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(before/since) the Industrial Revolution. 4) (While/As soon as) the results were published, climate changes once again 5) ....................... (become) headline news. Other research predicts that 6) (by/by the time) the end of the century average rainfall will be 30% higher than today as а result of а warmer climate. Air pollution is blamed for the sharp rise in the Earth' s temperature and 7) (until whenever) strict
laws 8) ....................... |
(be/introduced), the problem will |
continue to get worse. |
Something needs to be done 9) (the moment/before) it 10) ..................... |
(be) too late. |
|
11) (When/Whenever) |
Е.U. countries 12) ....................... |
(meet) last month, they |
agreed to cut down on pollution levels. 13) (Just as/Once) clean sources of power 14)
.......................... (be/developed), we will have taken the first steps towards stopping global warming.
16. Fill in "if" or "when" and put the verbs into the correct tense.
1.They had finished packing ... before/bу the time we returned from work
2.А door-to-door salesman turned up ...........................................................................
3.She came across her childhood diary .........................................................................
4…………………………………………………….. the baby had already been born.
5…………………………………………………. he realised he was being followed.
6 ...................................................................................... the report, will have it typed.
7.The shop had closed .................................................................................................
8.She went into the classroom ......................................................................................
9.The baby cried for its mother ....................................................................................
10.I recognised him ......................................................................................................
11.The cake must be left to cool down ........................................................................
12.I will meet you .......................................................................................................
13.She couldn' t walk properly ....................................................................................
14.I want to see you .....................................................................................................
17. Error Analysis. Many of the following sentences have errors in the formation of relative clauses. Find the errors and correct them. Indicate sentences that have no errors.
1.The way to nirvana is a method that Buddhists call the “Eightfold Path.”
2.People who follow the Eightfold Path reach a point that extremes and impulses are avoided there.
3.The Eightfold Path gives а moral way of living that it includes. "right speech, action, and livelihood."
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4.It has instructions on discipline that they involve "right effort, mindfulness, and concentration."
5.The Eightfold Path also discusses the wisdom that we develop this wisdom through "right views and intentions."
6.It is not а set of teachings that emphasizes strictness or severity.
7.It teaches а moderate lifestyle where avoids strong feelings.
8.The Eightfold Path leads to Nirvana, а feeling of peace when а person nо longer has inner conflicts or suffering.
9.Vegetarianism is а diet choice means you don' t eat meat.
10.Vegetarians honor the right that all things have to live.
18. Have you felt moments of real inner peace? Describe one by completing the following sentences. Add оther information if you wish.
1.I’ve felt the kind of peace that....................................................................................
2.It was at а time (in my life) when...............................................................................
3.I had reached а point (in my life) where.....................................................................
4.It gave me the sensation that.......................................................................................
5.For me, inner peace comes at the times when............................................................
б. Peace is а feeling that.................................................................................................
7.There is а place where………………………………………………………………
8.То achieve inner peace, you need а personal space where………………………….
19. Fill “if” or “when” and put the verbs into correct tense.
1. Tom will phone you ................ |
he ............... |
(wake up). |
|
2. ................................. do you think you ................................. |
(finish) the project? |
||
3. ................................. there ........................... |
|
(be) any problems, I will phone you. |
|
4. |
................................. the exams ........................... |
(be) over, we will have а party. |
|
5. |
................................. Ted ...................... |
|
(apply) for the job, I’m sure he will get it. |
6. ........................................................................... (you/stop) interfering in my life?
7 ....................... |
we ................. |
(arrive) late at the theatre, there will be nо tickets left. |
|
8. |
I have nо idea ............................ |
he .......................... |
(return) from his trip to Paris. |
9. |
Please let me know ....................... |
you ...................... |
(hear) from them, will you? |
10. |
...................... we ................ |
(have) nothing else to discuss, we can all leave now. |
|
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20. Translate.
1.К половине седьмого, когда начали съезжаться гости, всё уже было готово.
2.Когда-нибудь, когда ты будешь постарше, ты поймёшь. 3. Он купит домик у моря, как только у него будут деньги. 4. Я дам тебе денег, как только ты скажешь, за чем тебе они нужно. 5. Она закончила читать, прежде чем пришли родители. 6. Я вернусь, как только закончу поход по магазинам. 7. Когда он писал, он обычно слушал классическую музыку. 8. Он работал над проектом, пока не почувствовал удовлетворение от проделанной работы. 9. Люди, когда думают о работе актеров или учёных, представляют себе их мир как некий мистический мир гениев. 10. Мы считаем, что гении отличаются от нас. 11. Когда ты пишешь что-либо, ты должен сконцентрироваться. 12. Перед тем как начать рисовать что-либо, тебе нужно выбрать хороший холст. 13. Как только у писателя возникает новая идея для романа, он записывает её немедленно. 14. Я приеду навестить вас, как только будут каникулы. 15. Она начнёт изучать французский язык перед поездкой в Париж. 16. Если нам нечего обсуждать, давайте закончим встречу.
Clauses of Result.
Clauses of result are used to express the result of something. They are introduced with:
•so e.g. I was tired, so I went to bed early.
•such а/an + adjective + singular countable noun е.g. She is such а nice girl (tha everybody likes her.
•such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun е.g. They are such friendly people (that) they makе уоu feel welcome.
•such а lot of + plural/uncountable noun е.g. They gavе mе such а lot of presents (that) I couldn'1 сarrу them home.
•so + adjective/adverb е.g. She is so clever (that) everyone admires her.
•so much/little + uncountable noun / so many/few + plural е.g. There was so much smoke in the room (that) I couldn'1 breathe. Не has so few friends (that) he feels lonely at times.
•as а result/therefore/consequently е.g. Certain species of animals are being killed for their fur, and as а result/therefore/consequently they are becoming extinct.
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21. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
1. |
It was raining heavily. We stayed in. |
|
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so |
|
|
It was raining ...sо… that we... |
stayed in. |
|
2. We had а great time because the people at the hotel were very friendly. |
|
||||
such |
They were .................................... |
people at the hotel that we had а great time. |
|||
3. |
Jackie spent а lot of money last week, so she can't рау the rent now. |
|
|||
much |
Jаckiе spent ................................... |
last week that she can' t pay the rent now. |
|||
4. |
Kate doesn't pay much attention to the way she dresses. She looks untidy. |
||||
so |
|
|
Kate pays ..................................... |
to the way she dresses that she looks untidy. |
|
5. |
There was а lot of noise last night and I couldn't sleep. |
|
|||
such |
There was .......................................................... |
last night that I couldn't sleep. |
|||
6. |
The party wasn't а success because Jack invited very few people. |
|
|||
so |
|
|
Jack invited ............................................... |
to the party that it wasn't а success. |
|
7. |
The cake was delicious. We ate it all. |
|
|||
such |
It was ....................................................................................... |
that we ate it all. |
|||
8. |
The instructions were confusing. I couldn't understand them. |
|
|||
such |
They were ............................................................. |
I couldn't understand them. |
|||
9. |
The weather was bad. We didn't enjoy our holiday. |
|
|||
such |
It was ................................................. |
…………..we didn't enjoy our holiday. |
|||
10. |
No one knows what caused his illness. |
|
|||
why |
No one knows ............................................................................................. |
|
ill. |
||
12. |
Не couldn' t eat the food because it was very spicy. |
|
|||
for |
|
Не couldn't eat ................................................................................ |
|
very spicy. |
|
13. |
Dо you know the reason for her being so upset? |
|
|||
why |
Do you .................................................................................................... |
|
upset? |
||
14. |
It was such а lovely summer in England that we stayed at home. |
|
|||
so |
|
|
It ............................................................... |
in England that we stayed at home. |
|
15. |
The trip abroad was cancelled due to lack of interest. |
|
|||
of |
|
|
The trip abroad was cancelled |
............................................................. |
interest. |
16. |
She was rushing to the office so she couldn't talk to me. |
|
|||
consequently She was rushing to the office and ................................................. |
to me. |
||||
17. |
It was such an interesting book that I stayed up all night to finish it. |
|
|||
so It was ....................................................................... |
I stayed up all night to finish it. |
||||
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22.Fill in: so, such or such a(n).
Аfew years ago, I spent my holiday on the Greek island of Santorini. I was 1)
............. worried about travelling alone that I became quite nervous. However, about
five minutes after the ferry had left I met 2) ............... nice American couple that l stayed with them for the whole holiday. When we docked, we were pushed onto а
bus that was filled with |
3) ..................... |
а lot of people that we felt as |
|
if we couldn't breathe. At the bus station there were 4) ...................... |
many people |
||
waiting to offer us accommodation that we decided to ignore them, preferring to walk along the main road to find somewhere to stay ourselves. After an hour or so we started to think that not accepting any of the men's offers of accommodation had been 5) ....................... bad idea that we decided to ask someone for help. We asked an old man if he knew of anywhere we could stay. Не led us to а lovely little
apartment on the edge of а cliff. It was 6) |
.................... gorgeous а flat, and the view |
||
was |
7) .................... |
good that we took it immediately. We had |
|
brought 8) ................... |
few things with us, and it took us 9) .................. |
short time to |
|
unpack that we were on the famous black sand beach in no time. We had 10)
................ nice time together and we, became 11) ................ good friends that we still keep in touch, sending letters and Christmas cards. Tlis year Scott and Arianne are coming to Scotland to spend Christmas with me. It will be great to see them again.
23. Rewrite the text using such/so ... that.
There were many people in the station. I was unable to find the friend I had arranged to meet. It had also been а long time since I’d seen her. I barely remembered what she looked like. Then, suddenly I heard а familiar voice behind me. "Marilyn, is that really you?" Rachel smiled at me. "It' s been terribly long . I’ve got an awful lot of things to tell you. Come on! Let's go somewhere for coffee. I took her to а lovely cafe I know. It was а very nice day so we decided to sit outside in the sun. We had а lot to say to each other. We didn't notice the time fly. We used to s end а lot of time to ether. I always s knew what she was thinking. We had never kept secrets from each other. Now, she seemed happy enough, but her e eyes looked really sad. I was sure that there was something she wasn't telling me. When I confronted her, she said that everything was fine. "Don' t try to pretend, Rachel," I said. "We've been very good friends for many years now. You can' t possibly think I can' t tell that you' re upset."
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24. Add one of these clauses, changed to include so ... that or such ... that, to each
of the following sentences. |
|
That class was early |
We had а wonderful time on holiday |
The fire spread rapidly through their cabin |
Wendy 's children had bad colds this |
morning |
|
The fog was thick |
You and I don't have much money |
1……………………………………. you couldn't see your hand in front of your face.
2 .................................................................. |
they couldn't save any of their belongings. |
3 ............................................................................... |
she couldn'1 let them go to school. |
4…………………………………………… …….we can just throw it away carelessly. 5 ...................................................................................... we didn't' want to come home. 6…………………………………………...…everyone had trouble staying awake in it.
25.Translate into English using “such/so…..that”
1.Ночь была такой тёмной, что я едва мог разглядеть дорогу. 2. Листья
деревьев казались тёмными и густыми, что ни один луч света не мог пробиться сквозь ветви. 3. Он такой замечательный шутник, что никто не может не смеяться над его шутками. 4. Они настолько замечательные актеры, что никто не может пожаловаться на них. 5. На карту было поставлено много, мы не могли рисковать. 6. Шёл сильный дождь, мы не могли выйти. 7. Мы приехали рано, поэтому у нас были хорошие места. 8. Они подарили мне так много подарков, я пришёл в полный восторг. 9. Она замечательная девушка, е все любят. 10. Он так быстро бегает, что никто не может догнать его. 11. Я очень волновался перед сдачей экзамена, поэтому стал нервным. 12. Мы любим тебя, потому что это ты. 13. Уолт Дисней был целеустремлённым, поэтому добился успеха. 13. У него мало друзей, и он чувствует себя одиноким. 14. На многие виды животных ведётся охота из-за их меха, в результате они исчезают. 15. Было так сильно накурено в комнате, поэтому мне было трудно дышать.
Clause of Reason.
•Clauses of reason are introduced by: as, because, for, on the grounds that, the reason for, the reason (why) etc. As they had nо money to buy а ticket, they hitchhiked.
•Because usually answers а why-question. "Why didn't you invite him?" "Because I don' t like him."
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For (= because) always comes after а comma in written speech or а pause in oral speech. I didn’t invite him, for I don' t like him. (very formal)
•Because of/Due to + noun/-ing form. Because of the train strike, по one could get to work last Tuesday.
Because of/Due to + the fact that ... Due to the fact that he had nо money, he was unable to buу any Christmas presents.
26. Join the sentences using the words in brackets.
1. It was raining. The match was called off. (due to) .......................................................
2. Не left her. Не couldn't put up with her complaints. (for) ...........................................
3. We can' t go on holiday. There' s too much work to do. (since) ..................................
4. I can' t come with you. I have to visit my uncle. (as)....................................................
5. She made mistakes. She wasn't experienced. (because) ...............................................
6. I didn't know that she had been married. She seldom talks about herself. (since)……
7. She took а break. She wasn't feeling well. (because) ...................................................
8. She was soaked to the skin. It was raining very hard. (as) ...........................................
9. Не is in debt. Не will have to reduce his spending а lot. (on the grounds that)………
l0. They turned back. They didn't want to get stuck in the traffic. (for)
........................................
27. Read this report and decide which word or phrase (А, В, С or D) fits into each gap.
The University Entertainments Committee. |
|
The University Entertainments Committee meeting was held 1 ................ |
recent |
financial losses. The Events Officer reported on the last two events. Не said that students had been very busy 2 ................ the exams, and 3 ................ ticket sales had been poor. The Finances Officer blamed the losses on the high charges made by the performers at those events.
4................ these charges, he said, the events would have lost money even if every ticket had been sold. One suggestion was to increase ticket prices in future but it was felt that, 5 ................ many students have little money, this would not 6 ................ to an improvement in the financial situation. After discussion it was agreed that 7
................ the seriousness of the situation and 8 ................. there was а real danger of the university authorities closing down the Entertainments Committee, the next two events would have to be cancelled immediately. This would 9 ................ that the
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|
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|
|
|
performers in question would have to be contacted immediately, 10 ................ the |
|||
|
fact that contracts had already been signed with them. |
|
||
1 |
А owing |
В because of |
С due |
D on account |
2 |
A due to |
В as а result |
С therefore |
D in view |
3 |
A then |
В since |
C as |
D so |
4 |
А On account of |
В Because |
С Since |
D As а result |
5 |
A as |
В therefore |
C so |
D then |
6 |
A cause |
В lead |
С result |
D make |
7 |
А as а result |
В because |
С in view of |
D as |
8 |
A since |
В then |
С due to |
D because of |
9 |
A result |
В cause |
С mean |
D lead |
10 А therefore |
В since |
С on account |
D owing to |
|
28. Read this information about а female tennis player. Decide which was the result of each cause and link them using the word or phrase in brackets.
REASON |
RESULT |
0 her father was а professional player (because) |
earned more than she earned from |
|
playing |
1 started playing seriously at the age of five (as) |
became interested in tennis as а |
|
child |
2 won а lot of major tournaments (as а result) |
retired from tennis completely |
3 argued with an umpire (owing to) |
had to find а new one |
4 sacked her coach (so) |
knew nothing about life outside |
|
tennis |
5 did some modelling (which resulted) |
got into trouble with the sport's |
|
authorities |
6 became too old to stay at the top (therefore) |
became the top player in the |
|
world |
29. Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) in brackets.
1.Не wore а jacket because it was cold. (since)
2.She won the competition, so she was happy. (due to)
3.There was а lot of noise, so she couldn't concentrate (because)
4.Не was new to the area, and therefore he didn't know anyone. (as)
5.She missed the bus, so she was late for the meeting. (the reason for)
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6.Не worked hard, and as а result he passed the exams with excellent grades. (because of)
7.His best shirt was dirty, therefore he couldn't wear it to the party. (the reason why)
8.She went to bed because she was tired. (since)
9.The singer cancelled her appearance. She was feeling unwell. (on account of)
10.She hadn't eaten all day, and therefore she was hungry. (as)
11.Не was rude and, as а result, the teacher punished him. (because of)
12.The reason why the Prime Minister did not attend the press conference was that he was out of the country. (for)
13.Не has passed his exams, so his parents are pleased with him. (now that)
14.The job was very dangerous, so she turned it down. (the reason for)
15.His car ran out of petrol, so it wouldn't move. (due to)
16.Не was late. Не took а taxi. (since)
30. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
1. |
Tim turned on the lights because it was dark. |
|
|
|
since |
Tim turned on the lights ................................................................. |
|
dark. |
|
2. |
Не didn't have any qualifications. As а result, he didn't get the job. |
|||
because |
Не didn't get the job ................................ |
.............. |
any qualifications. |
|
3. The fact that the job was poorly paid was the reason why she turned it down. |
||||
for |
The fact that the job was poorly paid was ............................. |
it down. |
||
4. |
They didn't go because it was foggy. |
|
|
|
of |
They didn't go ......................................................................... |
|
the fog. |
|
5. |
She didn't have enough cash with her, so she paid by credit card. |
|||
as |
She paid by credit card ............................. |
....... |
enough cash with her. |
|
6. |
She didn't hear her alarm clock. As а result, she was late for work. |
|||
due |
She was late for work ......................... |
she didn't hear her alarm clock. |
||
7. |
The reason why she wanted to be alone was the fact that she was upset. |
|||
for |
The fact that she was upset was ........................................ |
|
to be alone. |
|
8. |
They didn't know the area well, so they asked for directions. |
|
||
as |
|
They asked for directions .............................................. |
|
the area well. |
9. |
David put more wood on the fire because it was cold. |
|
||
since |
David put more wood on the fire ............................................... |
|
cold . |
|
10. Some trees fell down last night because it was windy. |
|
|||
of |
|
Some trees fell down last night ................................................. |
|
wind. |
11. It was very cold, so I wore my coat. |
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||
as |
|
I wore my coat…………………………………………….. very cold. |
||
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70 |
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12. |
We didn't go for а walk because it was raining. |
|
|
account |
We didn't go for а walk ......................... |
................................ the rain. |
|
13. |
Не didn't tidy his room. As а result, his mother shouted at him. |
||
because |
His mother shouted at him ................................................. |
his room. |
|
14. |
She didn't close the gate. As а result, the dog escaped. |
|
|
due |
|
The dog escaped ........................................ |
she didn' t close the gate. |
15. |
The reason why she got а lot of presents was that it was her birthday. |
||
for |
|
The fact that it was her birthday was ...................... |
а lot of presents. |
16. |
We didn't understand the lecture, so we asked the tutor to explain. |
||
since |
We asked the tutor to explain, ......................................... the lecture. |
||
17. |
The car skidded on the road because it was icy. |
|
|
due |
|
The car skidded on the road ................. |
………………………..ice. |
18. |
I couldn't sleep because it was noisy. |
|
|
of |
|
I couldn't sleep ......................................................................... |
noise. |
Clause of Purpose.
Purpose is expressed with:
•to/in order to/so as to + inf I' ll leave home early to get to work on time. (informal); She’s studying so as to qualify as а lawyer. (formal)
•so that + can/will (present/future reference). She works hard so that she will
have better career prospects.
•so that + could/would (past reference. Не gave те directions so that! could find his house easily.
•with а view to/with the aim of + -ing form. Не did а Master s degree with the
aim of applying for а тапаgerial post when he had finished.
• for + noun/-ing form. This is а knife for cutting bread.
• in саsе + Present (present/future reference) I’ll write it down in case I forget it.
•in саsе + Past (past reference). Не took an umbrella in саsе it rained.
Negative Purpose is normally expressed with:
•so as not/in order not + to –inf . She studied hard so as not/in order not to fail her test. (not: She studied hard not to fail her test.)
•so that + can' t/won’ t (present/future reference). Tie uр the dog so that it won't get out of the garden.
•so that + couldn' t/wouldn’ t (past reference). She locked the door so that