 10,000 board feet per acre of good saw timber.
18.If one cannot get seed nearby, he should obtain it from localities of similar climate and altitude.
19.In assessing the future of this forest area, one should remember that some of it has been heavily cut.
20.It is not advisable to plant any fast-growing seedlings in a mixture that grows slowly.
21.Planting makes it possible to control the kind and variety of tree that occupies the site and gives special emphasis to the need.
22.It costs no more to plant the resistant trees, if they are available, than to plant ordinary stock.
23.It was all of those methods, rather than any one or two, that reduced by 18 percent the average number of man-caused wildfires.
24.On the shoulders of the fire manager rests probably the heaviest responsibility of all. It is he who must direct and supervise all fire-control activities.
25.Perhaps it is the influence of atavism that makes trees appeal so strongly to human emotions.
26.For example, it takes from 24 to 72 hours to extract seeds from red pine cones in convection-kilns as compared to 5 hours in forced-air kilns.
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"ONE''
1.If one cannot get seed nearby, he should obtain it from localities of similar climate and altitude.
2.As one gets farther and farther beyond the centers of population he comes finally to the forests that human activities have not changed.
3.The forester's selection therefore must take quite a different direction from the one practiced by nature.
4.The growth of the more desirable species can be encouraged by planting them and eliminating the less desirable ones.
5.Knowing how much one has to sell from the small forest is just as important as knowing what to sell.
6.At first, no one knew what was the proper size for the cutting patches.
7.In assessing the future of this forest area, one should remember that some of it has been heavily cut.
8.None of these devices have been successful, however, and considerably more developmental work will be needed to improve this phase of operation.
9.It is no wonder that some of the areas, the ones that are especially adapted to winter sports, are beloved of skiers.
10.It is useless to wait for someone to find you (if no one knows about where you are), as passers-by are rare in some wild parts of the national forests.
11.One should make sure the roots are thoroughly watered.
12.In applying fertilizer one should keep in mind that trees do not grow so fast as field crops.
13.There is more heartwood in older trees than in younger ones.
14.Annual rings are seen clearly on the cross section of tree, one can determine fairly closely its age.
15.By reacting a cross section of an old tree, one can determine what growth conditions prevailed during any particular year of the past.
“AS”
1.Mechanical injury to roots from severe bending as falling trees strike some of their neighbors is another possible contributor to the increased death rate.
2.It is better to consult local authorities regarding the use of Horway maple and its varieties, as the species has proved to be tender in some localities.
3.As one gets farther and farther beyond the centers of population he finally comes to virgin forests.
4.Seeding from the air involves the same basic procedures as spreading insecticides and fungicides.
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