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burglars couldn’ t get in.

•for fear/lest + might/should. Не didn'1 say where he was going for fear he might be followed.

•for fear of sth/doing sth. Не gave them all his money for fear of being shot.

•prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing form. She put on her raincoat to prevent herself (from) getting soaked.

• avoid + -ing form. Не took а taxi to work to avoid being late.

•Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. (She s going to buy а dictionary so that her spelling will improve. They tied him ир so that he wouldn't escape.)

31.Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets.

1.I’ve joined а gym. I want to get fit. (to)

2.She is learning English. She wants to get а job in England. (so that)

3.Не got а loan from the bank. Не wanted to expand his business. (in order to)

4.Не will take some money with him. Не may want to buy something. (in case)

5.She wrote the date down in her diary. She didn't want to forget it. (so that)

6.They arrived at the station early. They didn't want to miss the train. (so as not to)

7.They took some water with them. It was possible they would get thirsty. (in case)

8.Не put the letter on the table. Не wanted his mother to post it. (so that)

9.The courier came into the office. Не wanted to deliver the parcel. (to)

10.Pamela called the lost property office. She wanted to report the loss of her luggage. (in order to)

11.Не got the car out of the garage. Не wanted to wash it. (so that)

12.I always lock the doors and windows. I don' t want to be burgled. (avoid)

13.The doctor examined the patient. Не wanted to find out what was wrong with him. (so as to)

14.I’ve taken out а loan. I want to buy а car. (to)

15.We'll take some food with us. We might get hungry,(in case)

16.She is studying medicine. She wants to become а doctor. (so that)

17.Не put his keys in his briefcase. Не didn't want to lose them. (in order not to)

18.They will take some magazines with them. They may get bored. (in case)

19.She set her alarm clock. She didn't want to oversleep.(so that)

20.We put the letters on the table. We didn't want to forget to post them. (so as not to)

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32. Complete each sentence using two to five words, including the word in bold.

1.Не set his alarm clock. Не didn't want to oversleep. (that )

2.I’ll take my umbrella. It might rain this afternoon. (cаsе)

3.Sam called Маrу. Не wanted to invite her to а party. (to)

4.Tom took his cheque book. Не didn't want to run out of money. (case)

5.We use а watering can to water plants and flowers. (for)

6.I went to bed early. I didn't want to be tired the next day. (that)

7.They took а map with them. They didn't want to get lost. (not)

8.Jack is studying business at university. Не wants to get а good job.(that)

9.We took а taxi. We didn't want to be late.(not)

10.Тоnу is employing more staff. Не wants to expand his business.(that)

11.Take your mobile phone. It is possible that someone may call you.(case)

12.We use а microwave to cook food quickly. (for)

13.We took а camera. We wanted to take some photographs. (that)

14.She applied sunscreen. She didn't want to get sunburnt. (not )

15.I did my homework. I didn't want the teacher to be angry with me.(that)

16.Mark called John. Не wanted to ask him for some advice.(to)

17.Не checked his answering machine. There may have been а message for him.

(case)

18.She put her jewellery in the hotel safe. She didn't want it to get stolen. (prevent)

33. Translate.

1.Для того чтобы газ горел в воздухе, его нагревают до температуры вспышки.

2.Она боялась произнести слово, чтобы не обидеть его (букв.: не задеть его чувств). 3.Выпишите все новые слова из текста, чтобы из не забыть. 4. Я пришёл раньше на парад, для того чтобы лучше увидеть шествие. 5. Они должны были надеть перчатки, для того что бы не оставить отпечатки пальцев. 6. Я беру с собой плащ, в случае если он понадобиться мне. 6. Я старался упоминать этот вопроса, чтобы не обидеть его. 7. Это нож для резки хлеба. 8. Я выхожу из дома раньше, для того чтобы быть вовремя на работе. 9. Я запишу, чтобы не забыть.

10.Он поставил сигнализацию, чтобы воры не забрались. 11. Привяжи собаку, чтобы не убежала. 12. Она отдала все украшения, для того чтобы остаться живой. 13 Я ещё раз прочитал книгу, чтобы не упустить ни единой мелочи.

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Exclamations

Exclamations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, etc.

То form exclamatory sentences we can use what (a/an), how, such, so or а negative question

• sо + adjective/adverb е.g. This cake is sо tasty! Не works so hard!

• such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural поип е.g. You gave me such valuable information!

• what + a/an(+ adjective) + singular countable noun е.g. What а lovely view!

• what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural поuп е.g. What expensive furniture!

• how + adjective/adverb е.g. How clever he is! How well she behaved!

• negative question (+ exclamation mark) е.g. Isn’t she а graceful dancer!

34. Fill in what (a/an), how, so or such (а/аn).

35. Rephrase the sentences in as many ways as possible.

Clauses of Concession

Concession is expressed with:

• Although/Even though/Though + clause. Although it snowed heavily, he саmе to the meeting.

Though can also be put at the end of the sentence. lt snowed heavily. Не came to the meeting, though.

•Despite/In spite of + noun/-ing form. Despite his illness/being ill, he went to the party.

•Despite/In spite of the fact + that -clause. In spite of the fact that he was ill, he went to

the party.

• while/whereas/but/on the other hand/уеt + clause. Не worked hard, yet he failed to meet the deadline.

•nevertheless/however + clause. Не has lots of experience; however, He didn't get the job.

•However/No matter how + adj/adv + subject (+ may) + verb. However fast he runs, he

can' t beat Тоm.

•adj/adv + though + subject + verb/(may + bare Inf). Clever though hе is, his laziness caused him to fail the ехam. Much though I may want it, I can' t afford а holiday this year.

•adj/adv + as + subject + verb. Skinny as he is, he eats а lot.

А comma is used when the clause of concession either precedes or follows the main clause. Even though he was tired, hе went to the party. Не went to the party, even though he was tired.

36. Underline the correct item.

1.Yet/No matter what he does to please her, she always finds something to complain about.

2.Although/However I set my alarm clock for 7.00 am, it didn't go off.

3.Despite/Even though the bad weather forecast, Susan and Jim went climbing.

4.She tries hard, although/yet she makes little progress.

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5.Tom's wife drives better than he does, whereas/although he won' t admit it.

6.Lots of people drive fast although/in spite of police warnings.

7.Bad mannered though/yet he is, he has got lots of friends.

8.She is а brilliant singer; while/nevertheless, she refuses to sing in public.

9.Rich as/even though they are, they never buy expensive things.

10.However/while much she denies it, she does dye her hair blonde.

11.She speaks Japanese fluently, yet/despite she has never visited the country.

12.In spite of/However all the bad publicity, the film became а box office success.

13.Janine turned up at the wedding even though/despite she wasn't invited.

14.However/Though hard he tries, he'll never outsmart Pat.

15.Much as/yet I admire her, I can' t accept her point of view on this matter.

16.The northwest of the country gets а lot of rain whereas/as the east gets more snow.

37. Fill in : although/though/even though, despite, while/whereas, but, in spite of, however/no matter how, or nevertheless.

"... And now for а quick look at what' s in store for Librans this month. It may seem

relationship, he/she is likely to be in need of some extra love and attention. There will

more than. а religious aspect. It is an occasion celebrated all over the world 2)

at the same time of year as the great pagan festivals. Christmas presents, in fact, are of pagan origin. Some countries exchange gifts on 25 December 5) .................... others wait until 6 January. Children' 8 presents are traditionally left for them by Father

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38. Choose the correct answer.

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39. Read the story and decide which word or phrase (A, B, C, or D) fits into each

moments and this was one of them. I walked into а cafe, wanting to buy а pineapple juice. 5 ................ I wasn't completely sure of the word for 'pineapple', I thought I could remember it, I asked for my drink. The waiter simply looked at me. 6 ................

that, I tried again, this time saying the same word in а slightly different accent. Later I

the right drink. I was lucky though. I found out later that the word I’d used meant

40. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. There may be more than one way of doing this correctly.

1.The weather wasn't very good but we enjoyed the holiday. (although)

2.Your success was due to hard work. However, mine was due to good luck. (whereas)

3.1й very disappointing for you but it's not the end of the world. (though)

4.She has no real problems. However, she's always complaining. (yet)

5.There were protests from the public but the law was passed. (even)

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6.You're right in some ways. On the other hand, you're wrong in other ways. (while)

7.I was very angry but I said nothing. (though)

8.I’ve known her for years but! don't really understand her. (even)

9.We have little in common but we get on very well. (although)

10.My sister is very patient. However, I often lose my temper. (whereas)

11.Even though they've lived here for years, they don't know the place very well. (yet)

12.I can understand how you feel. Even so, I don't think you should get so upset. (while)

41. Translate.

1. Самолёт вылетит рано утром, невзирая на погоду. 2. Хотя работа была трудная, её закончили вовремя. 3. Я был рад его помощи, хотя она была и незначительной. 4. Хоть я желал помочь, но я нечего не мог сделать. 5. Хотя ты и подводил меня много раз, я всё ещё верю в тебя. 6. Я намерен добраться туда сегодня, несмотря на то что это очень далеко. 7. Неважно куда ты идешь, ты не убежишь от себя. 8. Что бы я не говорил, кажется, что говорю неподходящие вещи. 9. Каким бы ты умным не был, ты не можешь знать всё. 10. Ты должен идти, даже если ты устал.

Clause of Manner.

•Clauses of manner are introduced by: as if/as though (after act, appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste), as, how, (in) the way, (in) the way that, the way in which, (in) the same way, (in) the same way as. e.g. Try to do it as I showed you.

•In clauses of manner introduced with as if/as though we can use were instead of was in

all persons in formal English. e.g. She acts as if she were/was in charge of the project. Note how the tense forms are used after as if/as though:

•as if/as though + any tense form (showing probability/similarity - how sb/sth seems) e.g. She feels as if she has got a temperature. (She may have a temperature.) She sounds as if she had a cold. (She may have had а соld.)

•as if/as though + Past Simple/Past Continuous (unreal in the present) e.g. She acts as if she knew everything. (but she doesn't)

•as if/as though + Past Perfect (unreal in the past) She felt as if they had misjudged her.

(but they hadn’t)

42. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Не talked about Denmark as though he ……. (be) there but we know he never has.

conjunction.

In some sentences, more than one conjunction is possible.

1.I’m sorry I wasn't here earlier but I came ……………. I could.

2.I’m staying in all weekend …………….I can get my work done.

10. I won’ t believe you……………… I’ve seen it for myself.

13.The money was hidden ...................... nо-one could find it.

14.I'll come with you ...................... we don't stay late. I need to be up early tomorrow.

15............................. I like him, I sometimes find him very irritating.

44. Put an appropriate conjunction before the adverbial clauses. Write the answers in the spaces provided below the text.

THE CAR : is it worth it?

1……..... the petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine was first developed by the German engineers Benz and Daimler in 1885, our lives have changed completely.

2……...... the damaging effects of the motor car are now well-recognized, the number of cars on the road continues to grow every year. In 1950, there were fewer than 50 million cars in use around the world, but 3……..... cars became more widely available and relatively cheaper, this number grew to 500 million by 1999.

We continue to drive cars 4……....... we know how dangerous they are in every respect. People seem to accept the higher number of deaths and injuries as а normal fact of life 5……...... smaller risks in other areas of life seem to generate more publicity and fear. We accept the awful risk 6………........ it is somehow justifiable. 7……….....any other activity carried with it such а risk, there would be а huge public reaction.

And what of the pollution? 8………....... research into car emissions started, it has become clearer and clearer how damaging the emissions are to health and the environment. Will we keep on driving our cars 9……….....such damage we do? It seems that people are 10……...... attached to their cars that they won't give them up for anything. To some people, their car is more important to them11………..... anything else.

One of the obvious answers to the problem is better public transport. 12…………... we could travel 13………….... we liked on cheap, comfortable public transport, we would be less inclined to use the car. People will not stop using their cars

14……………... there is а good alternative. But we need to act now 15………..... it is too late. We must change our attitude and our priorities 16……...... future generations can live in а cleaner world.